吡格列酮和拜糖平治疗2型糖尿病的疗效比较

目的:比较吡格列酮和拜糖平对2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法:将单纯饮食控制或加用磺脲类药物治疗不满意的2型糖尿病患者80例,随机分为吡格列酮组42例和拜糖平组38例进行治疗,12周后评价两组病人空服及餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂犤总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)犦、体重指数及胰岛素分泌变化情况。结果:吡格列酮组降低空腹血糖较拜糖平组明显(P<0.05),而拜糖平组降低餐后2h血糖较吡格列酮组明显(P<0.01),两组均能降低HbA1c,两组对降低HbA1c幅度的比较差异无统计学意义;拜糖平组血总胆固醇较吡格列酮组下降,而吡格列酮组甘油三酯较拜糖平组下降,且HDL-C较拜糖平组升高(P<0.05);吡格列酮组胰岛素分泌较拜糖平组减少(P<0.05)。结论:吡格列酮降低空腹血糖优于拜糖平,而拜糖平降低餐后2h血糖优于吡格列酮,两药均能不同程度改善2型糖尿病患者脂代谢紊乱,而且吡格列酮能减轻胰岛β细胞负荷,改善胰岛β细胞功能。     

门冬胰岛素与精蛋白重组人胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病疗效比较研究

目的比较门冬胰岛素与精蛋白重组人胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)疗效及对患者血脂代谢和胰岛素用量的影响,为临床T2DM治疗提供一定依据。方法 78例符合纳入标准的T2DM患者随机分为对照组(n=37)和观察组(n=41)。常规治疗基础上,观察组给予门冬胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗,对照组给予精蛋白重组人胰岛素联合吡格列酮治疗,观察比较两组患者血糖指标、胰岛素用量、住院时间、血脂水平及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,两组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白A1c(HbA1c)水平均显著降低(P0.05)。观察组治疗后FPG、2hPG与HbA1c水平均显著低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组胰岛素用量显著低于对照组患者,住院时间显著短于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者三酰甘油(TG)与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平均显著降低,观察组TG与LDL-C水平均显著低于对照组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗过程中,观察组和对照组不良反应发生率分别为4.9%和18.9%。结论门冬胰岛素联合吡格列酮是初诊T2DM的有效治疗方案,能够显著改善患者血糖与血脂指标,且不良反应轻微,临床上值得进一步研究。     

吡格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的：观察毗格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）的疗效和安全性。方法：120例T2DM患者随机分为吡格列酮组（40例）、二甲双胍组（40例）及联合治疗组（40例）,观察治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）及餐后2h血糖（2hPG）,糖化血红蛋白（HbAlC）及胰岛素（INS）的变化。结果：连续服吡格列酮3个月后其FPG、2h-PG、HbAlC及空腹胰岛素（FINS）与试验前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,与二甲双胍组比较差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,对肝肾功能等无影响。结论：吡格列酮能显著降低血糖并改善胰岛素的敏感性。     

盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的探讨盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白的影响。方法 65例2型糖尿病患者,口服给予盐酸吡格列酮15 mg,1次/d。观察治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HBALC)、内皮细胞蛋白C受体(EPCR)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平。结果患者治疗12周后,FBG2、h PG和HbA1水平明显降低(P<0.05),胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素敏感指数均明显改善(P<0.01)。血浆vWF、TM、EPCR和hs-CRP均明显下降(P<0.05)。结论盐酸吡格列酮能改善患者的血管内皮功能,降低高敏C反应蛋白水平。     

吡格列酮联合胰岛素强化治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的观察吡格列酮加胰岛素治疗磺脲类药物继发性失效2型糖尿病的疗效和安全性。方法将60例磺脲类继发失效的2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组，单纯使用胰岛素组仅予胰岛素治疗，胰岛素＋吡格列酮组予胰岛素和吡格列酮治疗，疗程均为12周，记录患者体重、血糖控制、糖化血红蛋白、血脂的变化。结果12周后60例患者空腹血糖及餐后2h血糖，糖化血红蛋白水平均比治疗前明显降低，有显著性差异。吡格列酮＋胰岛素组胰岛素用量平均减少14．8％（P〈0．001），胰岛素治疗组平均胰岛素剂量增加剂量18．6％。结论吡格列酮与胰岛素联合使用安全可靠，可减少胰岛素用量，缩短达标时间，有利于平稳控制血糖，磺脲类药物继发性失效2型糖尿病患者选用胰岛素加吡格列酮联合治疗优于单用胰岛素治疗。     

吡格列酮和二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病疗效分析

目的评价吡格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法将240例2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组,治疗组采用吡格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗,对照组单用二甲双胍治疗,比较两组血糖和胰岛素等指标的变化。结果连用6个月后两组空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(P2hBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后2 h胰岛素(P2hlNS)水平均明显降低,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论吡格列酮联用二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病,能够明显降低血糖水平,改善胰岛素状态。     

胰岛素加吡格列酮联合治疗磺脲类继发性失效2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的比较胰岛素加吡格列酮联合治疗和单用胰岛素治疗磺脲类继发性失效2型糖尿病患者的疗效.方法将磺脲类继发性失效2型糖尿病患者62例随机分为两组,治疗组32例,每日早餐及晚餐前皮下注射人胰岛素诺和灵50R及服吡格列酮15～30 mg;对照组30例,每日单用人胰岛素诺和灵50R于早餐及晚餐前皮下注射,12周后评价两组患者空服及餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素用量、体质量指数、血压、胰岛素分泌及血脂[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)]变化情况.结果两组患者治疗后血糖均得到良好控制,但治疗组胰岛素日需求量明显低于对照组(P<0.01);治疗组血TG较对照组下降,而HDL-C较对照组升高(P<0.05);治疗组空腹及餐后2小时胰岛素分泌较对照组减少(P<0.05).结论磺脲类继发性失效2型糖尿病患者选用胰岛素加吡格列酮联合治疗优于单用胰岛素治疗.     

吡格列酮对合并代谢综合征的2型糖尿病患者血清炎症因子及胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的:观察吡格列酮对合并代谢综合征(MS)的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者炎症反应及胰岛素抵抗(IR)的影响,探讨在其干预下T2DM患者血清炎症因子与IR及MS的关系.指导噻唑烷二酮类药物的临床应用.方法:将内分泌科门诊及住院80例患者随机分为吡格列酮组与对照组,吡格列酮组患者在应用磺脲类和双胍类降糖药物的基础上,于早餐前15 min口服盐酸吡格列酮:对照组患者继续原有磺脲类和双胍类降糖药物治疗,各组分别连续服药12周,测定治疗前后患者C反应蛋白(CRP)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)、脂联素及其它生化指标,评价吡格列酮对患者血清炎症因子及胰岛素抵抗的影响.结果:吡格列酮组患者治疗12周后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)、糖红血红蛋白(HbAlc)、空腹胰岛素(Flns)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)较治疗前均有下降:(P<0.05或P<0.01).对照组治疗前后各指标变化不明显.吡格列酮组治疗12周后PAI-1、CRP下降(P<0.05),脂联素变化不明显(P>0.05);对照组治疗前后各项指标均无明显变化(P>0.05).治疗后吡格列酮组与对照组比较,PAI-1、CRP差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脂联素差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:吡咯列酮与其他口服降糖药联合治疗不仅能显著降低血糖,同时通过调节炎症因子进一步稳定血管内皮功能,防止β细胞功能衰退及改善胰岛素抵抗.     

利格列汀对二甲双胍联合吡格列酮控制不佳的2型糖尿病治疗效果

目的观察利格列汀联合吡格列酮及二甲双胍对2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法选择32例服用二甲双胍(500mg/次、3次/d)和吡格列酮(30mg/次、1次/d)6周后病情控制不佳的患者,并随机分成两组,每组16例,观察组加给利格列汀(5mg/次、1次/d),对照组则加给安慰剂,持续12周后检测相关指标。结果利格列汀联合二甲双胍及吡格列酮对空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2h血糖及体质量指数(BMI)均显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论利格列汀联合二甲双胍及吡格列酮在血糖控制,体质量减少方面均优于二甲双胍联合吡格列酮。     

吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白的影响

目的探讨吡格列酮对2型糖尿病患者空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)的影响。方法 90例2型糖尿病患者分为观察组和对照组各45例。观察组在糖尿病常规治疗的基础上加用吡格列酮,对照组则采用糖尿病常规治疗。比较2组患者FBG、2 h PG的临床疗效,比较2组不良反应发生比例,比较2组治疗前后FBG、2 h PG、Hb A1c以及脂联素、血清炎症因子的变化。结果观察组患者FBG、2 h PG的治疗有效率显著高于对照组患者(P0.05);2组不良反应的患者例数无显著差异(P0.05);治疗后,2组FBG、2 h PG、Hb A1c均显著低于治疗前,且观察组患者的FBG、2 h PG、Hb A1c下降幅度显著大于对照组(P0.05);2组治疗后脂联素水平较治疗前显著增加,TNF-α、IL-6等血清炎症因子的指标显著低于治疗前,观察组患者的脂联素升高幅度以及血清炎症因子指标下降幅度显著大于对照组(P0.05)。结论吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病疗效显著,可以降低血清炎症因子、FBG、2 h PG、Hb A1c指标。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.