心肌缺血预适应对急性心肌梗死左室重构的影响

目的:探讨心肌缺血预适应对急性心肌梗死左室重构的影响。方法:选择急性心肌梗死患者104例,分为缺血预适应组(n=53)及非缺血预适应组(n=51),分别于入院后24 h、1周、1个月及3个月行超声心动图检查,测量左心室舒张末期容积指数、左心室收缩末期容积指数和左心室射血分数。结果:缺血预适应组与非缺血预适应组于术后1个月及3个月左心室容积均减小,左心室射血分数升高;术后3个月两组左心室舒张期末容积指数分别为(62.3±5.4)mL/m2,(66.4±5.6)mL/m2,左心室收缩期末容积指数分别为(30.1±3.2)mL/m2,(33.9±5.7)mL/m2,左心室射血分数分别为(0.53±0.05)%,(0.50±0.04)%,差异有统计学意义。结论:缺血预适应对急性心肌梗死具有保护作用,可减轻左心室重构。     

氯沙坦和培哚普利对急性心肌梗死后左心室重构的影响

目的探讨氯沙坦和培哚普利对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者左心室重构的治疗效应。方法急性心肌梗死患者96例,随机分为3组:氯沙坦组(33例),培哚普利组(33例),对照组(30例),采用超声心动图测量入院后第1天、2周、6个月左心室收缩末期容积指数(LVESVI)、左心室舒张末期容积指数(LVEDVI)、左心室舒张早期和晚期充盈速度比值(E/A)及左心室射血分数(LVEF)的变化,并进行观察分析。结果对照组与入院基础值比较,6个月内LVESVI、LVEDVI增加,具有统计学意义(P<0·05)。氯沙坦组与培哚普利组,对照组比较,LVES-VI、LVEDVI减少,具有统计学意义(P<0·05)。氯沙坦组与培哚普利组比较,LVESVI、LVEDVI值在2周、6个月时减少,有统计学意义(P<0·05)。结论氯沙坦对AMI患者抗左心室重构效应优于培哚普利,且耐受性好。     

缺血后适应对急性心肌梗死二维结构与左心室收缩功能的影响

目的：应用超声心动图观察急诊经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术（PCI）后7 d、术后6个月心脏二维结构和左心室收缩功能的变化,评价缺血后适应对缺血心肌的影响。方法62例行PCI术的急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者,随机分为对照组（30例）和缺血后适应组（32例）。对照组患者在再灌注后8 min内不作任何干预,缺血后适应组再灌注后1 min内以4～6 atm低压充盈球囊,阻断血流1 min,然后收缩球囊,开放血流1 min,反复4次。术后7 d、术后6个月,应用超声心动图评价心脏二维结构和左心室整体和节段收缩功能,评价参数包括左心房内径、左心室舒张末内径、左心室舒张末容积、心输出量、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、室壁运动计分指数（WMSI）。结果（1）两组患者年龄、性别、体重指数、临床特征包括“罪犯血管”、缺血时间、临床用药等均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。（2）术后7 d,后适应组与对照组左心房内径、左心室舒张末内径、左心室舒张末容积、心输出量、LVEF、WMSI各参数均无显著差异;术后6个月,后适应组LVEF显著提高[（56.35±8.44）%vs.（51.19±11.22）%,P＜0.05],WMSI显著下降（1.20±0.09 vs.1.44±0.10,P＜0.01）,左心房内径、左心室舒张末内径、左心室舒张末容积、心输出量与对照组无显著差异。（3）术后6个月与术后7 d比较,对照组术后6个月左心室舒张末内径增大[（55.64±7.42）mm vs.（51.60±6.19）mm,P＜0.05],WMSI增加（1.44±0.10 vs.1.33±0.12,P＜0.01）,LVEF下降,但无显著差异;后适应组术后6个月左心室舒张末容积增大[（118.62±20.84）ml vs.（106.21±24.40）ml,P＜0.05],心输出量增加[（4.25±0.78）L/min vs.（3.87±0.66）L/min,P＜0.05],WMSI下降（1.20±0.09 vs.1.28±0.10, P＜0.01）,LVEF较前提高,但无显著差异。结论缺血后适应能改善再灌注术后6个月左心室整体和节段收缩功能,然而在临床的广泛应用,需要更大规模和更长期的随访研究来进一步肯定其有益作用。     

伊贝沙坦与依那普利抑制急性心肌梗死后左心室重构的对比研究

目的　探讨伊贝沙坦及依那普利对急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者左心室重构的治疗效应。方法　急性心肌梗死患者 6 5例 ,随机分为 3组 :伊贝沙坦组 (2 3例 )、依那普利组 (2 2例 ) ,对照组 (2 0例 ) ,采用超声心动图测量入院后第 1天、2周、6周、半年 ,左心室舒张末期容积指数 (LVEDVI)、左心室收缩末期容积指数 (LVESVI)、左心室舒张早期和晚期充盈速度比值 (E/A)和左心室射血分数 (LVEF)的变化 ,并进行观察。结果　对照组与入院基础值比较 ,6个月内LVEDVI、LVESVI增加 ,具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。伊贝沙坦组和依那普利组 ,与对照组比较 ,LVEDVI、LVESVI减少 ,具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。伊贝沙坦组与依那普利组比较 ,LVEDVI、LVESVI值在 6周、半年时减少 ,有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。依那普利组中咳嗽发生率为 18.2 % ,伊贝沙坦组无一例发生。结论　伊贝沙坦对AMI患者抗左心室重构效应优于依那普利 ,且耐受性好。采用心室容积指数作为左心室重构指标较E/A和LVEF更直观合理。     

急性心肌梗死患者肌钙蛋白I水平及其与室壁瘤形成关系的研究

目的 通过测定急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者早期血浆心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平变化,结合导管法左心室造影(LVG)心室容积、压力及形态的变化,探讨cTnI在AMI后急性室壁瘤(LVA)形成患者血浆中的动态变化特点及其与LVA形成和心功能状态的关系.方法 选择首次前壁AMI患者62例,根据入院即刻LVG结果将患者分为LVA形成组29例和无LVA组33例.所有受试者于发病后12小时采血检测cTnI.所有患者于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)完成后即刻及6个月复查时均行LVG,测定左心室舒张末期容积指数(LVEDVI)、左心室收缩未期客积指数(LVESVI)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、室壁运动记分(WMS)、左心室舒张末期压(LVEDP).随访6个月内主要恶性心脏事件(MACE)的发生率.结果 LVA形成组自AMI发作至再灌注时间较无LVA组明显延长(9.06±5.23)hVS(6.76±4.27)h(t=2.351,P<0.05)、同时Killip Ⅲ级心力衰竭发生率明显高于无LVA组(27.6%WS 3.0%,x=7.501,P<0.01).LVA形成组血浆cTnI峰值浓度明显高于无LVA组(158.28±15.39)pg/L vs(149.15±14.62)pg/L(t:2.212,P<0.05).PCI后即刻和术后6个月时,无LVA组LVEF、LVESVI、LVEDVI、WMS和LVEDP各参数均优于有LVA形成组(均P<0.05).LVA形成组患者在6个月随访期间MACE发生率明显高于无LVA组患者[13(44.8%)vs 4(12.1%),x2=6.732,P<0.01],且cTnI峰值水平与MACE发生率显著相关(r=0.561,P<0.05).结论 血浆cTnI水平在AMI后LVA形成患者中明显高于无LVA者,且与左心室重构程度和血流动力学变化密切相关,提示心肌坏死标记物cTnI的大量释放参与了AMI后LVA的形成过程,并影响着AMI后左心室重构和LVA的进程.     

螺内酯对急性心肌梗死患者左心室重塑的影响

目的 探讨应用小剂量螺内酯对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者左心室重塑的影响。方法 AMI患者84例，按梗死部位分为前壁心肌梗死组（43例）和下壁心肌梗死组（41例），两组患者再随机分为螺内酯治疗组和常规治疗组，于发病后1周、3个月和6个月行二维超声心动图检查，观测左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、左心室舒张末期容积指数（LVEDVI）和左心室收缩末期容积指数（LVESVI）。结果 前壁心肌梗死组：6个月时螺内酯组LVEDD、LVESD、LVEDVI和LVESVI与对照组相比明显下降（P〈0．05），而LVEF升高差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；下壁心肌梗死组：两组在治疗6个月时上述指标差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 常规治疗的基础上联合应用小剂量螺内酯，可进一步防止前壁AMI患者左心室重塑的发生，对下壁AMI患者未见明显差异。     

实时三维超声心动图定量评价急性下壁心肌梗死患者左心室节段收缩功能

目的:探讨实时三维超声心动图评估急性下壁心肌梗死患者左心室节段收缩功能的可行性。方法:急性下壁心肌梗死患者20例(AMI组),同期选择年龄、性别相匹配的健康体检者20名为对照组,常规测量左心室舒张末内径(LVDD)、左心室下壁厚度(LVIW)及simpson双平面法测量左心室射血分数(LVEF)等指标。然后行实时三维超声心动图检查,测量2组左心室下壁节段舒张末期容积(r ESVIM)、左心室下壁节段收缩末期容积(r ESVIM)和左心室下壁节段射血分数(r EFIM)以及左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室整体收缩末期容积(LVGEDV)、左心室整体舒张末期容积(LVGESV)。结果:AIMI组LVGEDV、LVGESV高于对照组,LVGEF值低于对照组(P0.05);AIMI组r EDVIM、r ESVIM高于对照组,r EFIM值低于对照组(P0.0 5)。结论:实时三维超声心动图可准确评估急性下壁心肌梗死患者左心室几何形态、节段容积及节段收缩功能。     

血压变异性与急性ST段抬高心肌梗死心室重构及预后的关系

目的探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者血压变异性(BPV)与心室重构的关系及BPV对STEMI患者临床预后的预测价值。方法选择2012年1月至2013年6月在我院心内科住院并诊断为STEMI的患者268例,以患者24 h收缩压变异系数(CV)中位数11.7%为界分为低CV组(24 h SBP-CV≤11.7%)134例和高CV组(24 h SBP-CV>11.7%)134例,所有患者均于住院期间及出院12个月行超声心动图检查测定左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)及左心室射血分数(LVEF),比较两组患者BPV与心室重构指标的差异。出院后对患者随访12个月,动态追踪观察两组患者随访期内心脏不良事件(MACE)的发生情况。结果出院12个月后,高CV组患者左心室重构指标LVEDd、LVEDV、LVESV显著高于低CV组,而LVEF则较低CV组降低[(54.93±2.81)mm vs.(51.29±2.35)mm,P<0.01;(127.14±6.34)ml vs.(124.91±6.52)ml,P<0.01;(64.44±5.79)ml vs.(62.94±5.83)ml,P<0.01;(48.51±3.32)%vs.(50.02±4.15)%,P<0.01],术后随访12个月,Kaplan-Meier生存分析发现高CV组患者累积无MACE事件生存率较低CV组患者降低,差异有统计学意义(84.3%vs.92.5%,Log rank=4.448,P=0.035)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示24 h收缩压变异性(SBP-CV)是STEMI患者直接PCI术后MACE发生的独立预测因子之一。结论 STEMI患者BPV与心室重构密切相关,24 h SBP-CV对STEMI患者的临床预后具有预测价值。     

卡维地洛对心肌梗死后近期心室重塑的影响

目的 探讨超声心动图对评价卡维地洛对心肌梗死后近期左心室大小及其功能的影响。方法 78例于试验前、用药6个月后进行超声心动图检查；用修改的Simpson法经心尖四腔和二腔切面测定左心室收缩末期和舒张末期容量。结果 卡维地洛组心率比安慰剂组减慢9次／min，左心室舒张末期容量指数，卡维地洛组比安慰剂组减少12ml／m^2(P=0．018)；左心室收缩末期容量指数减少16．7％(P=0．003)，左心室射血分数(LVEF)增加7．1％(P=0．018)。结论 卡维地洛治疗心肌梗死6个月后。左心室容量减少，LV3EF增加，说明其具有防止左心室扩张进展的作用和有益于心肌梗死的近期重塑。     

常量卡维地洛对急性心肌梗死近期左心室功能的影响

目的　用超声心动图评价常量卡维地洛对急性心肌梗死后近期左心室功能的影响。方法　 74例急性心肌梗死患者 ,在用药前、用药 6个月后进行超声心动图检查。用修改的Simpson法经心尖四腔和二腔切面测定左心室收缩末容量、舒张末期容量和左室射血分数。结果　卡维地洛组心率比安慰剂组减慢 ,而安慰剂组左心室舒张末期容量和收缩末期容量增加 ,卡维地洛组容量减少。卡维地洛组左心室舒张末期容量指数比安慰剂组显著减少 (t =2 .470 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;左心室收缩末期容量指数明显减少 (t =2 .6 86 ,P <0 .0 1) ,左心室射血分数增加 (t =2 .5 45 ,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　常量卡维地洛治疗急性心肌梗死 6个月 ,减少左心室容量 ,增加LVEF。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.