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人类诺如病毒属于杯状病毒,是引起病毒性腹泻最常见的病原体之一.1972年首先由美国科学家Kapikian等[1]通过对1968年美国诺瓦克地区一所学校胃肠炎暴发疫情中患者的粪便标本进行检测而发现,并在当时以发现地命名为诺瓦克病毒.主要侵犯学龄儿童和成人,常引起家庭和社区急性胃肠炎暴发.为了解天津地区婴幼儿诺如病毒感染腹泻情况,我们选取部分腹泻患儿的粪便标本进行诺如病毒的检测. 相似文献
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目的 对北京市丰台区2014年5-6月发生的3起诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情进行病原体鉴定及基因分型。方法 采用实时荧光定量-聚合酶链反应法对62份病例标本进行诺如病毒核酸检测,阳性标本经反转录-聚合酶链反应扩增RNA多聚酶区部分序列,使用BioEdit及Mega 6.0软件对扩增序列进行同源性及进化分析。结果 36份标本中检出GⅡ型诺如病毒,阳性率为58.06%;序列分析表明幼儿园为GⅡ.7型,学校1为GⅡ.8型,学校2为GⅡ.6型。结论 诺如病毒是引起丰台区急性胃肠炎暴发疫情的主要病原体,丰台区流行的诺如病毒基因型存在多样性。 相似文献
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目的了解90份婴幼儿腹泻病人轮状病毒分子生物学方法检测阴性的粪便标本中诺瓦克样病毒感染状况。方法应用酶联免疫吸附实验方法(ELISA)进行诺瓦克样病毒抗原检测。结果90份粪便标本中诺瓦克样病毒I型(G1)和Ⅱ型(G2)阳性分别检出6例和19例,阳性率分别为6.67%和21.11%,两者差异有显著性。结论诺瓦克样病毒感染可能是武汉地区婴幼儿腹泻的重要病因之一,其中基因Ⅱ型为主要流行株。 相似文献
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目的 研究浙江省诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情流行特征。 方法 采用荧光PCR检测诺如病毒核酸, 应用现场流行病学调查方法分析诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情。 结果 2004-2010年,浙江省共报告10起诺如病毒肠炎暴发疫情, 发病848例, 总罹患率为5.31%, 10起暴发疫情分布在学校、看守所、农村,冬、春季节高发,发病高峰明显,多出现在疫情的第2~3天。主要临床症状以腹泻、呕吐、腹痛或腹部不适为主,腹泻比例较高,大部分病例病程较短(1~3 d)。67份送检样本经荧光PCR法检出诺如病毒核酸阳性。疫情主要由饮用了被污染的桶装水引起。 结论 诺如病毒是浙江省爆发性非细菌性胃肠炎的重要病原体之一,浙江省多起诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情与饮用了被污染的桶装水有关;发生疫情可及时采取隔离治疗、消毒、加强饮水和食品卫生的管理为主的综合控制措施避免疫情扩散。 相似文献
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目的了解2018年5-6月甘肃省兰州市发生的2起学校急性胃肠炎暴发疫情的诺如病毒分子特征,并进行溯源分析。方法采用实时荧光定量反转录聚合酶链式反应对标本进行诺如病毒检测,对阳性标本聚合酶区–衣壳蛋白区核苷酸进行测序和同源性分析,采用MEGA 6.0软件进行遗传进化分析。结果 2起学校胃肠炎疫情均为诺如病毒GⅠ引起,5月28日至6月4日的一起疫情发病50例,罹患率为3.24%。6月1-13日的疫情发病35例,罹患率为4.76%;流行病学调查提示,2起疫情均与小饭桌就餐和密切接触相关。33份标本中检出诺如病毒GⅠ核酸阳性标本13份。对阳性样本的RdRP和VP1区的部分基因片段进行测序和比对,第1起疫情为诺如病毒GⅠ.3[P13]基因型,第2起疫情为GⅠ.6[P11]基因型。结论兰州市城关区2起学校急性胃肠炎疫情分别由GⅠ.3[P13]型和GⅠ.6[P11]型诺如病毒引起,应加强诺如病毒监测,强化中小学附近小饭桌等集中就餐场所的管理。 相似文献
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目的分析深圳市某区一起诺瓦克病毒感染性腹泻暴发的流行病学特征,为防制诺瓦克病毒感染性腹泻提供科学依据。方法确定病例定义进行病例搜索和流行病学调查。采用RT-PCR检测诺瓦克病毒抗原。结果本次疫情流行历时一周,共发病13例,其中幼儿8例,小学生1例,教职工4例。采集10个病例大便样本,实验室检测诺瓦克病毒抗原全部阳性。结论密切接触是此次诺瓦克病毒感染性腹泻暴发的主要传播途径,养成良好的个人卫生习惯、隔离传染源和切断传播途径是预防和控制此病的有效措施。 相似文献
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目的 调查江苏省苏州市某医院急性胃肠炎病例的感染来源、传播途径和危险因素。方法 制定病例定义搜索病例, 描述疫情三间分布特征, 开展病例对照研究验证暴发的可能原因, 运用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测诺如病毒核酸, 同时对饮用水进行理化和微生物检测。结果 暴发共持续7 d, 共有病例406例, 医院各类职业人群均有发病。二次供水区域的工作人员罹患率(14%~21%)高于市政自来水供水区域(0~5.3%)和桶装水(1.4%)供水区域。病例对照研究显示90%的病例和47%的对照有饮用二次供水史(OR=10, 95%CI:2.30~62.00)。10份病例粪便标本中有9份为I型诺如病毒核酸阳性,9份不同区域的二次供水样本中2份I型诺如病毒核酸阳性,二次供水样本菌落总数和总大肠菌群以及大肠埃希菌严重超标, 测量电开水器实际温度为78~81 ℃。结论 本次暴发疫情是由I型诺如病毒引起的急性胃肠炎暴发, 原因为医院二次供水的蓄水池受到周围环境的污染。建议该医院更换电开水炉, 并逐步将二次供水改建为市政自来水。 相似文献
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目的 查明2005年深圳市一起急性胃肠炎的病原体,为制定控制疾病流行策略及指导临床合理用药提供依据.方法 收集该次腹泻患者及相关人员的粪便标本15份,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和实时荧光PCR方法检测诺沃克病毒核糖核酸(RNA).结果 15份标本中,RT-PCR及实时荧光PCR方法均检测出10例诺沃克病毒阳性,阳性率为56.7%;2种方法的符合率为100%.同时对其中的10份RT-PCR阳性标本进行脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)序列测定,并进行同源性分析和进化分析.结论 该次群体性胃肠炎是由诺沃克病毒G2型感染引起;10份阳性标本中9株的核苷酸同源性为100%,另外1株与其他9株的同源性为99.8%;本次流行的毒株(05-53-61及05-63)与日本东京的SaitamaU201及SaitamaU18亲缘关系较近,核苷酸同源性分别为96%及95%,而与1997年深圳本地株97-11及97-30亲缘关系则较远,核苷酸同源性分别为76.4%及76.7%. 相似文献
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An epidemic of nonbacterial gastroenteritis affected nearly 100 students at a college campus in Jefferson County, Alabama. The outbreak closely resembled food poisoning, since there was a rapid occurrence of multiple cases within a short period. Vomiting occurred in 79% and diarrhea in 64%; fever was uncommon. We found a significant association between the illness and the eating of lettuce at a meal one day before the outbreak began. Paired serologic specimens showed evidence of Norwalk virus infection. Twenty acutely ill students had leukocytosis (mean WBC 12,780/cu mm) and lymphopenia--a pattern that may be characteristic of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of Norwalk virus infection as well as other nonbacterial gastroenteritis may closely mimic epidemics caused by more familiar foodborne pathogens such as staphylococci. 相似文献
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Albers MK 《The Canadian nurse》2004,100(9):21-26
Norovirus is the name for a group of Norwalk-like viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis of rapid onset. A recent outbreak at a tertiary care facility in Alberta provided an opportunityfor staff and management to review their outbreak protocol and improve their infection prevention and control procedures. The outbreak caused illness in 32 of 73 exposed patients as well as 42 staff members. None of the infected patients or staff developed complications. The source of norovirus contamination was probably associated with a symptomatic food services staff member serving food cafeteria style in a satellite patient dining room. Food service procedures and serving techniques were reviewed; although no breaks in technique were identified, correct food handling procedures were reviewed with staff. Subsequent patient and staff cases were probably related to the cross contamination of environmental surfaces and patient care equipment. The director of nursing and the infection control practitioner led the investigation and management of the outbreak. An Outbreak Management Committee was also formed to reinforce routine infection prevention practices and implement infection control strategies. Communication strategies for staff, patients and visitors were quickly devised and implemented. Gaps in the outbreak protocol were identified and resolved promptly Four permanent changes were made: the use of alcohol hand rinse in designated locations; the development of a comprehensive e-mail to facilitate site-wide communication; the development of teamwork checklists and accountabilities; and the establishment of criteria for use in outbreak situations to proactively determine essential and non-essential therapies and treatments. 相似文献
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Natori K 《Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine》2002,60(6):1194-1201
Virus-like particles were produced with 4 genogroup I Norwalk-like viruses(NLVs) and 7 genogroup II NLVs by a baculovirus expression system, and used to detect the antibody to NLVs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA). Very little cross reactivity was observed between the genogroup I NLVs and the genogroup II NLVs when the antibody ELISA was done with hyperimmune sera. Infections by several genotypes of the NLVs were thought to occur in oyster-associated acute gastroenteritis, while an infection by a single genotype of NLVs was found in the illness occurred in a hospital. A high prevalence of antibody to 11 NLVs was observed in samples collected from healthy adults in Japan. 相似文献
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