多层螺旋CT三维成像在血管病变中的临床应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT三维成像在血管病变中的临床应用价值。方法 对27例颈部、体部及四肢血管病变的患行多层螺旋CT平行及增强扫描，以多平面重组（MPR）、表面遮盖法（SSD）、实时3D重建（RT－3D）、血管CT仿真内镜（CTVE）等多种方式重建。结果 MPR能保留有助于定性诊断的密度CT征象，多方位地显示附壁血栓、真假腔、充盈缺损等，但缺乏病变与周围解剖结构的立体观；SSD均能直观地显示血管病变的全貌，以及病变与分支血管的关系等，但不能显示管腔内的情况；RT－3D可清楚显示血管壁的钙化、测量各径线参数以及多角度观察病变，其图像优于其他方法的重建图像；CTVE可清晰显示血管狭窄、真假腔、内膜片及钙化斑块的形态。结论 综合应用多层螺旋CT的各种重建技术诊断血管性疾病，为临床提供了一种安全可靠的诊断手段。     

主动脉夹层的多层螺旋CT血管造影特点

目的：观察主动脉夹层的多层螺旋CT血管造影（MSCTA）特点.方法：29例主动脉夹层病例均行MSCTA胸腹联合扫描，采用多平面重建、曲面重建、容积再现、最大密度投影及仿真血管内窥镜等方法进行重建.结果：所有病例均获得满意图像，很好地显示了主动脉全程及其分支、病变真腔、假腔及内膜片.结论：MSCTA快速、准确、简便、无创，对主动脉夹层具有重要的应用价值.     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的临床应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉成像中的临床应用。方法 63例冠状动脉（其中冠状动脉内放置带膜支架4例，冠状动脉搭桥7例）行多层螺旋CT检查，回顾性重建心电门控轴位图像，并对冠状动脉主要分支血管进行多平面重建（MPR）、二维曲面重建（CPR）、最大密度投影法重建（MIP）、容积重建（VR）等后处理方法，对图像质量及冠状动脉疾病影像特点进行分析。结果 冠状动脉及主要分支显示优良率81．2％，能发现管壁钙化、狭窄等。质量差的图像主要表现有冠状动脉运动伪影、管腔显影不良等。结论 多层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像作为一种检查手段，能为临床冠状动脉疾病诊断和随访提供帮助。     

螺旋CT血管造影及仿真血管内窥镜在诊断主动脉病变中的应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)及仿真血管内窥镜(VIE)成像方法及其在诊断主动脉病变中的应用价值。方法：对37例临床怀疑主动脉病变的患者进行螺旋CT增强扫描。容积扫描所得原始数据在同机工作站重建横断面图像，并分别进行多平面重建(MPR)、表面遮盖显示(SSD)、最大密度投影(MIP)及VIE成像。结果：主动脉夹层17例，真性主动瘤12例，假性动脉瘤1例，主动脉炎2例．正常主动脉5例，其中11例经手术证实，9例经血管数字减影检查证实，12例与MRI和(或)彩色B超诊断相符，5例正常主动脉未作其他检查。观察主动脉夹层以MPR及VIE为佳，能显示内膜片、真假腔及血栓情况，可显示破口位置与是否累及重要分支。SSD显示真性主动脉瘤最优，能立体、形象的显示动脉瘤大小、形态、部位及与主要分支的关系。VIE能直观的显示假性动脉瘤改口大小及位置，对主动脉炎能清晰显示不规则的血管内壁和狭窄。MIP适合于显示主动脉钙化情况及支架位置。结论：螺旋CT血管造影和仿真血管内窥镜成像技术综合运用，可多方位显示主动脉解剖形态和病变，可直观、立体地对血管病变进行全面观察、分析，对疾病诊断、制定治疗方案或手术计划、估计手术风险及术后疗效观察有重要的应用价值。     

CTA下血管重建及CT仿真内窥镜技术对主动脉夹层的诊断价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)后血管重建技术及CT仿真内窥镜技术对主动脉夹层的诊断价值。方法对17例主动脉夹层患者进行螺旋CT增强扫描，并进行二维及三维重建，包括表面覆盖成像(SSD)、最大密度投影重建(MIP)、多平面投影法(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)及CT仿真内窥镜成像(CTVE)。结果SCTA横断面图像、MPR、CPR及CTVE均显示各例动脉夹层的真腔和假腔，剥离内膜及钙化，血栓亦能显示。MIP、及SSD能不同程度显示真腔和假腔及剥离内膜，能较好地显示主动脉病变的全貌，显示病变的范围、大小及分支血管受累情况。MIP可清楚显示血管管壁钙化；MPR可以对病变进行任意角度重建和观察，清楚地显示附壁血栓、真假腔、破口、钙化和内膜片；CPR可将不在同一平面的结构显示在同一二维平面上，但不能显示结构的纵深关系；CTVE能显示主动脉夹层的真腔和假腔、剥离内膜及破口。结论 应用SCTA的各种成像技术，以横断图像为基础，结合其MPR、MIP、CPR、SSD及CTVE，能够较全面地显示主动脉夹层，一定程度上取代创伤性DSA造影检查，为主动脉夹层的诊断提供一种安全可靠的手段。     

多层螺旋CT诊断主动脉夹层动脉瘤25例分析

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT对主动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊断价值及其临床应用。方法：对25例夹层动脉瘤患者进行多层螺旋CT平扫加增强扫描并利用原始数据在AW4．3工作站进行MPR及VR后处理。结果：横轴位图像上可观察到真假腔形态、大小、剥脱的内膜片、破口位置及内膜和主动脉壁钙化，MPR重建图像能观察主动脉弓受累情况，确定内膜剥离范围，显示内膜与各分支血管之间的关系，按DeBakey分型，表现为Ⅰ型4例，Ⅱ型2例，Ⅲ型19例。结论：多层螺旋CT是诊断夹层动脉瘤的首选检查方法，具有较高的临床应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像技术及临床应用

目的评价多层螺旋CT冠状动脉重建成像技术的临床应用。方法对56例患者进行心电门控16层螺旋CT（MSCT）增强扫描，所得数据行三维重建，其中15例与传统冠状动脉血管造影结果相对照。结果56例患者原始横断面图像及重建图像对近端冠状动脉均成功显示，显示率达100％；对中远段的显示，原始横断面图像优于重建图像。6例显示内支架7只；5例冠状动脉搭桥术后显示桥血管14条；15例MSCTA显示冠状动脉狭窄（〉50％）17处。经常规DSA检查发现18处。结论多层螺旋CT冠状动脉重建成像技术为有效可靠的冠心病影像学诊断方法，对病变血管腔狭窄、硬化斑块及内支架、桥血管情况的评价有一定价值。     

多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉桥血管评价中的应用

目的:评价多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉搭桥术后随访的临床应用价值。方法:选择2001-12/2005-04在东南大学医学院附属扬州医院行桥血管多层螺旋CT检查的冠状动脉搭桥术后患者12例,其中1例相隔1年后复查,共13次扫描检查资料。所有患者应用美国通用电气公司的十六排八层螺旋CT机,采用snapshot冠状动脉成像方法进行检测,并进行CT图像重建后处理,重建出各主要血管及桥血管。分析桥血管和冠状动脉的通畅性,评价狭窄及狭窄程度。结果:13例次患者的22支桥血管多层螺旋CT均能很好显示,其中17支桥血管开通,5支桥血管未开通(完全闭塞)或有不同程度狭窄。13例次患者原供血血管均可见不同程度管壁钙化、管腔狭窄或闭塞。结论:多层螺旋CT可以全面地显示心脏的结构与功能、心肌的血流灌注和存活状态,直接无创显示冠状动脉,对于冠状动脉桥血管开通和狭窄的评价具有很好的价值。     

多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉桥血管评价中的应用

目的：评价多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉搭桥术后随访的临床应用价值.方法：选择2001-12/2005-04在东南大学医学院附属扬州医院行桥血管多层螺旋CT检查的冠状动脉搭桥术后患者12例,其中1例相隔1年后复查,共13次扫描检查资料.所有患者应用美国通用电气公司的十六排八层螺旋CT机,采用snapshot冠状动脉成像方法进行检测,并进行CT图像重建后处理,重建出各主要血管及桥血管.分析桥血管和冠状动脉的通畅性,评价狭窄及狭窄程度.结果：13例次患者的22支桥血管多层螺旋CT均能很好显示,其中17支桥血管开通,5支桥血管未开通（完全闭塞）或有不同程度狭窄.13例次患者原供血血管均可见不同程度管壁钙化、管腔狭窄或闭塞.结论：多层螺旋CT可以全面地显示心脏的结构与功能、心肌的血流灌注和存活状态,直接无创显示冠状动脉,对于冠状动脉桥血管开通和狭窄的评价具有很好的价值.     

16层螺旋CT血管造影在下肢动脉硬化性病变中的临床应用

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT血管造影成像检查(MSCTA)在下肢动脉硬化性病变诊断中的临床应用价值.方法:回顾性分析23例下肢动脉血管造影成像检查资料,使用三维重建方法包括最大强度投影(MIP)、多平面重建(MPR)、表面遮盖成像(SSD)、容积成像(VRT)及CT仿真内窥镜成像(CTVE).结果:所有病例血管重建图像显示良好,病变的MSCTA表现为血管管腔不规则,单发或多发狭窄或闭塞,局部侧支血管形成,部分管壁钙化.其中肾动脉以下腹主动脉狭窄3例,闭塞1例;髂动脉狭窄7例,闭塞2例;股动脉狭窄10例,闭塞8例;腘动脉狭窄8例,闭塞10例;小腿动脉狭窄11例,闭塞12例.23例均显示有动脉管壁钙化.结论:下肢动脉MSCTA检查可清楚地观察下肢动脉的血管形态,了解下肢动脉狭窄程度及闭塞情况,且能观察下肢动脉壁的钙化斑块,对下肢动脉硬化性闭塞性病变的术前评价诊断和筛选有较大的帮助.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.