维甲酸和砷剂与联合化疗交替治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病15例分析

十余年来,由于全反式维甲酸(ATRA)的临床应用,急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的早期死亡率明显降低,完全缓解率(CR)显著提高,但ATRA治疗出现的复发与耐药问题严重影响患者的长期生存.近几年国内学者用砷剂治疗APL取得了较为满意的疗效.由于维甲酸、砷剂、化疗在治疗APL中的作用各不相同,为探索最好的远期疗效,我院从1999年应用维甲酸和砷剂与联合化疗交替对急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)15例进行治疗,疗效满意,分析如下.     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病缓解后治疗加与不加砷剂不同方案的疗效比较

目的:比较急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)缓解后治疗采用加与不加砷剂的治疗方法对长期生存率的影响.方法:在2002年前采用维甲酸加化疗序贯治疗APL 15例.在2002年后采用维甲酸加化疗加砷剂序贯治疗APL 25例,长期追踪观察所有患者,对其长期疗效进行对比.结果:15例未加用砷剂的治疗患者,5年长期生存率为38%;25例加用砷剂治疗者(至2009年9月底)已达5年以上生存者7例,3年以上生存者8例,1年以上且无复发迹象3例,6个月以上生存5例,复发后再缓解2例,多次复发(3次以上)治疗无效死亡1例,中枢神经系统白血病死亡1例,预计5年生存率(76.3±4.9)%.结论:加用与不加用砷剂方案,在APL患者缓解后治疗中远期疗效有明显差异,并提示缓解后治疗时间应不少于3年.     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病52例临床分析

目的:通过对急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)患者的临床特点分析,查找目前临床治疗上存在的不足,以指导临床治疗。方法:对中山大学附属第一医院52例APL患者的临床特点、治疗经过、复发以及死亡等方面进行回顾性研究。结果:用目前的方案(含有砷剂和或维甲酸)诱导缓解率较高,为69%～84%;用维甲酸较常见的副作用为维甲酸综合征,用砷剂较常见的副作用为肝功能及心脏损害,上述副作用一般较轻,给予对症处理后多数可以好转,不影响治疗;存在一定比例的复发(52例患者中有9例复发),复发原因与不规则治疗及患者的依从性差有关;死亡的患者都存在过白细胞高及凝血功能异常。结论:目前对APL治疗总体效果较好,但仍存在较多问题,需在今后的临床工作中进一步探讨解决方案。     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病170例长期生存分析

本研究探讨影响急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)患者长期生存的预后因素。在回顾性分析了1990年1月至2004年12月本院170例APL患者的临床资料后,应用Log-Rank检验和Cox回归模型对170例患者的性别、年龄、初诊时白细胞(WBC)计数、血清乳酸脱氢酶水平、诱导缓解方案、获得缓解时间、缓解后治疗方案、PML/RARα阳性率进行单因素和多因素综合分析。结果表明:170例患者中位随访36个月(6-185个月),5年预计总体生存率(OS)为(80.9±4.0)%,5年预计无复发生存率(RFS)为(71.0±4.0)%。23例患者于中位缓解后15个月(6-70个月)复发。单因素分析显示,初诊时WBC计数、诱导缓解方案、获得缓解时间、缓解后治疗方案、PML/RARα阳性率均为影响APL患者长期生存的主要因素;多因素分析显示,缓解后治疗方案是影响APL患者长期生存的重要的独立因素。结论:在APL患者获得完全缓解后,应用化疗+维甲酸+砷剂的缓解后治疗方案将显著延长患者的生存时间。     

砷剂治疗血液肿瘤研究进展

砷剂及其化合物早在 1865年已被用于治疗慢性粒细胞性白血病 ,1971年哈尔滨医科大学附属一院应用混合液癌灵1号 (含三氧化二砷 1mg/mL)治疗白血病和肿瘤。其后应用三氧化二砷注射液治疗急性早幼粒细胞性白血病 (APL) ,并取得较好疗效。本文就砷剂治疗APL及以外的血液肿瘤作一简要综述。1　砷剂治疗APL机制　　AS2 O3 对于APL细胞株NB4以及具有典型t(15 ,17)和PML RARa融合基因的新鲜APL细胞具有剂量—依赖的双重效应。低剂量AS2 O3 诱导细胞分化 ,高剂量AS2 O3 诱导细胞凋亡。低浓度AS2 O3(0 1～ 0 5 μmol/L ,相当于体内…     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病后继发第二肿瘤的临床研究

随着全反式维甲酸(ATRA)、化疗及砷剂(As2O3)序贯治疗在急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的应用,APL患者的完全缓解(CR)率高达90%左右,70%左右患者可获长期生存.造血干细胞移植(HSCT)作为后期巩固强化治疗是否可提高临床治愈率尚存争论.     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病的治疗

急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)是急性髓细胞白血病的一种特殊亚型.全反式维甲酸(ATRA)的应用使其从一种高度凶险的疾病转变成为一种高度可治愈的疾病.三氧化二砷(ATO)在治疗复发难治性APL取得成功后,也逐渐被引入APL的一线诱导治疗.危险度分层治疗的提出、口服砷剂的使用进一步提高了APL的疗效.本文就APL的治疗现状及其最新进展进行简要综述.     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病治疗的研究进展

急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)是以早幼粒细胞异常增多、凝血功能异常、表达特征性PML-RARα融合基因、且预后良好为特征的一类独特类型白血病.APL的治疗分为诱导、巩固、维持三个阶段.全反式维甲酸应用于诱导、巩固治疗可提高完全缓解率,改善长期预后,而是否需应用于维持治疗阶段尚存争议；蒽环类药物用于诱导及巩固治疗,可降低早期病死率、改善预后；砷剂不仅可作为复发、难治性APL的二线治疗药物,也可用于新发APL的诱导治疗,且在巩固、维持治疗各个阶段应用砷剂可提高总体生存率、降低复发率；对于复发、难治及晚期APL,造血干细胞移植仍是有效的治疗措施之一.去甲基化药物的出现在未来可能对复发、难治及晚期APL的治疗发挥作用.现就此对APL的治疗新进展作一综述.     

维甲酸和砷剂联合诱导急性早幼粒细胞白血病中PML-RARα表达上调不影响预后(英文)

急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)接受维甲酸和砷剂诱导治疗早期的分子动力学及其临床意义尚不清楚。本研究对32例初治APL进行动态检测,利用实时定量PCR和间期荧光原位杂交(FISH)方法检测PML-RARα转录本水平(PML-RARα/ABL)和细胞遗传学。结果表明,诱导14 d时PML-RARα转录本水平比治疗前显著升高(40.10%和57.74%,P<0.01),诱导28 d和巩固治疗结束时PML-RARα转录本分别为:6.97%和0%。在诱导治疗14 d和28 d分别有65.62%和31.25%患者发生PML-RARα转录本增加。治疗前、诱导14 d和诱导28 d PML-RARα拷贝数/每个APL细胞为0.9,2.2,1.4(PML-RARα/ABL×2/APL细胞%)。中位随访时间为22个月,32例患者均无复发。结论:PML-RARα表达上调是急性早幼粒细胞白血病接受维甲酸和砷剂联合诱导治疗过程中一个普遍现象,对疾病预后无影响。     

三氧化二砷治疗恶性血液病的作用机制及临床应用进展

砷剂的应用历史悠久，《本草纲目》中有记载砷剂用于治疗皮肤病，梅毒等。19世纪砷剂在西方曾被用于治疗慢性粒细胞性白血病。20世纪90年代中期我国学者用三氧化二砷(ATO)通过诱导凋亡机制成功治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)。近年来．通过干预细胞凋亡，ATO在恶性血液病的临床治疗谱不断扩大．包括治疗白血病在内的多种恶性血液病。本文就ATO治疗恶性血液病的作用机制及临床应用进展综述如下。     

Treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia.

Herpes zoster results from reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus. It is most common in elderly patients and immunosuppressed patients, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Zoster is often the earliest indicator of HIV infection. The acute course of herpes zoster is generally benign, but systemic complications may be fatal. Postherpetic neuralgia is the major chronic complication and is a difficult management problem. High-dose acyclovir (800 mg orally five times daily) has recently been approved for treatment of herpes zoster and, if started early, decreases the duration and severity of symptoms. In the prevention of postherpetic neuralgia, acyclovir does not appear to be effective, and the efficacy of steroids is questionable. The best therapy currently available for postherpetic neuralgia is amitriptyline, topical capsaicin and transcutaneous electrical stimulation.     

Cellular and Humoral Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Recurrent Herpes Viral Infections in Patients with Lymphoma

86 patients with lymphoma were evaluated prospectively for clinical and laboratory evidence of recurrent varicella-zoster, herpes simplex, and cytomegalovirus infections during the first 16 mo of treatment. Cellular immunity to the viral antigens was measured by in vitro lymphocyte transformation and interferon production. Antibody titers and nonspecific measures of cellular immunity, including T-cell quantitation and transformation to phytohemagglutinin, were also assessed. The patients treated with radiation and chemotherapy had the highest incidence of reactivation of each of the viruses (15-19%). Greater susceptibility to herpes viral reactivation in these patients correlated with suppression of cell-mediated immunity to the specific virus. In individual patients, suppression of cellular immunity to the specific herpes viral antigen preceded each episode of reactivation, but recurrent infection did not occur in all patients with diminished specific lymphocyte transformation. Absence of the response appears to be a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the recrudescence of latent infection. Better preservation of cellular immunity to herpes simplex antigen during treatment was associated with infrequent reactivation of herpes simplex. In 25 patients with acute herpes zoster, uncomplicated recovery from the infection was accompanied by the development of lymphocyte transformation and interferon production to varicella-zoster antigen. Quantitation of T-cell numbers and phytohemagglutinin transformation did not correlate with the presence of viral cellular immunity in treated patients. Responses returned while T-cell numbers were low, and the recovery of phytohemagglutinin transformation often preceded recovery of the responses to viral antigens. Although some patients had deficiencies in viral cellular immunity at diagnosis, the duration of the suppression of specific antiviral responses resulting from treatment appears to be the most important factor predisposing to the recurrence of herpes infections in lymphoma patients.     

Management of herpes zoster (shingles) and postherpetic neuralgia

Herpes zoster (commonly referred to as "shingles") and postherpetic neuralgia result from reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus acquired during the primary varicella infection, or chickenpox. Whereas varicella is generally a disease of childhood, herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia become more common with increasing age. Factors that decrease immune function, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, chemotherapy, malignancies and chronic corticosteroid use, may also increase the risk of developing herpes zoster. Reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus from dorsal root ganglia is responsible for the classic dermatomal rash and pain that occur with herpes zoster. Burning pain typically precedes the rash by several days and can persist for several months after the rash resolves. With postherpetic neuralgia, a complication of herpes zoster, pain may persist well after resolution of the rash and can be highly debilitating. Herpes zoster is usually treated with orally administered acyclovir. Other antiviral medications include famciclovir and valacyclovir. The antiviral medications are most effective when started within 72 hours after the onset of the rash. The addition of an orally administered corticosteroid can provide modest benefits in reducing the pain of herpes zoster and the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia. Ocular involvement in herpes zoster can lead to rare but serious complications and generally merits referral to an ophthalmologist. Patients with postherpetic neuralgia may require narcotics for adequate pain control. Tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants, often given in low dosages, may help to control neuropathic pain. Capsaicin, lidocaine patches and nerve blocks can also be used in selected patients.     

中西医结合治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛18例体会

目的:采用小剂量糖皮质激素结合中医辨证论治治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛,观察其有效性和安全性。方法:2009年9月～2011年7月,对18例带状疱疹后遗神经痛患者予以静脉点滴小剂量地塞米松配合甲氰咪胍,地塞米松逐步减量至停药,以及口服中药,疗程为14～17d。结果:痊愈11例,显效4例,有效2例,无效1例。结论:小剂量糖皮质激素结合中医辨证论治治疗带状疱疹后遗神经痛可有效缓解疼痛。     

Herpes Zoster Etiology, Clinical Course, and Suggested Management

Herpes zoster is an acute viral infection that results from reactivation of a latent varicella-zoster virus often acquired as chickenpox during childhood. Fifty percent of all people living to the age of 85 will have an attack of zoster. The goal of intervention is to reduce associated pain and discomfort. A prompt diagnosis and appropriate management can best be achieved by understanding the disease and treatment options. While herpes zoster occurs with greater frequency in the geriatric population, it can occur throughout an individual's life span. The nurse practitioner working in any setting is likely to see patients present with herpes zoster. A protocol for patient management is included in this article as a resource for the nurse practitioner who encounters this diagnosis.     

Herpes zoster-associated encephalitis in a patient undergoing CAPD: case report and literature review.

Neurological complications of varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation have rarely been described in dialysis patients. We report a case of a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patient who developed herpes zoster encephalitis. The patient was treated with acyclovir and steroids and had a slow but complete return to her prior cognitive status. The available literature is reviewed and the differential diagnosis with acyclovir toxicity is discussed.     

Improving rates of herpes zoster vaccination with a clinical decision support system in a primary care practice

Rationale Herpes zoster (shingles) is a localized neurocutaneous eruption of blisters caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus. The cost of care for herpes zoster and its complications is estimated at $1.1 billion. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a one‐time dose of the vaccine for adults aged 60 years or older. Despite that recommendation, utilization of the vaccine is very low. One way to boost the delivery of preventive services such as vaccinations is with a computerized clinical decision support system. Our study found that the herpes zoster vaccination rate increased significantly after the implementation of such a system. Aims To study utilization of herpes zoster vaccine before and after the implementation of a web‐based clinical decision support software solution in a primary care practice. Methods Billing data was utilized to determine number of herpes zoster vaccination administered to patients for a 12‐month period during the implementation of the software solution. Results The utilization of vaccinations improved from 63 to 117 (53.8% increase) for one primary care practice and from 54 to 127 (42.5% increase) in the other primary care practice. Conclusion Herpes zoster vaccination rate significantly improved with implementation of a web‐based clinical decision support system.     

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: how is it identified and treated?

PURPOSE: To describe herpes zoster ophthalmicus in relation to the anatomy, pathophysiology, course, diagnostic considerations, and management for the primary care provider. DATA SOURCES: Actual case study supplemented with an extensive review of current scientific and psychosocial literature. CONCLUSIONS: Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is an extension of a herpes zoster (HZ) infection involving the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve, which results from the reactivation of a latent varicella virus among individuals who had contracted a varicella infection sometime within their lifespan. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Due to the vague presenting symptomology of HZO, many patients may be misdiagnosed lessening the chance for prompt diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Educational awareness, listening to psychosocial concerns of the patients, and immediate referral can decrease potential chronic side effects of the disorder.     

带状疱疹后三叉神经痛临床及病理分析

目的：探讨带状疱疹后三叉神经痛的临床及病理特点。方法：对34例带状疱疹后三叉神经痛进行临床分析,7例行Dandy氏手术并取病理检查。结果：发病年龄50～60岁20例（59%）。右侧21例（62%）。累及三叉神经I支24例（71%）。并发角膜溃疡12例,角膜炎10例。疱疹后三叉神经痛24例的病理所见,三叉神经感觉根肿胀、轴突变性、节段性脱髓鞘,神经纤维内见淋巴细胞及中性粒细胞浸润。结论：带状疱疹后三叉神经痛是带状疱疹病毒感染所致的三叉神经感觉根急、慢性炎症所致。该病多发生于中老年人,右侧I支较多,易并发角膜溃疡及角膜炎。Dandy氏手术是治疗带状疱疹引起的顽固性三叉神经痛的有效方法。     

Reassessing the link between herpes zoster ophthalmicus and stroke

This editorial will assess a proposed link between herpes zoster ophthalmicus and subsequent stoke. Herpes zoster (also called shingles) is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), one of the 9 human herpesviruses. When children contract their primary VZV infection, virus often travels to the trigeminal ganglia and establishes latency. Upon reactivation in late adulthood, the same virus travels anterograde to cause herpes zoster ophthalmicus. In some people, the virus also traffics from the same trigeminal ganglion along afferent fibers around the carotid artery and its branches. Subsequently VZV-induced inflammation within the affected cerebral arteries leads to occlusion and stroke. In one retrospective analysis of people with herpes zoster ophthalmicus, there was a 4.5 fold higher risk of stroke than in a control group. Two other studies found a less compelling association.