同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱法测定血清葡萄糖

目的 建立一种使用同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱法(ID-LC/MS/MS)测定血清葡萄糖的候选参考方法.方法 以[~(13)C_6]葡萄糖为内标,用重量法准确地与血清混合,除去蛋白后在碱性条件下与1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑酮反应,用LC/MS/MS测定葡萄糖和内标衍生产物,以包括法定量.结果 血清葡萄糖测定的批内、批间和总变异系数的平均值分别为0.36%(范围0.28%-0.42%)、0.47%(范围0.20%-0.67%)和0.61%(范围0.42%-0.76%).加样回收试验的回收率范围为99.0%-100.9%.分析参考物质SRM 965a,测定结果与认定值的平均偏差为-0.20%(范围-0.39%-+0.11%).结论 建立了ID-LC/MS/MS法测定血清葡萄糖的方法,方法准确、精密、简便,可望作为血清葡萄糖测定的参考方法.     

同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱法测定血清肌酐

目的 建立一种使用同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱法(ID-LC/MS/MS)测定血清肌酐的候选参考方法.方法 以[2H3]肌酐为内标,用无水乙醇沉淀血清中的蛋白质,用氯仿纯化上清液,用液相色谱串联质谱分离测定,以包括法定量.结果 血清肌酐测定的批内、批间和总变异系数的平均值分别为0.57%(范围0.52%～0.61%)、0.43%(范围0.11%～0.59%)和0.73%(范围0.62%～0.83%).加样回收试验的回收率范围为99.09%～101.13%.分析两种参考物质SRM909b和SRM 967b,测定结果与认定值的偏差小于0.4%.结论 建立了ID-LC/MS/MS法测定血清肌酐的方法,方法准确、精密、简便,可望作为血清肌酐测定的参考方法.     

同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱法测定人血清尿酸

目的建立一种使用同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱（ID-LC/MS/MS）测定人血清尿酸的候选参考方法。方法用[1,3]1-5N2尿酸作内标,与一定量的血清充分混匀,加入等量乙腈沉淀血清蛋白并提取尿酸,氯仿纯化上清液后用液相色谱串联质谱（LC/MS/MS）分离测定。优化LC/MS/MS的色谱条件,评价该法的精密度、回收率和偏倚,并计算不确定度。结果对3个浓度水平的室间质量评价用质控血清测定3批,批内、批间和总变异系数（CV）的均值（范围）分别为0.54%（0.44%-0.69%）、0.66%（0.45%-0.79%）和0.86%（0.66%-1.02%）。加样回收试验回收率范围为98.38%-102.64%。美国国家标准与技术研究所（NIST）标准物质SRM 909b-Ⅰ、Ⅱ的测定均值与靶值的偏倚分别为0.04%和0.25%。3种质控血清的相对扩展不确定度分别为1.80%、2.19%和2.04%。结论建立的ID-LC/MS/MS测定血清尿酸的方法精密、准确,有望作为血清尿酸测定的参考方法。     

同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱法测定血清总甘油

目的 建立同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱测定血清总甘油的方法.方法 以[13C3]-甘油作内标,用氢氧化钾异丙醇溶液水解血清甘油酯为游离甘油,将游离甘油转化为苯甲酸酯,用同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱(LC/MS/MS)分离检测,用标准曲线法定量.结果 甘油/内标峰面积比与甘油浓度(0.565～4.517 mmol/L)线性相关系数大于0.999 9;测定不同浓度血清总甘油批内变异系数(CV)平均为0.52%(范围0.21%～2.62%),总CV平均为1.15%(范围0.62%～2.00%);分析国际和国家标准物质,测定值与认证值的偏倚小于1%(-0.20%～1.06%).结论 建立同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱测定血清总甘油方法,方法特异、精密、准确,可望用作血清总甘油测定参考方法.     

同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法检测血清睾酮候选参考方法的建立及应用

目的建立基于液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术的血清睾酮候选参考方法,并采用该方法对临床常规检测方法(微粒子化学发光法)的正确性进行评价。方法采用睾酮-2,3,4-~(13)C_3作为内标,以等体积比的正己烷-乙酸乙酯溶液对样本进行液液萃取,上清液采用氮气吹干后用流动相复溶,进行LC-MS/MS分析。采用五点包括法计算血清睾酮浓度。参考美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)C62-A文件和EP15-A3文件对建立的同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱(ID-LC-MS/MS)方法进行性能评价(方法残留、特异性、线性范围、精密度、准确度),参考CLSI EP9-A3文件对微粒子化学发光法的正确性进行评价。结果建立的ID-LC-MS/MS方法检测血清睾酮的分析时间为5min,特异性好,无残留,线性范围为0.034～22.00ng/mL,批内不精密度≤2.3%,批间不精密度≤2.2%,测定有证参考物质SRM971(Level male)的相对偏移为0.2%,测定2017 RELA-A、2017 RELA-B样本的相对偏移分别为-2.9%、-3.3%,测定2017 RELA-A样本的不确定度为0.11 ng/mL。微粒子化学发光法与ID-LC-MS/MS的相关性较好(r=0.963),但偏差较大[总平均偏差为-24.4%,低浓度样本(≤1 ng/mL)平均偏差为-62.4%,高浓度样本(1 ng/mL)平均偏差为6.3%]。结论成功建立了检测血清睾酮的ID-LC-MS/MS候选参考方法。该方法的精密度、准确度均较好,且操作简单,分析时间短。     

血清醛固酮候选参考测量程序的建立及性能评估

目的建立基于同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱(ID-LC-MS/MS)的血清醛固酮候选参考方法。方法以甲基叔丁基醚为萃取剂,采用液液萃取方式进行样本前处理。以醛固酮-2H7为内标,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)负离子模式建立检测血清醛固酮的ID-LC-MS/MS方法,并对方法的准确度、精密度、灵敏度、线性等基本分析性能进行验证。结果 ID-LC-MS/MS测定血清醛固酮的线性范围为0.08～3.55 nmol/L,检测限和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.012 nmol/L和0.045 nmol/L。批内和批间变异系数(CV)分别为5.0%和4.1%。平均加标回收率为98.52%～100.14%。测定国际临床化学和检验医学联合会参考实验室外部质量评价计划(RELA)样本的结果偏移1.6%。结论建立的测定血清醛固酮的ID-LC-MS/MS方法准确、精密,有望作为测定血清醛固酮的参考方法。     

血清尿素同位素稀释气相色谱质谱法的建立和研究

目的 建立一种基于同位素稀释/气相色谱/质谱技术(isotope dilution/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,ID/GC/MS)的血清尿素候选参考方法.方法 以[13C,15N2]尿素为内标,用无水乙醇沉淀、去除血清中的蛋白类物质,依次使用丙二醛-二甲基缩醛和N-甲基-(三甲基硅烷基)-三氟乙酰胺(MSTFA)将尿素衍生成为三甲基硅烷氧基嘧啶,用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析衍生产物,以包括法定量.结果 血清尿素测定的批内、批间和总变异系数的平均值分别为0.38%(范围0.12%～0.47%)、0.62%(范围0.49%～0.87%)和0.73%(范围0.51%～0.93%),回收率范围为99.37%～100.95%,分析美国国家标准和技术研究院(NIST)2个水平的血清标准物质SRM 909b,测定结果与靶值的偏差小于0.2%.结论 建立了ID/GC/MS技术测定血清尿素的方法,方法准确、精密、简便,可望作为血清尿素测定的参考方法.     

基于液相色谱串联质谱技术对血清同型半胱氨酸常规检测系统的正确度评价

目的以同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱(ID-LC/MS/MS)为比对方法,评价酶循环法测定血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)的正确度。方法采用ID-LC/MS/MS和酶循环法同时检测20份新鲜单人份血清中的Hcy浓度,对测定结果进行方法学比对和评价。采用ID-LC/MS/MS和酶循环法同时测定5个水平的工作校准品,根据比对结果调整酶循环法校准品值,直至酶循环法的测定结果与比对方法的测定结果一致。结果采用ID-LC/MS/MS检测SRM 1950标准物质,测定结果与证书标示值一致,相对偏移1.0%。酶循环法与ID-LC/MS/MS的线性拟合方程为Y=1.204 1X+0.364 6(r~2=0.987 9),平均偏移为24.0%。调整后的酶循环法与ID-LC/MS/MS的线性拟合方程为Y=0.988 6X+0.260 3(r~2=0.999 7),平均偏移为-0.09%。结论 ID-LC/MS/MS能准确测定血清Hcy水平,或许可作为Hcy常规检测系统正确度评价的比对方法。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测血清皮质醇方法的建立及性能评价

目的建立同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法(ID-LC-MS/MS)检测血清皮质醇的方法并对其进行性能评价。方法采用ABSCIEX TRIPLE QUAD 5500液相色谱-串联质谱联用系统定量检测皮质醇,参照美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)相关文件对建立的方法进行线性、精密度、提取回收率和准确性等基本性能验证。结果内标平衡时间为室温下1 h。ID-LC-MS/MS检测皮质醇的线性回归方程为Y=0.018 7X+0.043 4,r=0.999 8;线性范围为25~500 ng/mL。检出限为0.05 ng/mL。批内、批间变异系数(CV)分别为4%、6%。提取回收率为84.5%~90.4%。国际临床化学和检验医学联合会参考实验室外部质量评价计划(RELA)-A和RELA-B样本测定结果的偏移分别为3.19%和2.84%。结论建立的ID-LC-MS/MS方法的精密度、准确度、重现性均较好,结果准确,可用于临床实验室检测血清皮质醇。     

同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱法测定血清可替宁

目的 建立一种同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱(ID-LC/MS/MS)测定血清可替宁的方法,以评价不同吸烟状况健康人的吸烟暴露水平分布状况.方法 以[D3]-可替宁作内标,乙腈沉淀蛋白、离心后吸取上清液、氮气挥干、流动相重组,液相分离后进人串联质谱分析;然后,采用多离子反应监测模式,以标准品制作标准曲线,结合同位素内标法定量建立同位素稀释液相色谱串联质谱法.用以对0 68、48.42、94.34、250.95、287.04 μg/L 5个水平血清样本进行5次重复分析,每次每种血清重复分析3份,以考察方法的精密度;同时测定与评价血清样本添加不同浓度标准品的加样回收率和样本在常温、4℃、-80℃保存的稳定性,以及2010年10月至12月期间94名健康志愿者在不同吸烟状况下的血清可替宁分布情况.并用Mann-Whitney U检验分析60名非吸烟、14名戒烟与20名吸烟健康志愿者血清可替宁含量的差异.结果 用ID-LC/MS/MS检测血清可替宁在本试验条件下分离良好,无内源性物质的干扰,具有较好的特异性;血清可替宁、内标峰面积比与可替宁浓度的线性相关系数≥0.9993;测定5个水平血清样本的总变异系数(CV)分别为4.71％、1.40％、1.98％、1.10％和1.03％;批内CV分别为2.19％、0.78％、0.75％、0.65％和0.67％,ID-LC/MS/MS的检测限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.013和0.050 μg/L,具有较高的灵敏度;3次试验的加样回收率范围为99.22％ ～ 102.67％;样本在常温条件下放置2d、4 ℃放置7d以及-80℃冻存保存3个月测定结果的准确度为99.28％～ 100.87％,批间CV均＜5％.检测94名健康人血清可替宁水平呈偏态和尖态分布(偏度2.71,峰度6.65),其中,20名吸烟者的可替宁浓度为116.40 (63.17 ～241.12) μg/L,14名已成烟者为0.67 (0.15～0.95) μg/L,60名非吸烟者为0.22 (0.15 ～0.42) μg/L;已戒烟者(Z=-2.12,P＜0.05)和吸烟者(Z=-6.67,P＜0.001)血清可替宁浓度分别显著高于非吸烟者.结论 建立的ID-LC/MS/MS测定血清可替宁方法操作简便、特异、灵敏,可望在吸烟暴露水平评价及暴露与疾病发生危险的研究中提供有效技术平台.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.