3．0T磁共振动态增强曲线与早期强化率对乳腺病变良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨3．0T磁共振动态增强曲线类型与早期强化率对乳腺病变良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。方法对40例乳腺病变患者（均经病理证实）的MRI平扫及动态增强扫描影像学资料进行回顾分析。观察分析病变增强后血流动力学特点,包括时间一信号强度曲线（TIC）及96s、144S早期强化率。结果对乳腺病变良恶性的诊断：时间信号强度曲线的灵敏度为0．842,特异度为0．762,AUC值（ROC工作曲线下面积）为0．8083;96S早期强化率（％）的灵敏度为0．526,特异度为0．857,舯C值为0．7193;144S早期强化率（％）的灵敏度为0．737,特异度为0．857,AUC值为0．8534。结论在诊断乳腺病变的良恶性方面,96S、144s早期强化率与时间一信号强度曲线类型三者相比：96S、144S早期强化率的特异度较高;时间一信号强度曲线类型的灵敏度较高;144S早期强化率的AUC最大,即144S早期强化率的诊断价值最佳。     

MRI乳腺动态增强扫描在乳腺良恶性病变中的诊断价值研究

目的:探讨MRI乳腺动态增强扫描诊断鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的临床价值。方法:择取2017年6月—2019年6月我院收治的55例乳腺疾病患者,全部患者均以MRI进行乳腺检查,行常规平扫、扩散加权成像扫描和动态多期增强扫描,观察并分析病变形态学与血流动力学,以手术病理或临床随访结果为金标准,评价MRI诊断鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的临床效果。结果:55例患者检出乳腺异常强化病灶59个,包括非肿块性36个,肿块性20个,局灶性3个。良性病变时间信号强度曲线以缓慢上升型为主,恶性病变以廓清型为主,分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),以平台型和廓清型曲线诊断乳腺恶性病变,灵敏度85.19%,特异度62.50%,准确性72.88%,以廓清型曲线诊断乳腺恶性病变,灵敏度55.56%,特异度90.63%,准确性74.58%,准确性无统计学差异(P>0.05)。恶性病变早期增强率(208.9±64.2)%,相对最大增强率(2.32±0.51)%/s,乳腺血管评分(2.22±0.87)分,均高于良性病变,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:MRI动态增强扫描可以有效显示异常强化病灶的形态学特征与血流动力学参数,与病理基础存在一定相关性,能够为乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断提供有价值的影像学依据,值得推广使用。     

常规超声检查联合声触诊组织成像技术鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值

目的采用乳腺影像报告与数据系统（BI-RADS）分类诊断标准,探讨常规超声检查联合声触诊组织成像（VTI）技术鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值。 方法对2013年1月至2014年10月同济大学附属第十人民医院经手术病理证实的389例乳腺肿瘤患者395个病灶,术前行常规超声检查及VTI检查,VTI模式下对乳腺良恶性病变进行分级,记录乳腺病灶边界是否清晰进行,并分别采用常规超声检查、常规超声检查联合VTI技术对乳腺良恶性病变进行BI-RADS分类。采用χ²检验比较乳腺良恶性病变VTI分级、VTI模式下病灶边界情况差异。以手术病理结果作为金标准,计算常规超声检查、常规超声检查联合VTI技术鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度、特异度、准确性,并采用McNemar?s test进行比较。 结果本组395个乳腺病灶中,282个（71.4%）为乳腺良性病变,113个（28.6%）为乳腺恶性病变。75.5%（213/282）的乳腺良性病变为VTI分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,83.2%（94/113）的乳腺恶性病变为VTI分级Ⅳ~Ⅴ级。乳腺良恶性病变VTI模式下分级差异有统计学意义（χ²=114.759,P<0.01）。77.7%（219/282）的乳腺良性病变VTI模式下肿块边界不清晰,78.8%（89/113）的乳腺恶性病变VTI模式下肿块边界多清晰。乳腺良恶性病变VTI模式下病灶边界情况差异有统计学意义（χ²=108.480,P<0.01）。常规超声检查鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度为97.3%,特异度为54.2%,准确性为66.6%;常规超声检查联合VTI技术鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度为98.2%,特异度为84.4%,准确性为88.4%。常规超声联合VTI技术鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的特异度、准确性均高于常规超声检查鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的特异度、准确性,且差异均有统计学意义（χ²=79.425、67.549,P均<0.01）;但敏感度差异无统计学意义（χ²=11.974,P>0.05）。 结论常规超声检查联合VTI技术能够提高乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断的特异度和准确性。     

乳腺癌83例MRI动态增强3D成像分析

目的探讨磁共振3D动态增强技术对乳腺良恶性肿块的诊断价值。方法分析83例患者的87个乳腺良恶性肿块的MRI征象及时间-信号曲线特点。结果乳腺癌30例34个肿块中,形态不规则有分叶23（67.6%）个,毛刺征27（79.4%）个;良性病变53例53个肿块中,28.3%（15/53）形状不规则、有分叶,（1/53）可见毛刺征。Ⅰ型曲线：良性45个,恶性0个,诊断良性病变的敏感性84.9%,特异性84.9%;Ⅲ型曲线：良性1个,恶性30个,诊断乳腺癌的敏感性91.2%,特异性88.2%。结论磁共振3D动态增强技术对乳腺良恶性肿块诊断有较大价值。     

三维超声冠状面成像鉴别乳腺实性病灶良恶性的应用价值

目的：探讨三维超声冠状面成像鉴别乳腺肿块良恶性的应用价值。方法观察分析97例患者106个乳腺实性病灶的二维和三维超声冠状面成像,对二维超声图像进行乳腺超声影像报告与数据系统（BI-RADS-US）分类,并与病理结果对照,计算二维超声对乳腺病灶良恶性病灶的鉴别诊断价值;根据良恶性病灶在三维超声冠状面上的声像图特征,建立Logistic回归模型,绘制受试者操作特性（ROC）曲线及计算曲线下面积来分析其对乳腺癌的诊断价值。结果106个乳腺病灶中,恶性病灶71个,良性病灶35个。二维超声诊断准确性85.8%,敏感度84.5%,特异度88.6%。多因素回归分析显示最后进入Logistic模型的特征分别为病灶边缘的成角或毛刺和“太阳征”。ROC曲线下面积为0.899,标准误为0.033,95%可信区间（0.834,0.965）。以成角或毛刺、“太阳征”为自变量的Logistic回归模型诊断乳腺肿块的准确性为88.7%（94/106）,敏感度为90.1%（64/71）,特异度为85.7%（30/35）,阳性预测值为92.8%（64/69）,阴性预测值为81.1%（30/37）。结论乳腺三维超声冠状面,特别是成角或毛刺征及“太阳征”在乳腺肿块的良恶性鉴别中具有重要价值。对于疑难病灶,三维超声冠状面上的信息有助于提高医生的诊断自信心。     

MR动态增强图像纹理分析判断乳腺结节良恶性的价值

目的 探讨MR动态增强图像纹理分析鉴别诊断乳腺结节良恶性的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的78例患者共80个乳腺结节的MR动态增强图像,每个结节获得63个纹理特征参数。绘制纹理参数鉴别诊断良恶性乳腺结节的ROC曲线,并与MR乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）的诊断效能比较。结果 78例患者的80个乳腺结节中,纹理参数中灰度游程长不均匀度判断乳腺结节良恶性的AUC值（0.836）最大且诊断准确率高,其诊断恶性乳腺结节的敏感度为82.93%（34/41）、特异度为94.87%（37/39）、准确率为88.75%（71/80）、阳性预测值为94.44%（34/36）、阴性预测值为84.09%（37/44）。MR BI-RADS分类诊断恶性乳腺结节的敏感度为95.12%（39/41）、特异度为87.18%（34/39）、准确率为91.25%（73/80）、阳性预测值为88.63%（39/44）、阴性预测值为94.44%（34/36）。MR BI-RADS分类和纹理分析判断恶性乳腺结节准确率差异无统计学意义（P=0.11）。与单独应用BI-RADS分类比较,两者联合应用可明显提高诊断恶性乳腺结节的特异度（P<0.001）。结论 MR纹理分析可作为传统诊断乳腺良恶性结节的补充。     

超声弹性成像评分法联合面积比值法在乳腺良恶性病变诊断中的应用

目的 探讨超声弹性成像（UE）技术中评分法联合面积比值法对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值。方法 对134例（178个肿块）乳腺病变患者进行UE检查,先用5分评分法给肿块评分,然后测量面积比（肿块弹性图像面积/肿块二维图像面积）,以病理结果作为金标准,构建受试者操作特性（ROC）曲线,判断乳腺良恶性病变诊断的最佳界值。结果 UE评分≥4分诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度、特异度和准确性分别为78.8%,93.8%和91.0%。面积比值法诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感度、特异度和准确性分别为75.8%,95.8%,92.1%。二者对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断差异无统计学意义（Ρ＞0.05）。乳腺良恶性病变诊断的最佳界值是1.45。二者联合诊断的敏感度、特异度和准确性分别为90.9%,98.6%,97.2%。联合诊断与5分评分法、面积比值法的准确性两两比较,差异有统计学意义（Ρ＜0.05）。结论 UE面积比值法与5分评分法对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值相当,二者联合可提高诊断的准确性。     

乳腺良恶性病变的灰阶超声造影研究

目的:评估灰阶超声造影在诊断乳腺良恶性病变中的价值。方法:应用超声造影观察61例患者的62个乳腺病灶,评估其病灶内部的灌注特征。结果:62个病灶经病理检查证实为恶性病灶共32个,良性病灶30个。与良性病灶相比,恶性病灶较容易出现灌注缺损和灌注不均(P值分别为0.002、0.010)。病灶内部出现灌注缺损诊断乳腺恶性病变的灵敏度为71.9%(25/32),特异度为66.7%(20/30),准确率为69.4%(43/62);灌注不均诊断恶性病变的灵敏度、特异度和准确率分别为78.1%(25/32)、53.3%(16/30)和66.1%(41/62)。结论:超声造影是诊断和鉴别乳腺良、恶性病变的有效手段。     

超声造影与增强CT在鉴别诊断胆囊良恶性病变中的应用价值

目的对比分析胆囊良恶性病变超声造影（CEUS）及增强CT（CECT）的图像特征,探讨二者在胆囊良恶性病变中的诊断价值。 方法选取2010年1月至2017年9月在陆军军医大学第一附属医院就诊的经病理证实的86例胆囊病变患者,术前CEUS与CECT的图像特征以及术前诊断结果进行对比分析。胆囊病变CEUS与CECT的增强模式比较以及单用CEUS或CECT与联合运用的诊断准确性的比较采用McNemer检验,CEUS胆囊良恶性病变由高增强转变为低增强的时间比较用t检验。 结果胆囊良恶性病变CEUS与CECT的增强模式类似。动脉期,良恶性病变CEUS与CECT均以高增强为主,其中,恶性病变分别为83.8%（57/68）、85.3%（58/68）,差异无统计学意义（P=1.000）,良性病变分别为100%（18/18）、94.4%%（17/18）。恶性病变CEUS与CECT在增强晚期或延迟期表现为低增强者分别为86.8%（59/68）、85.3%（58/68）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.500）,良性病变CEUS与CECT在增强晚期或延迟期表现为低增强者分别为83.3%（15/18）、77.8%（14/18）。良恶性病变CEUS转变为低增强的时间比较,差异有统计学意义[（53.9±10.0）s vs（35.50±6.72）s,t=6.729,P<0.001）]。单用CEUS其诊断胆囊恶性病变的敏感度、特异度及准确性分别为77.9%（53/68）、77.8%（14/18）、77.9%（67/86）;单用CECT其诊断敏感度、特异度及准确性分别为75%（51/68）、55.6%（10/18）、70.9%（61/86）;联合应用两种检查方法的敏感度、特异度及准确性分别为83.8%（57/68）、55.6%（10/18）、77.9%（67/86）;CEUS与CECT联合应用对胆囊恶性病变诊断准确性高于单用CECT。 结论CEUS与CECT结合有助于提高胆囊恶性病变诊断准确性,为胆囊良恶性病变的鉴别诊断提供更多有价值的信息。     

比较超声弹性成像与CDFI鉴别诊断良恶性乳腺病变

目的比较超声弹性成像与CDFI在鉴别诊断良恶性乳腺病变中的应用价值。方法随机选取155例乳腺病变术前患者行超声弹性成像及CDFI检查。CDFI依据Alder血流分级法、弹性成像采用5分法进行评估。以病理结果为金标准,比较两种技术诊断乳腺病变的敏感度、特异度及准确率。结果 155例共检出187个乳腺病灶,其中恶性57个、良性130个。CDFI与弹性评分诊断乳腺病变的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为68.42%(39/57)、75.38%(98/130)、73.26%(137/187)及84.21%(48/57)、84.62%(110/130)、84.49%(158/187);弹性成像的敏感度及准确率均高于CDFI(P均<0.05),而二者特异度的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CDFI和弹性成像诊断乳腺病变的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.789及0.892。结论超声弹性成像鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的效能高于CDFI。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.