液氮浅低温冷冻对家兔皮肤黑素细胞组织学和超微结构的影响

目的: 评价液氮浅低温冷冻疗法对家兔皮肤黑素细胞组织学和超微结构的影响.方法: 用棉签蘸液氮对实验组家兔进行浅低温冷冻实验,观察冷冻后皮肤组织的组织学和超微结构变化.结果: 实验组冷冻2～3周后局部皮肤逐渐出现色素沉着,组织学显示表皮及毛囊上皮增厚,黑素颗粒弥漫分布,黑素细胞数目显著增多,真皮浅层毛细血管扩张充血,数目增多,毛囊周围尤为明显,与对照组对比有显著性差异.透射电镜见黑素细胞体积增大,内质网和游离核糖体明显增多,线粒体分布较密集,腺腔明显扩大,胞核周围有较多不同阶段的黑素小体,以II和III期为主.结论: 液氮浅低温冷冻疗法能刺激表皮和毛囊的黑素细胞和新生毛发生长, 为临床治疗斑秃和白癜风提供有力的理论依据.     

液氮深低温与浅低温冷冻疗法对皮肤温度与组织学影响的实验研究

进行了液氮深低温与浅低温冷冻疗法对皮肤温度与组织学影响的动物实验研究。结果证明，前者局部低温范围为－３５－－３６℃，是通过一系列理化方面的变化而破坏局部组织，达到治疗目的的一种方法；后者低温范围在－１－＋６℃，对组织及细胞无明显损伤，可使真皮浅层毛细血管扩张，数目增多，尤以毛囊周围为显著，从而改善了毛及其周围可使真皮浅层毛细血管扩张，数目增多，尤以毛囊周围为显著，从而改善了行情主其周围的血液循环和     

斑秃皮损凋亡因子Annexin V表达及与T细胞浸润的相关性

目的:检测斑秃皮损凋亡因子Annexin V的表达并确定其与T细胞浸润的相关性。方法:对22例斑秃患者皮损(11例早期斑秃和11例中晚期斑秃)和10例正常头皮进行CD3/CD4/CD8和Annexin V的免疫组化双染。结果:早期斑秃Annexin V在浅层血管和毛囊周围的阳性细胞数显著高于中晚期斑秃,而在深层毛囊周围显著低于中晚期斑秃(P0.05)。早期斑秃深层毛囊周围T细胞浸润与Annexin V阳性细胞数量呈显著正相关,而浅层毛囊周围两者无明显相关性。结论:早期斑秃浅层永久性毛囊细胞凋亡与T细胞浸润无相关性,而深层周期性毛囊周围T细胞浸润是毛囊细胞凋亡的主要原因。     

斑秃皮损内朗格汉斯细胞及CD8+ T细胞的数量及分布分析

【摘要】 目的 探讨斑秃患者脱发皮损中朗格汉斯细胞在斑秃病理进程中的分布以及与T细胞的关系。 方法 对29例斑秃患者（活动期16例,非活动期13例）头皮脱发皮损进行CD1a免疫组化染色,对其中17例斑秃患者行CD4、CD8免疫组化染色。荧光半定量PCR测定局部皮损浅层和深层CD1a和粒细胞巨噬细胞刺激因子（GM-CSF）的mRNA表达水平。 结果 斑秃患者表皮和真皮各处包括真皮浅层血管周围、毛囊周围,真皮深层血管周围、毛囊周围CD1a阳性LC数量均较健康对照显著增加（Z = 4.354,2.884,4.640,3.217, 3.496,均P ＜ 0.01）,活动期皮损表皮层、深层血管、深层毛囊CD1a阳性LC数量较非活动期皮损高（Z = 2.457, 2.130,1.954,P ≤ 0.05）。斑秃患者CD1a 、GM-CSF mRNA相对表达量在皮损真皮浅层虽与健康对照无差异,但在深层均高于健康对照（Z = 2.702,2.941,均P ＜ 0.01）。斑秃患者浅层血管周围LC与深层毛囊周围CD8+ T细胞数量呈正相关（r = 0.618,P ＜ 0.05）,活动组浅层血管周围LC与深层毛囊周围CD8+ T细胞数量分布呈正相关关系（r = 0.795,P = 0.01）,非活动组浅层血管周LC与深层毛囊周围CD8+ T细胞数量分布则无相关关系。 结论 斑秃患者皮损LC数量增加,且在活动期皮损升高更明显。活动期斑秃皮损中浅层血管周围LC与深层毛囊周围CD8+ T细胞数量呈正相关,推测LC在斑秃疾病进展中发挥作用。     

脂水肿性脱发1例

患者女,62岁,头皮肿胀且局部横沟伴压痛半年。皮损组织病理示:表皮大致正常,真皮浅中部血管周围少量淋巴单核细胞浸润,胶原间纤维母细胞及胶原增生,真皮中下部毛囊周围见成熟脂肪细胞增生;黏蛋白染色示:毛囊周围及毛乳头见少量黏蛋白沉积。综合临床和病理表现,该患者诊断为脂水肿性脱发,脂水肿性头皮。     

纤维性丘疹

纤维性丘疹（Fibrous papule）是好发于成人鼻部及临近皮肤的良性错构瘤,由毳毛毛囊及其周围血管纤维性基质构成.毛囊周围纤维瘤（Perifollicular fibroma）为该病同义词.临床表现为鼻下部好发的圆顶坚实丘疹[1-2]。     

亲毛囊性蕈样肉芽肿四例分析

报道4例亲毛囊性蕈样肉芽肿。男3例,女1例,年龄32 ~ 52岁。3例以头面部及颈部受累为主,密集多发性暗红色不规则浸润性斑块、结节、肿块、毛囊性丘疹及痤疮样皮损,躯干、四肢表现为斑片、轻度浸润的斑块、毛囊性丘疹及痤疮样皮损。1例头面部未受累,全身密集毛囊性丘疹。组织病理显示真皮内、血管周围及毛囊周围大量淋巴样细胞为主的团块状浸润,部分细胞异形,浸润细胞移入毛囊上皮是他们共同而显著的特征,而亲表皮现象不明显。其中2例毛囊内充满黏蛋白,阿新蓝染色阳性。免疫组化显示浸润细胞主要为CD4阳性T细胞。对常规用于经典蕈样肉芽肿的治疗反应差,病情难以完全缓解,即使部分缓解后也极易复发。     

不典型Becker痣1例的皮肤镜表现

患者男,16岁,右胸部片状分布的点状色素斑2年。皮损的皮肤镜表现:棕黄色背景下毛囊周围蜂窝样色素沉着,毛囊周围白晕,可见血管结构。皮损病理示:表皮角化过度,棘层肥厚,表皮突不规则延长,基底层色素增加,真皮浅层血管周围少量炎性细胞浸润。诊断:Becker痣。     

毛囊周围弹性组织溶解一例

患者，男，29岁。胸背部、双上肢白色丘疹7年。组织病理示：表皮大致正常，真皮浅层血管周围少许单一核细胞。弹力纤维染色：毛囊周围弹力纤维消失。符合毛囊周围弹性组织溶解。     

血管生成素在小鼠皮肤中的表达及其对小鼠毛发生长的影响

目的:探讨血管生成素在小鼠皮肤中的表达及其对小鼠毛发生长的影响.方法:利用松香-石蜡拔毛法诱导C57BL/6小鼠背部的毛囊同步进入生长期,半定量RT-PCR检测血管生成素mRNA在不同毛囊周期小鼠皮肤中的表达.分离与培养完整的小鼠触须毛囊,加入不同浓度的血管生成素(0～200 μg/L),培养8 d 后测量毛囊的生长长度.与此同时,皮内注射血管生成素或血管生成素真核表达质粒pEGFP-ANG,并设立同时注射抗人血管生成素抗体组、注射空质粒pEGFP-C2 组和注射赋形剂的对照组,观察小鼠局部皮肤颜色的改变,并借助苏木精-伊红染色组织切片测量皮肤的厚度和计数生长期Ⅵ毛囊的比例.结果:半定量RT-PCR 显示小鼠皮肤中血管生成素mRNA 在生长期表达逐渐增加,生长期晚期表达最高,退行期开始减少,至休止期表达最低,其表达模式与毛囊周围的血管形成相一致.12.5～200.0 μg/L血管生成素呈剂量依赖性地促进体外培养的小鼠触须毛囊生长(P < 0.01).而且,皮内注射血管生成素和血管生成素真核表达质粒对C57BL/6小鼠背部的局部皮肤颜色无明显影响,但能明显增加局部皮肤的厚度(P ＜ 0.01)和生长期Ⅵ毛囊的比例(P ＜ 0.01).结论:血管生成素在小鼠皮肤中的表达具有毛囊周期依赖性的特点,血管生成素可能通过促进毛囊周围的血管形成和诱导毛囊进入生长期Ⅵ而促进小鼠毛发的生长.     

多发性毛盘瘤国内首例报告

目的 报告1例多发性毛盘瘤。患者男,31岁。主诉右下肢出现多发性高梁米粒至小豆大小坚实性皮色丘疹15年,左膝关节、左小腿部同样皮损近1年,无自觉症状。方法和结果 组织病理显示表皮棘层肥厚,真皮上部为细网状胶原纤维增殖和局灶性黏蛋白沉积,细小血管和神经纤维成分增多,弹力纤维增殖限局于毛囊和表皮突周围。增生毛囊见于病变两侧边缘,呈衣领状向下延伸。超微结构示Merkel细胞-轴突复合体位于表皮下基底板上方,真皮上部见有髓神经纤维。血管超微结构有的基底板显示层状结构,时见血管壁纤维成分增殖,管壁增厚。结论 本病罕见,系来源于毛盘的一种错构瘤。     

Chemotherapy targets the hair-follicle vascular network but not the stem cells

Chemotherapy-induced alopecia is a major problem in clinical oncology. Doxorubicin, a widely used cancer chemotherapy drug, induces disruption of the hair cycle and subsequent alopecia. We show in this report that doxorubicin causes disruption of the hair-follicle-associated blood vessel network resulting in a greatly reduced density of these blood vessels. Dystrophic hair follicles were also observed with abnormal melanogenesis in the mice treated with doxorubicin. Visualization of the effect of doxorubicin on hair-follicle angiogenesis was made possible by the use of transgenic mice in which green fluorescent protein was driven by regulatory elements of the nestin gene (ND-GFP). In these transgenic mice, the hair-follicle stem cells and the follicle structure as well as the blood vessels associated with the hair follicles express ND-GFP. The hair-follicle stem cells did not appear to be affected by doxorubicin, which may explain why hair regrows after chemotherapy. These results suggest that inhibition of hair-follicle-associated angiogenesis by doxorubicin may be an important factor in hair-follicle dystrophy associated with chemotherapy-induced alopecia. The ND-GFP mouse model is thus useful for the study of the role of angiogenesis in the hair-follicle cycle and the effect of drugs on processes associated with chemotherapy-induced alopecia.     

Betacellulin regulates hair follicle development and hair cycle induction and enhances angiogenesis in wounded skin

Betacellulin (BTC) belongs to the EGF family, whose members play important roles in skin morphogenesis, homeostasis, and repair. However, the role of BTC in skin biology is still unknown. We employed transgenic mice overexpressing BTC ubiquitously to study its role in skin physiology. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased levels of BTC especially in the hair follicles and in the epidermis of transgenic animals. Expression of key markers of epithelial differentiation was unaltered, but keratinocyte proliferation was significantly increased. At post-natal day 1 (P1), transgenic mice displayed a significant retardation of hair follicle morphogenesis. At P17, when most follicles in control mice had initiated hair follicle cycling and had already entered into their first late catagen or telogen phase, all follicles of transgenic mice were still at the mid- to late catagen phases, indicating retarded initiation of hair follicle cycling. Healing of full-thickness excisional wounds and bursting strength of incisional wounds were similar in control and transgenic mice. However, an increase in the area covered by blood vessels at the wound site was detected in transgenic animals. These results provide evidence for a role of BTC in the regulation of epidermal homeostasis, hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling, and wound angiogenesis.     

Quantitative histopathologic findings of erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli

BACKGROUND: Even though only 33 cases of Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli (EFFC) have been reported around the world, there have been no quantitative clinicopathological studies yet.The purpose of this study is to examine quantitatively clinical and histopathological evaluations of EFFC using image analysis system. METHOD: Clinical grading of its severity was assessed. Many parameters of the horny layer, granular layer, epidermis and the dermal components were measured and compared to controls by image analysis. The correlation between the histological findings and clinical grading was assessed. RESULT: Thickness and compactness of the horny layer was significantly increased in EFFC. There were no significant differences in the number of melanocytes and severity of pigmentation between EFFC and controls; however, melanization was slightly increased in EFFC. The percent area of the superficial blood vessels was significantly increased and correlated with visual grading of erythema. Diameters of hair shafts and outer root sheaths, and thickness of inner root sheaths were decreased. Basal layer pigmentation was correlated with the clinical features of pigmentation. CONCLUSION: This study supported the findings of hyperkeratosis and dilatation of superficial dermal blood vessels in EFFC. The pigmentation of the basal layer and the percent area of the inner spaces of the superficial dermal blood vessels may reflect the clinical severity more than the other parameters. Although follicular plugging is a characteristic clinical feature of EFFC, enlargement of hair follicles and hair shafts were not characteristic pathologic changes EFFC in our study.     

The angiogenic properties of the rat vibrissa hair follicle associate with the bulb

As the hair follicle is one of the most rapidly growing tissues in the body, it must be nourished by a rich blood supply. Histological studies have indicated that the number of vessels about a growing follicle exceeds that about a resting follicle, so we postulated that the hair follicle might provide its own angiogenic stimulus during certain phases of its growth. Reported here are experiments testing the angiogenic properties of the growing (anagen) hair follicle. Using the rabbit corneal pocket angiogenesis assay and cycled anagen rat vibrissae hair follicles, we found that the mesenchymal dermal papilla had no angiogenic properties, but the anagen bulb was angiogenic. These findings suggest a mechanism for the cycling of hair follicles and an example of normal epithelium to mesenchyme interactions.     

Treatment with 815-nm diode laser induces long-lasting expression of 72-kDa heat shock protein in normal rat skin

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that skin closure is improved by photoirradiation of the wound margins with an 815-nm diode laser system. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the beneficial effects of laser treatment involve the overexpression of the inducible 72-kDa heat shock protein, Hsp70. METHODS: Expression of Hsp70 was investigated by immunocytochemistry in normal hairless rat dorsal skin and compared with its expression after laser photoirradiation. RESULTS: Constitutive expression of Hsp70 was mainly confined to the upper epidermal layer. Laser irradiation further increased epidermal expression of Hsp70 while inducing de novo synthesis of the protein in dermal structures, particularly around blood vessels, hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Laser-induced expression of Hsp70 was still present 7 days after photoirradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Laser-induced expression of Hsp70 might contribute to improved tissue regeneration and wound healing.     

Follicular penetration and targeting

In the past, intercellular penetration was assumed to be the most important penetration pathway of topically applied substances. First hints that follicular penetration needs to be taken into consideration were confirmed by recent investigations, presented during the workshop "Follicular Penetration and Targeting" at the 4th Intercontinental Meeting of Hair Research Societies", in Berlin 2004. Hair follicles represent an efficient reservoir for the penetration of topically applied substances with subsequent targeting of distinct cell populations, e.g., nestin-expressing follicular bulge cells. The volume of this reservoir can be determined by differential stripping technology. The follicular penetration processes are significantly influenced by the state of the follicular infundibulum; recent experimental investigations could demonstrate that it is essential to distinguish between open and closed hair follicles. Topically applied substances can only penetrate into open hair follicle. Knowledge of follicular penetration is of high clinical relevance for functional targeting of distinct follicular regions. Human hair follicles show a hair-cycle-dependent variation of the dense neuronal and vascular network. Moreover, during hair follicle cycling with initiation of anagen, newly formed vessels occur. Thus, the potential of nestin-expressing hair follicle stem cells to form neurons and blood vessels was investigated.     

活血化瘀法治愈Fox—Fordyce病1例报告

报告1例Fox—Fordyce病。患者女，37岁，因腋窝、乳晕、外阴瘙痒性丘疹lO年余而就诊，皮肤科检查可见双侧腋窝、乳晕、外阴对称性多发米粒至绿豆大毛囊性圆形丘疹，组织病理检查符合Fox-Fordyce病。本例患者用活血化瘀中药治疗取得显著效果，随访3个月无复发。     

Expression of neuropeptide-degrading enzymes in alopecia areata: an immunohistochemical study

BACKGROUND: Much clinical evidence suggests that the nervous system, including psychological factors, can influence the course of alopecia areata (AA). However, there has been little substantial evidence of specific participation of cutaneous neurogenic factors in the disease process. OBJECTIVES: As previous studies have demonstrated that stress elicits the release of the neuropeptide substance P (SP) from peripheral nerves and that some patients with AA show prominent SP expression in nerves surrounding their hair follicles, we aimed to evaluate the role of SP in AA. METHODS: We used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of SP and SP-degrading enzymes in scalp biopsies from patients with AA and from healthy controls. RESULTS: Affected hair follicles in the centre of the areas of hair loss of patients with AA were richly innervated by SP-staining nerve fibres. Strong expression of the SP-degrading enzyme, neutral endopeptidase (NEP), was observed in hair follicles not only in the acute progressive phase of AA but also in the chronic stable phase. Expression of NEP in hair follicles from the margins of areas of hair loss was stronger than in normal controls, but was weaker than in the centre of the areas of hair loss. In addition, endothelial immunoreactivity for angiotensin-converting enzyme (also capable of degrading SP) was not observed in the centre of the areas of hair loss, which was in significant contrast to normal controls as well as to the margins of areas of hair loss where it was expressed. Further, intense expression of endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 on vessels and many degranulating mast cells was observed adjacent to affected hair follicles in AA, in admixture with dense lymphocytic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that SP is endogenously released by dermal nerve fibres around hair follicles and that it may play an important part in epithelial-mesenchymal-neuroectodermal interactions in AA. This study reveals that SP and its degrading enzymes are involved in the pathogenesis of AA, which in turn might explain the pathological significance of neurogenic and psychogenic aspects in the disease process.     

Histopathologic characteristics and ultrastructure of aging skin

Histologic and ultrastructural examination of skin biopsy specimens from younger compared to older persons documents age-related structural alteration in the epidermis, dermal-epidermal junction, dermis, and the epidermal appendages including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat ducts and glands. The fine, regular epidermal surface patterns change to coarser and less regular ridges with aging. Epidermal projections into the dermis are retracted and the dermal-epidermal junction is flattened. The dermis becomes thinner; there is less fibrous collagen and less elastic fiber in older skin, but the elastic component may appear increased compared to collagen. Elastic fibers may become frayed, porous, and matted together. The density of blood vessels is reduced and, in particular, there are fewer capillary loops in the papillary dermis. There are fewer as well as structurally altered hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands with increasing age.