腰骶移行椎患者腰骶神经根支配区域变化的临床研究

目的探讨腰骶移行椎(LSTV)患者腰骶神经根支配区域的变化规律。方法 2008年5月至2010年3月经脊柱全长片证实为LSTV,CT和/或MRI明确存在间盘突出的腰腿痛患者。查体明确其受压腰骶神经根支配区域的变化规律。不含C-I型腰椎骶化(SZ)和C-ⅢB型骶椎腰化(LZ)。结果 12例SZ和12例LZ纳入研究。12例SZ中,5例C-ⅢB、3例非矩形化型及1例ⅢA型的受压神经呈非LSTV者同节段和/或下一节段神经受压表现,3例C-IIB受压神经呈非LSTV者同神经受压表现。12例LZ中,10例完全型受压神经呈非LSTV者同节段和/或上一节段神经根受压表现,1例完全型S1～2神经受压呈非LSTV者L4～S2神经受压表现,1例C-IV型受压神经呈现正常个体同神经受压。结论 SZ时,腰神经根呈现正常个体同和/或低一节段神经根功能;LZ时,腰骶神经根易表现出正常个体同和/或高一节段神经根功能。     

腰骶移行椎与骶骨之间椎间盘的MRI影像特点及其临床意义

目的探讨腰骶移行椎与骶骨之间椎间盘的MRI影像特点。方法对52例腰骶移行椎患者的MRI及X线片影像学进行分析。结果Ⅰ型23.1%(12例)、Ⅱ型17.3%(9例)、Ⅲ型48.1%(25例)、Ⅳ型11.5%(6例)。Ⅰ型腰骶移行椎与骶骨间椎间盘的形态与正常腰椎的L5/S1椎间盘相同;Ⅱ型与正常相近,但有发育不良现象;Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型则明显发育不良。结论Ⅰ型的椎间盘具备与正常L5/S1椎间盘相同的功能;Ⅱ型其椎间盘接近正常L5/S1椎间盘;Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型则为残存椎间盘,几乎不具备椎间盘功能,无退变发生。     

腰椎平片漏诊的腰椎骶化及骶椎腰化

目的：探讨脊柱全长片对腰椎平片漏诊的腰骶移行椎的诊断作用.方法：184例（男99例,女85例）腰腿疼患者接受脊柱全长影像检查.利用脊柱全长影像资料,明确是否存在Castellvi分型之外的腰椎骶化或骶椎腰化.结果：9例（4.9%）非矩形化完全型腰椎骶化依据腰椎平片无法辨出,其中6例L5与S1椎板融合,3例L5～S1椎板间结构残留.12例（6.5 %）S1完全腰化为L5样外观,出现S1～2间盘及椎板间结构,横突宽度小于19 mm,腰椎平片会漏诊.结论：临床上存在两种单纯腰椎平片可能漏诊的腰骶移行椎,一种是非矩形化完全型腰椎骶化,（可进一步分为L5～S1椎板残留与椎板融合两种亚型）,一种是双侧横突均小于19 mm的彻底型骶椎腰化,只能通过脊柱全长片发现.     

222例腰骶移行椎影像学形态特点及其临床意义

目的：探讨腰骶移行椎的影像学形态特点,为腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎滑脱症的诊治提供参考。方法：对临床及影像资料完整的腰骶移行椎222例,根据横突形态特点,按Castellvi法进行分类,并对病变节段进行分析。结果：Ⅰ型79例,占35．6％,其中L4～5突出8例,L5～S1突出15例,L4峡部裂、滑脱3例;Ⅱ型51例,占23％,其中L4～5,突出20例,L3～4突出4例,L4峡部裂、滑脱12例;Ⅲ型80例,占36％,其中L4～5,突出38例,L4峡部裂12例,L3～4突出3例;Ⅳ型9例,占4．1％,其中L4～5突出4例;特殊类型3例,占1．3％,均为L4～5突出。结论：Ⅰ型移行椎L4-5,L5～S1均可能发生腰椎间盘突出症,与正常腰椎无明显区别,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型只发生L4～5和L3～4节段腰椎间盘突出,而不发生L5～S1椎间盘突出,即移行椎以上的节段可发生病变。本组中没有L5部裂及滑脱病例,均为L4峡部裂和L4～5以上节段滑脱,据此提出了腰骶移行椎的特殊类型,即单纯椎间融合型。     

脊柱全长片在腰骶移行椎诊断中的应用

目的：探讨脊柱全长片判定腰骶移行椎的准确性.方法：采用143例脊柱全长影像资料,分析其腰椎骶化（SZ）与骶椎腰化（LZ）分布情况,L5椎体与Tuffier线的关系及矩形化表现.结果：L5椎体在Tuffier线以下者男82.1%,女 79.7%.6例 IIIB型SZ椎体无矩形化表现,7例完全型LZ双侧横突高度小于19 mm.12例T12肋缺如单凭腰椎平片可能误为存在腰骶移行椎（LSTV）.结论：单纯腰椎平片无法避免漏误诊LSTV.只有脊柱全长片才能准确判定LSTV.     

Ⅰ型腰骶移行椎与正常第5腰椎的形态学比较及其临床意义

目的　探讨Ⅰ型腰骶移行椎与正常第5腰椎椎体的形态学差异,为临床应用提供形态学依据。 方法　选取Ⅰ型腰骶移行椎和正常第5腰椎标本各60例,观测：椎体上下终板前后径、横径;椎体前缘高度、后缘高度及其前/后高比值;椎弓根纵、横径。统计学分析并进行t检验。 结果　I型移行椎与正常第5腰椎相比,椎体上、下终板前后径及横径差异均有显著意义（P<0.01）;椎体的上、下前后径大1~2 mm,上、下横径大2~3 mm,前高大0.7~1.2 mm,后高大0.8~1 mm,统计均有显著意义;椎体的前/后高度比值及椎弓根纵横径I型移行椎与正常第5腰椎之间差异均无显著意义。 结论　I型腰骶移行椎椎体各径线较正常第5腰椎椎体稍大, 但形态相近; I型移行椎椎体与正常第5腰椎椎体无明显区别,I型腰骶移行椎椎弓根螺钉进钉可按正常第5腰椎方法进行。     

腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎的形态学特点及临床意义

目的　研究腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎的形态特点,为腰骶移行椎合并腰椎滑脱、不稳症时椎弓根螺钉内固定术提供依据。 方法　对59例腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎标本的矢状径、横径,峡部的高度、厚度;椎弓根的纵径、横径;椎板的高度、厚度;脊椎指数及退变情况等进行观测。 结果　腰骶移行椎上一节段椎体前后径(34.1±2.7)mm,横径(47.5±4.6)mm;峡部高度(12.9±1.6)mm;峡部厚度(9.0±1.2)mm;椎弓根纵径 (10.6±2.4)mm,椎弓根横径 (14.0±2.4)mm;椎板高度(18.2±2.6) mm,椎板厚度 (5.7±1.2)mm。脊椎指数：1：4.35; 81.4%（48例）发生椎体增生,未发现峡部裂。 结论　腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎椎体各径线及椎弓根横径较正常L4椎体大,可选择直径稍大的椎弓根螺钉;峡部厚度较正常L4增加;峡部不存在发育薄弱和局部缺损。     

腰骶移行椎椎体及椎板的形态学特点及临床意义

目的:研究腰骶移行椎椎体及椎板的形态学特点,为临床诊治疗提供依据.方法:对91例腰骶移行椎椎体上面矢状径/横径,椎体前高/后高,上关节突关节面的矢状径、横径及其与正中矢状面夹角等进行测量.结果:腰骶移行椎椎体上面矢状径与横径比为0.64,前/后比为1.21.上关节突关节面高度,左(14.1±2.1)mm,右(13.9±1.5)mm;宽度,左(16.0±1.8)mm,右(16.2±1.5)mm;与正中矢状面夹角,左(56.3°±7.8°),右(55.9°±7.3°).结论:(1)腰骶移行椎椎体的形态与正常L5椎体形态相近,故在腰椎正侧位片及CT、MRI片难以根据其椎体形态学特点推断是否为移行椎,后路手术时很难根据椎板及棘突上关节突的形态特点来判断腰骶移行椎.(2)腰骶移行椎的下关节突明显小于上关节突,说明小关节突很少或几乎不向下传导应力.     

腰骶移行椎是否与髂骨相融合或形成假关节？

目的：探讨腰骶移行椎是否与髂骨相融合或形成假关节,以明确腰骶移行椎的概念及形态特点。方法：在109具腰骶移行椎骨骼标本和2004年至2008年收集的91例腰骶移行椎患者的影像资料上,分析腰骶移行椎的分型,并对腰骶移行椎与髂骨间关系进行观测。结果：腰骶移行椎按Castellvis分型。标本中ⅡA型23具（20．9％）,ⅡB型12具（10．9％）,ⅢA型7具（6．4％）,ⅢB型66具（60％）,Ⅳ型1具;腰骶移行椎的横突均未与髂骨后部形成假关节或融合（100％）。影象资料中Ⅰ型15例（16．5％,其中ⅠA型1例、ⅠB型14例）,Ⅱ型28例（30．8％,其中ⅡA型21例、ⅡB型7例）,Ⅲ型41例（45．0％,其中ⅢA型5例、ⅢB型36例）,Ⅳ型7例（7．7％）;所有病例均无横突与髂骨形成假关节或融合,髂腰韧带骨化2例（均为ⅡA病例）。结论：腰骶移行椎是发育异常的最后节段的横突与骶骨形成假关节或融合而非与髂骨形成假关节或融合的一种畸形。     

椎间孔镜下经椎板间入路治疗腰5/骶1椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的研究运用经皮椎间孔镜技术行板间入路治疗腰5/骶1腰突症患者的疗效。方法将我科收治的42例腰5/骶1椎间盘突出症患者按照随机数字表法分成两组,每组各21例。治疗组应用经皮椎间孔镜下经椎板间入路行髓核摘除视频消融术治疗,而对照组行腰椎后路椎板开窗减压单纯髓核摘除术,比较两者疗效。结果与对照组对比,治疗组切口小、手术时间短,且JOA评分高,证明治疗组的总有效率较对照组明显增高,两组之间各项指标对比均有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论椎间孔镜下经椎板间入路治疗腰5/骶1椎间盘突出症的近期疗效显著,具有手术创伤小、出血少、恢复快的优势,值得推广。     

The anatomical relationship of the aortic bifurcation to the lumbar vertebrae: a MRI study

The objective of this study was to determine the level of the aortic bifurcation in relation to the lumbar spine by MRI and the effect of lumbosacral anomalies on the aortic bifurcation. A prospective study of 441 patients was performed. Sagittal MR images of the entire spine were obtained along with the standard protocol for imaging of the lumbar spine. The vertebrae were counted caudally from C2 instead of cranially from the presumed L5 vertebra. The aortic bifurcation in relation to the lumbar vertebrae was determined. The aorta bifurcated at the L4 vertebral body in 67% of cases. In patients with sacralization of L5 the aortic bifurcation was at the L3 vertebral body in 59%. In those patients with lumbarization of S1 the aorta bifurcated at the level of the L4 vertebral body in 40% and at the L4/5 disc space in 33%. There was no demographic variation of the aortic bifurcation in relation to age or sex. The aorta bifurcated at L4 in two-thirds of cases and was variably located in the remaining third. The stability of this as a landmark is disturbed by the significant high incidence of lumbosacral transitional segments.     

Oesteogenic Study of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra in Central India Region

The morphological variations in the lumbosacral region are accidental findings during the study of dry human sacra. Most easily identified and detectable anatomical variations are related with change in the number of sacral vertebra by union of fifth lumbar vertebra or first coccyx and deletion of first sacral vertebra. These variations may be found in the living during radiological investigations for pain and neurological symptoms of patients.The study was designed to know the prevalence of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra in Central India as there is paucity of available literature. Considering the variations, we conduct this study as a prelude to any type of experimental work in biomechanics, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in low back pain and for interventional procedures like spinal anesthesia and lumbar puncture.Setting & Design: Observational study was carried out on 206 dry sacra including human skeletons obtained from Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine & Regional Medicolegal Institute of Bhopal & Raipur.Morphometric measurements of 168 normal and 38 lumbosacral transitional vertebras were recorded and classified as per Castellvi's classification. Sacra showing fusion of coccyx were also included. All the parameters of variant sacra were compared with normal sacra.38 (18.4%) lumbosacral transitional vertebra of which 29 (14.1 %) cases of sacralization, 9 (4.3%) cases of lumbarization and 16 (7.8%) cases of fusion of coccyx were found. 14(36.8%), 5(13.2%),17(44.7%) and 2(5.3%) sacra falls in type I; type II, type III and type IV of Castellvi's classification.Lumbosacral transitional vertebra is attributed to its embryological origin. These variations is outcome of series of morphological changes during the transition and may interfere with the normal functioning because of compression of nerves, soft tissue and ligamentous strain between joints. Knowledge of these variations have become increasing important because of increased incidence of lower back pain, sciatica, disc prolapsed and in interventional procedures like spinal anesthesia and lumbar puncture.     

Identification and prediction of transitional vertebrae on imaging studies: anatomical significance of paraspinal structures

The aim of our study was to examine the locational distribution of paraspinal structures on MRI and to determine any predictable parameters that may be used for the identification of transitional vertebra (TV). We enrolled 534 patients who underwent MRI of their lumbosacral spine. The locations of the paraspinal structures, such as aortic bifurcation (AB), IVC confluence (IC), right renal artery (RRA), celiac trunk (CT), SMA root (SR), and iliolumbar ligament (ILL), were determined using "cross link" in PACS. We also assessed the morphology of the TV. The MRI showed that the most common site of the paraspinal structures in the normal group was AB at the lower L4, IC at the L4-5 disc space, RRA at the L1-2 disc space, CT at the T12-L1 disc space, SR at the upper L1, and ILL at the L5. The frequency of TV was 23.8% (lumbarization, 9.9%; sacralization, 13.9%). The paraspinal structures of the S1 lumbarization were positioned more toward the caudal location, whereas the paraspinal structures of the L5 sacralization were positioned more toward the cephalic location (P < 0.01). In conclusion, AB, IC, RRA, CT, SR, and ILL are useful landmarks for predicting the presence of TV on MRI. TV is possible when these paraspinal structures are in positions outside of the frequent locations.     

Cauda equina syndrome

Single or double-level compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots located in the dural sac results in a polyradicular symptomatology clinically diagnosed as cauda equina syndrome. The cauda equina nerve roots provide the sensory and motor innervation of most of the lower extremities, the pelvic floor and the sphincters. Therefore, in a fully developed cauda equina syndrome, multiple signs of sensory disorders may appear. These disorders include low-back pain, saddle anesthesia, bilateral sciatica, then motor weakness of the lower extremities or chronic paraplegia and, bladder dysfunction. Multiple etiologies can cause the cauda equina syndrome. Among them, non-neoplastic compressive etiologies such as herniated lumbosacral discs and spinal stenosis and spinal neoplasms play a significant role in the development of the cauda equina syndrome. Non-compressive etiologies of the cauda equina syndrome include ischemic insults, inflammatory conditions, spinal arachnoiditis and other infectious etiologies. The use of canine, porcine and rat models mimicking the cauda equina syndrome enabled discovery of the effects of the compression on nerve root neural and vascular anatomy, the impairment of impulse propagation and the changes of the neurotransmitters in the spinal cord after compression of cauda equina. The involvement of intrinsic spinal cord neurons in the compression-induced cauda equina syndrome includes anterograde, retrograde and transneuronal degeneration in the lumbosacral segments. Prominent changes of NADPH diaphorase exhibiting, Fos-like immunoreactive and heat shock protein HSP72 were detected in the lumbosacral segments in a short-and long-lasting compression of the cauda equina in the dog. Developments in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with back pain, sciatica and with a herniated lumbar disc are mentioned, including many treatment options available.     

Developmental malformations in the area of the lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and sacrum: differences in gender and left/right distribution

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of congenital malformations of the lumbosacral transitional vertebrae in the general population, and the differences in their gender and left/right distributions.

Methods

The examined group comprised of all patients who underwent a pelvic X-ray during 2010 for any reason. The observed parameters included the following malformations: the presence of megatransversus at L5; sacralization of L5 or L6; a S1 lumbarization; the presence of six sacral vertebrae; or spina bifida at the level of L5, S1 or S2. In cases of megatransversus at L5, the lateral distribution was recorded. A total of 1,513 images were evaluated. Sex and lateral differences were evaluated using the Pearson’s (χ ²) test with a significance level of 5 %.

Results and conclusions

A total of 478 malformations were found in 417 patients, which constituted 27.6 % of the entire group. Malformations occurred in 250 women (25.4 % of all women) and 167 men (31.6 % of all men) and the female to male ratio in affected individuals was 1.5:1. The predominance of the occurrence of malformations observed in men was statistically significant (p = 0.009). The most frequently occurring malformations were the presence of six sacral vertebrae (179 patients) and megatransversus at L5 (150 patients). The study confirmed a high incidence of congenital malformations in the area of the lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and demonstrated a higher incidence in males. Unilaterally occurring megatransversus at L5 was significantly more common on the left side.     

腰骶神经根管的连续断层与CT对照观察

目的 :为临床诊断腰椎管狭窄症提供腰骶神经根管的断层解剖学及CT资料。材料和方法 :在 3 0例成人脊柱横断层标本和 3 6例成人脊柱CT图像上 ,选取脊柱L3～S1节段 ,并将各节段分别分为A、B、C三个区段 ,观测其神经根管及有关数据。结果 :在A区段 ,各神经根的矢径由L3～S1逐渐增大 ;在B区段 ,神经根的行程靠近黄韧带 ;在C区段 ,神经根的行程靠近椎间盘。结论 :(1 )侧隐窝狭窄的判断标准应依腰骶节段不同而异 ;(2 )根管狭窄症的发生率可随L3～S1而增大。     

Microsurgical Anatomy of Lumbosacral Nerve Rootlets for Highly Selective Rhizotomy in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

It is known that selective sacral roots rhizotomy is effective for relieving the neurogenic bladder associated with spinal cord injury. The goal of this study is to review the surgical anatomy of the lumbosacral nerve rootlets and to provide some morphological bases for highly selective sacral roots rhizotomy. Spinal cord dissections were performed on five cadavers under surgical microscope. At each spinal cord segment, we recorded the number, diameter and length of the rootlets, subbundles and bundles from the L1 to S2 spinal segments, and the length of the dorsal/ventral root entry zone. Peripheral nervous system myelin was examined by immunohistochemistry. We found: (1) the ventral or the dorsal root of the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord was divided into one to three nerve bundles and each bundle was subdivided into one to three subbundles. Each subbundle further gave out two to three rootlets connected with the spinal cord; (2) there were no significant differences in the number of rootlets within the L1 to S2 segments, but the size of rootlets and the length of nerve roots varied (P < 0.05); and (3) the more myelinated fibers a rootlet contained, the larger transection area it had. The area of peripheral nervous system myelin positive cells and the total area of rootlets were correlated (P < 0.001). Thus, during highly selective sacral roots rhizotomy, the ventral and dorsal roots can be divided into several bundles of rootlets, and we could initially distinct the rootlets by their diameters. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.