股部皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为股部皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：８侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜下肢标本，解剖观测股部主要皮神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围；２侧成人新鲜下肢标本经墨汁灌注，皮肤脱水透明后观测各皮神经营养血管的分支分布及吻合。结果：①股外侧皮神经有营养动脉２～６支，超始外径１．０±０．４ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧４．１ｃｍ，外侧５．９ｃｍ；②股前皮神经有营养动脉１～５支，外径１．０±０．３ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧２．４ｃｍ，外侧３．４ｃｍ；③股后皮神经有营养动脉１～３支，外径０．９±０．３ｍｍ，其筋膜皮支分布达神经内侧３．９ｃｍ，外侧３．２ｃｍ。结论：以股部各主要皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可沿其皮神经走行设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣     

狗心心房动脉的解剖观察

观察了６０例狗心心房动脉，４０例为冠状动脉铸标本，２０例为解剖标本。一般性心房动脉多为区域性小支，以１支多见，２支次之，但左，右心房外侧支以２支多见，甚至可多达４支。在特殊心房动脉中，窦房结动脉８１．７％发自右冠状动脉；１８．３％发自左冠状动脉。房室结动脉１支的占９３．３％；２支的占６．７％，均发自左旋支。房间隔前动脉占２１．７％；左房旋动脉仅占０．８３％。此外，还观察了窦房结动脉与其与他心房动脉     

喉上神经袢的应用解剖

解剖观察６０具（１２０侧）人颈部尸体标本，见颈交感于与喉上这上支交通成袢者９２．５％（１１１例）。其形态分为Ｖ形、Ｕ形、混合形，并列双袢、并列三袢５种。在胸有甲状肌喉三角的额状切面内见神经为１支占７１．７％（８６侧），２支及以上者占２８．３％（３４侧）。单支者神经多位于甲状腺上动脉内侧；多支者一般内侧支位于咽下缩肌表面，外侧支位于甲状腺上动脉内侧。本研究结果修正了Ｍｏｏｓｍａｎ等提出的胸骨甲状肌喉     

股骨中段骨膜瓣移植的解剖及其临床应用

在４５侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上，解剖观测了股中间肌近端血管及其骨膜支的来源，分支分布。结果表明：近端的股动脉来自旋股外侧动脉占５７．５％；来自股深动脉占２８．９％；来自股动脉占１３．１％。肌动脉干长１５．８±０．７ｍｍ，外径２．２±０．７ｍｍ。８８．９％的骨膜支来自肌动脉，经股中间肌与股内侧肌之间的间隙，达股骨中段前份。骨膜支干长３６±１１ｍｍ，外径１．５±０．４ｍｍ。以肌动脉为蒂，     

以肌间隔皮支为蒂外踝上皮瓣的解剖学基础

在３６侧经红色乳胶或墨汁灌注的成人下肢标本上，对小腿下部后外侧皮肤的血供及神经分布进行了观测。该区为跳动脉下段发出的肌间隔动脉分布，可分为肌间隔皮支主干型和肌间隔皮支分散型。前者占６９．４％，由腓动脉下段发出一肌间隔长降支，长度平均为８．８ｃｍ，外径１．２ｍｍ；后者占３０．６％，有２～４支，各支向上、下互相吻合。结果提示，临床上可分别采用肌间隔长降支或腓动脉本干设计外踝上皮瓣。     

双蒂腓肠肌皮瓣下滑修复跟腱及皮肤缺损的应用解剖学

目的:为双蒂腓肠肌皮瓣下滑修复小腿下端皮肤及跟腱缺损和术前判断肌皮瓣能修复的范围提供解剖学理论依据。方法:30侧下肢标本,模拟腓肠肌皮瓣的切取,观察双蒂腓肠肌皮瓣中腓肠肌及其神经、血管的形态和毗邻关系,观测肌皮瓣能向下滑动的距离。结果:腓肠肌的动脉有4种类型:Ⅰ.腓肠内、外侧动脉单独发支,占56.7％;Ⅱ.腓肠内、外侧动脉单独发支,而一侧有来源于对侧动脉的分支直接人肌,占23.3％;Ⅲ.腓肠内、外侧动脉共干占10％;Ⅳ.腓肠内、外侧动脉单独发支,但有一侧为两支,占10％。神经分支形式有6种类型:Ⅰ.腓肠内侧皮神经、腓肠肌内外侧头肌支、比目鱼肌支单独发支,占36.7％;Ⅱ.腓肠内侧皮神经和腓肠肌内侧头肌支共干,占20％;Ⅲ.腓肠肌外侧头肌支与比目鱼肌支共干,占20％;Ⅳ腓肠内侧皮神经与腓肠肌内侧头肌支共干,腓肠肌外侧头肌支与比目鱼肌支共干,占13.3％;Ⅴ.腓肠内侧皮神经、腓肠肌内外侧头肌支、比目鱼肌支共干,占6.7％;Ⅵ.腓肠内侧皮神经、腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支共干,占33％。皮瓣向下滑动的平均最大距离为(9.2±0.9)cm。结论:双蒂腓肠肌皮瓣适合于修复跟腱及皮肤同时缺损,切取时需要注意神经、血管有不同的类型并做相应的处理,肌皮瓣能修复的平均最大长度为(9.2±0.9)cm。     

股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗的应用解剖

目的：为股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗提供解剖学基础。方法：在５０侧成人尸体上观察了股深动脉的类型，测量了各分支的长度和外径。结果：股深动脉主要从股动脉后方（６０％）和后外侧（２６％）发出，分为深全干型（６０％）、深外干型（２０％）、深内干型（１４％）和深孤独干型（６％）。各主要血管外径为：股深动脉５．７±１．６ｍｍ；旋股内侧动脉３．６±１．０ｍｍ，其升支２．０±０．９ｍｍ；旋股外侧动脉３．７±１．１ｍｍ，其升支２．５±０．８ｍｍ。结论：该项研究为提高股骨头缺血性坏死介入治疗的成功率提供了详尽的解剖学依据。     

足底浅弓的解剖学研究

通过对动脉灌注,研究了６０侧不同年龄尸体的足底浅弓,此弓虽细小,在足底浅层中恒定存在,可分完整型和不完整型,完整型由足底内侧动脉浅支和足底外侧动脉组成,占７０％,不完整型由足度内侧动脉浅支与第３或第４跖足底动脉的分支吻合而成,占３０％,由足底内,外侧动脉发４地动静脉链伴行趾底总神经,分别与各跖足底动脉连接,对人类足底浅弓的残遗进行了讨论。     

正中神经掌皮支形态特点及其临床意义

目的：为腕掌部手术避免损伤掌皮支提供解剖学基础。方法：在双目放大镜下对５０侧成人上肢正中神经掌皮支的来源、走行及分支进行解剖和观测。结果：５０侧均存在掌皮支，距离“Ｏ”点即远侧腕横纹４６．０ｍｍ处自正中神经桡侧发出，穿出前臂筋膜处距Ｏ点１９．６ｍｍ；穿出掌腱膜处距Ｏ点８．３ｍｍ。掌皮支长４８．５ｍｍ，起点宽１．２ｍｍ，距舟骨结节垂直距离８．２ｍｍ。掌皮支有３个分支的２８侧（５６．０％）；只有外侧支和中间支的１１侧（２２．０％）；只有内侧支和外侧支的４侧（８．０％）；只有外侧支的４侧（８．０％）；只有中间支的３侧（６．０％）。结论：掌皮支的来源、行程较恒定。腕掌部手术应尽量靠近尺侧，采取纵行切口，免伤掌皮支。     

耳联合切口的应用解剖

在３８侧成人尸体标本上观察，颞浅动脉在耳屏切迹以上位于颧垂线前，耳后动脉恒定经耳廓后沟上升。劝脉沿途发２－４支耳支，分别滋养耳廓处侧面和背面，并相互吻合。神经血管伴行。经临床应用１２例和尸体摹拟手术实验表明，联合切口术野充发，适宜各种中耳乳突手术。血管神经及其耳支均能保留于下１／４蒂内，从而保证了术后的耳廓务供。对切口设计和术中注意事项进行了讨论。     

Variations in the anatomy of the auriculotemporal nerve

The common representation of the auriculotemporal nerve is either that of a single posterior branch of the mandibular nerve or of two roots that envelope the middle meningeal artery. Our observation in the anatomy of the auriculotemporal nerve on 32 dissections (16 cadaveric heads) of the infratemporal fossa included: one specimen with four roots (3.1%), three specimens with three roots (9.4%), 12 specimens with two roots (37.5%), and 16 specimens with one root (50%). Furthermore, a connecting nerve branch was observed between auriculotemporal and inferior alveolar nerves in four specimens, and in another auriculotemporal nerve case, between the upper and lower roots. In the cadaver of a 70-year-old male, a four-rooted auriculotemporal nerve variation was found. These four branches lay to the posterior, combined at the posterosuperior of the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries and formed a ganglion-like knot. From this knot, four branches stemmed and ran to the temporomandibular joint, external acoustic meatus, zygoma, and parotid gland. The knot was larger and thicker than expected; thus, it was removed and stained with haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and S100 for histological studies. This structure was not a true ganglion but a structure formed by fusion of nerve fibers.     

Topological changes of the human autonomic cardiac nervous system in individuals with a retroesophageal right subclavian artery: two case reports and a brief review

The topological changes of the human autonomic cardiac nervous system in two cadavers with a retroesophageal right subclavian artery (Rersa) were compared with the normal autonomic cardiac nervous system. The following new results were obtained in addition to the conventional deficient finding of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. (1) Right superior cardiac nerves arising from the superior cervical ganglion were consistently observed in both cadavers, in addition to the right thoracic cardiac nerves along the Rersa. (2) A segmental accompanying tendency of the right cardiac nerves was recognized: the cardiac nerves arising from the sympathetic trunk cranial to the middle cervical ganglia ran along with the right common carotid artery, whereas the cardiac nerves arising from the sympathetic trunk caudal to the vertebral ganglion ran along the Rersa. (3) The right thoracic cardiac nerves, which have never been observed to accompany the normal right subclavian artery, ran along the proximal part of the Rersa. According to previous reports of individuals with the Rersa, a thick right thoracic cardiac nerve is commonly observed instead of a right superior cardiac nerve. However, all the cardiac nerves were recognized in both the individuals described in the present report. Therefore, we strongly disagree with the previous idea that the origin of the right cardiac nerves from the sympathetic trunk and ganglia is shifted caudally in individuals with the Rersa. The topological changes of the autonomic cardiac nervous system in two cases of Rersa also reflected spatial changes of great arteries.     

Unique variation in the course of maxillary artery in infratemporal fossa: a case report

Maxillary artery is one of the key contents of the infratemporal fossa. Mandibular nerve and its branches form a clinically important relation of maxillary artery in this region. A comprehensive knowledge of variations of maxillary artery in the fossa is of special relevance in oral maxillofacial surgeries, management of epistaxis, intractable neuralgias or headaches. We found a unique variation of maxillary artery, presenting bilaterally, in relation to branches of mandibular nerve. During routine dissection in a 55-year-old male cadaver, maxillary artery was seen passing deep to lateral pterygoid muscle and crossed through the nerve loop formed between two roots of auriculotemporal nerve and posterior division of mandibular nerve. Further course of maxillary artery was medial to the posterior division of mandibular nerve. Maxillary artery gave its middle meningeal artery branch as it traversed through the nerve loop. A tortuous course taken by maxillary artery can lead to its entrapment causing headaches or nerve irritation presenting with neuralgia.     

面神经颅内部的动脉供应

目的 :研究面神经颅内部的动脉供应。方法 :采用大体解剖法显露并观测了 49侧面神经颅内部的动脉来源。结果 :面神经小脑脑桥角段、内耳道段主要由小脑下前动脉发出的迷路动脉供应 ;面神经迷路段由脑膜中动脉发出的岩浅支供应 ;面神经鼓室段、锥曲段、乳突段由耳后动脉发出的茎乳动脉供应。结论 :面神经颅内部主要由迷路动脉和茎乳动脉供应     

A middle meningeal artery which arises from the internal carotid artery in which the first branchial artery participates.

A middle meningeal artery arising from the internal carotid artery was found in the right half of the head of an 85-year-old male cadaver during student dissection practice. It arose from the lateral aspect of the internal carotid artery in the carotid canal, arrived at the foramen lacerum after running forward. It then ran backward under the trigeminal ganglion and took the usual course after passing its posterior margin. On one hand, the maxillary artery did not issue the middle meningeal artery, gave off only a small twig supplying the lateral pterygoid muscle at the corresponding position. It was corroborated by the fact that the foramen spinosum was absent in this example. During usual development, the middle meningeal artery primarily springs from the supraorbital branch of the stapedial artery that arises from the dorsal part of the second branchial artery. Later, by the formation of the external carotid artery connecting with the common trunk of the infraorbital and mandibular branches (maxillomandibular division) of the stapedial artery and by the atrophy of the proximal part of it, the middle meningeal artery is finally supplied by the external carotid artery. But in this example, it is supposed that the middle meningeal artery arose from a more distal position of the internal carotid artery owing to the persistence of the anastomosis between the dorsal part of the first branchial artery and the supraorbital branch and the interruption of the connection between the supraorbital branch and maxillomandibular division of the stapedial artery.     

Variation in the origin of the inferior alveolar nerve

The inferior alveolar nerve and maxillary artery were studied in 40 human heads through infratemporal dissection; in one specimen, a unusual variation in the origin of the inferior alveolar nerve and its relationship with the surrounding structures was observed. The inferior alveolar nerve originated from the mandibular nerve by two roots and the second part of the maxillary artery was incorporated between them. An embryologic origin of this variation and its clinical implications is discussed. Because the maxillary artery ran between the two roots of the inferior alveolar nerve, and the nerve was fixed between the foramen ovale and mandibular foramen, tension and compression of the nerve from arterial pulsation could cause mandibular neuralgia.     

舌咽神经、迷走神经和副神经断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨舌咽神经、迷走神经和副神经的走行和毗邻关系,为影像学诊断及临床开展该区手术提供形态学依据。方法：利用36例成尸头部连续横断层标本和15例成尸头部连续冠状断层标本,并与10例志愿者的3D—CISS序列MR图像进行对照,观察舌咽神经、迷走神经和副神经在颅内的走行规律及其与周围结构的位置关系。结果：舌咽、迷走和副神经由上而下从延髓的橄榄后沟发出,跨过延池,穿颈静脉孔出颅。根据走行,可分其为延髓内段、脑池段和颈静脉孔段。在脑池段,舌咽神经走行在上方,迷走神经和副神经在下方且结合紧密;在颈静脉孔段,这3对脑神经及其与颈内静脉和颈内动脉的关系是：颈内动脉位于最前方,颈内静脉位于最外侧,舌咽神经走行在前内上方,有单独的硬脊膜包绕,迷走神经和副神经位于其后外下方,形成迷走、副神经复合体。结论：在标本的连续断面和对应的MR图像上能够清楚地显示舌咽、迷走和副神经的走行和毗邻关系。     

全直肠系膜切除相关盆自主神经的解剖学观察

目的：阐述全直肠系膜切除术相关盆自主神经的局部解剖学特点，探讨盆自主神经保留的部位和对策。方法：对20具男性盆腔固定标本进行解剖观察。结果：腹主动脉丛远离肠系膜下动脉起点；上腹下丛贴近骶岬表面；腹下神经部分毗邻输尿管；盆内脏神经伴行直肠中动脉外侧部；下腹下丛位于直肠系膜后外侧；其直肠侧支走行于直肠侧韧带内，直肠前支向前穿过Denonvilliers筋膜后叶；勃起神经位于Denonvilliers筋膜前叶外侧部。结论：盆自主神经保留的部位是：离断肠系膜下血管时的腹主动脉丛左干，直肠后分离时的上腹下丛和腹下神经，直肠侧面分离时的下腹下丛和盆内脏神经，直肠前分离时的勃起神经。共同原则是：在直肠后间隙中贴近直肠系膜操作；直视下操作；避免过度牵引直肠系膜。     

Branching patterns of the facial nerve and its communication with the auriculotemporal nerve

This study examines the anatomic relationships and variability of the facial nerve trunk and its branches, with emphasis on the intraparotid connections between the divisions. Microdissections were performed on 30 Korean half-heads, and the facial nerve trunks and branches were exposed. The average depth of the stylomastoid foramen from the skin surface was 21.0±3.1 mm, and the distance between the stylomastoid foramen and the bifurcation of the temporofacial (upper) and cervicofacial (lower) divisions was 13.0±2.8 mm. In 26 of 30 dissections (86.7%), the facial nerve trunk bifurcated into two main divisions, and a trifurcation pattern was seen in the other four cases (13.3%). According to the origin of the buccal branches, we classified the branching patterns of the facial nerve into four categories. In type I (13.8% of cases), the buccal branches arose from the two main divisions of the trunk but not from other branches of the facial nerve. In type II (44.8% of cases), the buccal branches arising from the two main divisions were interconnected with the zygomatic branch. In type III (17.3% of cases), the marginal mandibular branch sent nerve twigs to the buccal branch, which originated from the upper and lower divisions. In type IV (17.3% of cases), the nerve twigs from the zygomatic and marginal mandibular branches merged to the buccal branch arising from the two main divisions. Communications between the facial and auriculotemporal nerve branches, which are known as communicating auriculotemporal nerves, were observed in 28 of the 30 cases (93.3%). Familiarity with these common variations in the facial anatomy provides useful information for the surgeon in careful dissection, preservation of the facial nerve, and complete removal of the tumors in parotidectomies.