以前臂皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣解剖学研究

目的：通过对前臂皮神经营养血管及其与皮肤血供关系,与前臂主要浅表静脉关系的显微解剖学研究,为以皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣设计提供形态学基础。方法：新鲜成人上肢标本２２侧,从肱动脉灌注红色乳胶后,对前臂皮神经及营养血管来源、走行、分支、外径进行显微解剖学研究。结果：皮神经都有营养血管伴行,此营养血管来源于前臂知名血管的肌间隙、肌肉穿支或直接皮支;前臂皮神经的营养血管既营养神经,同时也沿途发出许多细小的分支营养皮肤;营养神经的穿支或皮支血管在穿出深筋膜部位经统计处理有一定的规律性。结论：以前臂皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣血供可靠,静脉回流充分,可形成逆行或顺行蒂岛状皮瓣     

逆行小腿皮神经营养血管蒂筋膜岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨应用远端蒂的小腿皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法：采用逆行小腿皮神经营养血管蒂筋膜岛状皮瓣，修复小腿中下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损35例，其中腓肠神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣18例、隐神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣11例、腓浅神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣6例。结果：皮瓣完全成活33例，大部分成活2例。随访6～24个月，皮瓣质地优良，外形与功能恢复满意。结论：小腿部皮神经营养血管蒂逆行筋膜皮瓣具有设计灵活，切取快捷方便、血供可靠、不损伤主干血管等优点，是修复小腿中下段及足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损创面的良好选择。     

上肢皮神经及其营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为上肢皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法：在34侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人上肢标本上,解剖观察了上肢皮神经及其营养血管的来源、走行、分布、吻合及外径;2侧成人新鲜上肢标本墨汁灌注,观测营养血管的墨染范围。结果：上肢所有皮神经都有来源于知名血管的营养血管伴行,在神经旁形成纵向血管链,除营养神经外,发出众多皮支深筋膜血管网、皮下血管网广泛吻合营养皮肤。结论：以上肢皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计顺利或逆行岛状皮瓣。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的　探讨腓肠神经伴行血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用。方法　以腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣治疗小腿远端、踝部、足跟及足背部外伤性软组织缺损、瘢痕、溃疡共2 6例。皮瓣切取面积(8cm×5cm)～(14cm×9cm )。结果　经1～2年随访,2 6例皮瓣成活及外形良好。结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,切取简单安全,不损伤主要血管,是修复小腿下段、踝部、足部软组织缺损较好的方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：探讨应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复不腿下段及足部组织缺损的手术方法及疗效。方法：对5侧截肢不腿标本的腓肠神经，腓肠浅动脉进行解剖学观察；临床应用腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣转移修复不腿及足部软组织缺损15例。结果：腓肠神经血管营养皮瓣血供来自腓肠线动脉穿支；临床应用逆行岛状皮瓣15例，皮瓣完全成活。结论：腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血运丰富，足修复不腿下段及足部软组织缺损一种简便易行的方法。     

腓肠神经的营养血管临床应用解剖研究

目的研究腓肠神经营养血管的解剖特点，为临床设计腓肠神经营养血管逆行皮瓣，提供解剖学基础。方法采用人体标本全身动脉灌注填充剂和局部解剖血管铸型方法，观察测量腓肠神经营养血管来源、吻合情况及相关数据。结果腓肠神经营养血管来源于腓肠内、外侧皮神经的营养动脉、胭窝内、外侧皮动脉及胭窝中间皮动脉。此动脉在小腿下1／3段与腓动脉肌间穿支吻合成血管网。结论腓肠神经营养血管有多源性、吻合丰富的特点，以腓肠神经营养血管设计逆行皮瓣，血供较好，修复足部软组织缺损能获得较好效果。     

股后皮神经及其营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为股后皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 4侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人标本上 ,解剖观测了股后皮神经及其营养血管的走行、分布、吻合及外径 ,2侧成人新鲜标本墨汁灌注 ,观测营养血管的墨染范围。结果 :股后皮神经由臀大肌下缘中点入股后沿中线下降 ,其主要营养血管上段系臀下动脉的股后皮神经伴行动脉 ,起点外径 0 .7± 0 .2mm ,下段系动脉的升皮支 ,起点外径 0 .7± 0 .2mm ,营养血管沿途发出众多皮支与股后部其他血管的皮支形成网状吻合 ,营养股后部皮肤。结论 :以股后皮神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣     

手背皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　观测手背皮神经血液供应情况 ,为以皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣的设计提供形态学依据。方法　在 2 0侧灌注红色氯仿油画染料的成人上肢标本上 ,显微解剖观测了手背皮神经的营养血管的来源、数目、外径、分布范围、穿出深筋膜的位置、与皮神经及浅静脉的关系等情况。结果　营养动脉多在皮神经的深内侧以降支方式伴行 ,手背的皮神经血管网可达其两侧 3 0cm的范围 ,各部位的皮神经营养网外径接近。结论　手背皮神经的营养血管血供可靠 ,可设计相应的岛状皮瓣     

带蒂股后皮神经营养血管皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：报道股后皮神经营养血管带蒂皮瓣的解剖特点与临床应用疗效。方法：在10侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人新鲜下肢标本上，解剖观测股后皮神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围，设计股后皮神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转移修复腘窝、髋关节周围软组织缺损6例。结果：股后皮神经营养血管主要来源臀下动脉、穿动脉和腘动脉后侧穿支的升皮支，并在股后区形成网状吻合营养股后侧皮肤。皮瓣5例全部成活，1例皮瓣远端少量坏死，换药后愈合。经12～44个月随访，皮瓣无破溃，膝、髋关节功能活动良好。结论：股后皮神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转位是一种修复腘窝、髋关节周围软组织缺损良好的方法。     

小腿在神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖

<正> 为小腿皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖学基础.在8侧新鲜成人下肢,经动脉灌注红色乳胶后,解剖观测隐神经、腓浅神经及腓肠神经血供及其筋膜皮支的分布范围;2侧成人新鲜下肢标本经墨汁灌注、皮肤脱水透明后观测各皮神经的营养血管的分支、分布及吻合.结果显示:①隐神经有1～3支营养动脉,以隐动脉最恒定,其外径为(1.03±0.36)mm,沿途发出5～11个皮支达小腿内侧面的下部;②腓浅神经由腓浅动脉伴行,动脉外径为(1.0±0.04)mm,在小腿外侧的下1/3段发出筋膜皮支4～7支,最远可达神经前方5.8cm;③腓肠神经有营养动脉2～4支,动脉外径为(0.8±0.3)mm,筋膜皮支分布达小腿后面下部.小腿皮神经营养血管皮瓣设计容易,血供可靠,顺行转位可修复膝     

大鼠异体神经移植后再生神经生物力学性质研究

用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ鼠作为实验模型,切下１ｃｍ坐骨神经,再用同系Ｗｉｓｔａｒ鼠坐骨神经异体桥接,修复坐骨神经的缺损,术后２４周对Ｗｉｓｔａｒ鼠的手术侧与正常侧用指标抗张强度与弹性模量（ε＝１０％）进行测试,辅以电镜,光镜观察。     

bFGF对同种异体神经移植后周围神经再生的影响

目的 :探讨bFGF对同种异体神经移植后周围神经再生的影响。方法 :将反复冻融的大鼠神经移植于另一大鼠的坐骨神经 ,实验组注射bFGF 1 0 0u/d共 1 0d ,对照组注射生理盐水 1 0d。术后大鼠存活 1 2周 ,光镜下用体视学方法测试再生神经纤维的面数密度 (NA)、面积密度 (AA)、横切面面积 (AE)、脊髓前角运动细胞和脊神经节细胞的体密度 (VV)、数密度 (NV)。结果 :两组均可见再生神经纤维长入异体移植神经并向远段延伸。实验组再生神经纤维的NA、AA、脊髓前角运动细胞和脊神经节细胞的VV、NV 与对照组的比较 ,有显著性差异。结论 :bFGF能促进周围神经再生 ,对脊髓前角运动细胞和脊神经节细胞的存活有保护作用。     

Intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis

The incidence and morphology of the intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis are presented based on the study of 118 human cadavers (55 male, 63 female). The Martin-Gruber anastomosis was found in 25 (21.2%) of the 118 cadavers. It occurred in 11 (20%) of the 55 male cadavers (4 bilateral, 7 unilateral; 5 left and 2 right) and in 14 (22.2%) of the 63 female cadavers (2 bilateral, 12 unilateral; 8 left and 4 right). Therefore, the Martin-Gruber anastomosis was found in 31 (13.1%) of the 236 upper limbs. According to a recent classification (Rodríguez-Niedenführ et al., 2000), pattern I was found in 29 cases (93.5%), corresponding to Type A in 13 (41.9%), Type B in 3 (9.7%) and Type C in 13 (41.9%), whereas pattern II was found in 2 cases (6.5%), both being a duplication of Type IC. Intramuscular Martin-Gruber anastomosis was a single anastomosis that originated in all cases from the anterior interosseous nerve (pattern IC) and then passed through a muscle bundle of the flexor digitorum profundus and behind the ulnar artery to join the ulnar nerve as a single connecting branch. It did not send branches to the flexor digitorum profundus. This intramuscular course was observed in 3 of the 13 cases of Type C anastomosis (23.1%) or 3 cases out of 31 Martin-Gruber anastomoses (10%).     

Martin-Gruber anastomosis revisited

Based on a study of 70 human cadavers (31 male, 39 female) and on cases described previously, we propose a new classification of the Martin-Gruber anastomosis, a neural connection between the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm. The anastomosis was found in 16 (22.9%) cadavers, being bilateral in three (18.7%) and unilateral in 13 (81.3%), five right and eight left. It occurred in eight (25.8%) of the 31 male cadavers and in eight (20.5%) of the 39 females. Therefore, the anastomosis was found in 19 (13.6%) of the 140 forearms. In Pattern I (89.5%) the anastomosis was made by only one branch, whereas in Pattern II (10.5%) it was made by two. The individual branches were classified as Types a, b, and c based on the nature of their origin from the median nerve. Type a (47.3%) arose from the branch to the superficial forearm flexor muscles, Type b (10.6%) from the common trunk, and Type c (31.6%) from the anterior interosseous nerve. Pattern II was a duplication of Type c (10.5%). The anastomotic branch took an oblique or arched course before joining the ulnar nerve, undivided in 15 cases, but divided into two branches in four cases. The anastomosis passed in front of the ulnar artery in four cases, behind it in six, and in nine cases it was related to the anterior ulnar recurrent artery.     

Sural-tibial nerve communications in humans

We investigated the occurrence of a communication between the sural and tibial nerves in 49 legs of 28 Japanese cadavers. In front of the calcanean tendon, we found the communication in 7 legs (14.3%) or in 5 cadavers (18.9%). The sural nerve gave rise to a number of medial and lateral branches, including the lateral calcanean branch at the lateral side of the ankle. The communicating branch with the tibial nerve arose from the first medial branch and pierced the deep fascia of the leg. In 4 cases, the U-shaped communication was formed between the sural and tibial nerves, and in 3 cases, the Y-shaped communication. Electrophysiologi-cal evidence of an anomalous motor function of the sural nerve has been reported recently. We consider that the U-shaped communication between the sural and tibial nerves gives a morphological basis to the motor function of the sural nerve.     

The normal and variant clinical anatomy of the sensory supply of the orbit

Orbital and retro‐orbital pain are relatively common clinical conditions that are associated with such disorders as trigeminal, lacrimal, and ciliary neuralgia, cluster headaches, paroxysmal hemicrania, inflammatory orbital pseudotumor, trochleitis, and herpetic neuralgia ophthalmicus, thus making the nerves supplying the orbit of great clinical importance. Surprisingly, how pain from this region reaches conscious levels is enigmatic. Classically, it has been assumed that pain reaches the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V₁) and travels to the descending spinal trigeminal nucleus. However, exactly where the receptors for orbital pain are located and how impulses reach V₁ is speculative. In this project, we reviewed all of the reported connections between the orbital nerves and V₁ in order to understand how pain from this region is transmitted to the brain. We found reported neural connections to exist between cranial nerve (CN) V₁ and CNs III, IV, and VI within the orbit, as well as direct neural branches to extra‐ocular muscles from the nasociliary, frontal, and supraorbital nerves. We also found reported neural connections to exist between the presumed carotid plexus and CN VI and CN V₁, CN VI and CN V₁ and V₂, and between CN V₁ and CN III, all within the cavernous sinus. Whether or not these connections are sympathetic or sensory or some combination of both connections remains unclear. An understanding of the variability and frequency of these neural connections could lead to safer surgical procedures of the orbit and effective treatments for patients with orbital pain. Clin. Anat. 27:169–175, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

神经生长因子对周围神经损伤后再生和修复的实验研究

手术切除５ｍｍ兔的尺神经，在两断端间连接肌桥并套装硅胶管，形成一个封闭腔，向腔内注入神经生长因子。间隔不同时间取尺神经桥接区、桥接区近段、远段、尺神经的脊髓投射节段和相应脊神经节，用光镜和电镜观察神经溃变和再生情况并作图像分析；用酶标示踪和电生理方法检测神经通路的重建状况。结果显示，周围神经离断后，肌束桥接并用硅胶管套装后注入外源性神经生长因子，可明显地促进离断神经的再生和修复。     

骨间前神经转位重建鱼际肌功能

前臂或腕部正中神经断裂,直接吻合后鱼际肌功能的恢复常常令人失望,为了解决这一难题,本文在120侧成人上肢解剖学研究的基础上,采用骨间前神经转位术修复鱼际肌支9侧,获得成功.     

耳大神经移植治疗面神经麻痹的应用解剖学研究

用22具成年尸体的44侧耳大神经进行了解剖观察和测量.耳大神经的平均长度为4.12cm,有2～4个分支.耳大神经的体表投影相当于胸锁乳突肌后缘中点稍下方至耳垂的连线,主干在颈外静脉后方约0.7cm.结果表明:耳大神经是用于神经移植治疗面神经麻痹较理想的神经移植物,耳大神经的体表投影、颈外静脉及下颌角是术中寻找的可靠标志.     

红白肌纤维为肌桥缝接狗神经缺损的实验形态学研究

目的 :试图从作肌桥的肌肉条件 (红、白肌、长、短肌纤维和肌纤维排列等 )方面 ,能探讨出最适宜神经再生长条件的肌肉 ,作为临床应用的肌桥。方法 :根据文献肌纤维分型记载和本实验用SDH染色 ,确定的的红白肌纤维肌桥 ,再分别给狗股神经和正中神经缺损 3cm外缝接上 ,待术后 3 0 0d ,切取桥接神经部位 ,并将它分成神经近段、肌桥段、神经远段和远、近端缝合段五个部分。常规制成光电镜标本最后镜下观察和Luzex -F图像分析仪测定。结果 :红肌纤维为主的肌桥明显较白肌纤维为肌桥的再生效果好 (P <0 .0 5 )特别是缝匠肌尾侧部 (红肌纤维为主 )为肌桥更明显较其颅侧部 (白肌纤维为主 )的神经纤维再生数量多 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :并非机体肌肉为肌桥都有同样神经再生效果 ,缝匠肌尾侧部可能是一个适宜神经再生条件的肌肉。