CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂对流感病毒裂解疫苗免疫效果的影响

目的 研究CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂对流感病毒裂解疫苗体液免疫和细胞免疫效果的影响,为今后研制新佐剂流感疫苗和解决流感疫苗产能不足的问题提供依据.方法 以不同剂量的2009 H1N1流感病毒裂解疫苗为抗原,分别以CpG-ODN、氢氧化铝以及CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂为疫苗佐剂免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过ELISA、血凝抑制试验和假病毒中和试验等方法评价体液免疫效果,通过ELISPOT、胞内细胞因子染色和体内CTL杀伤等方法评价细胞免疫效果.结果 与无佐剂对照组相比,CpG-ODN或氢氧化铝单独使用能够在一定程度上增强体液免疫,2针免疫后不同抗原剂量组中抗原特异性IgG抗体滴度、血凝抑制抗体滴度和中和抗体滴度分别提高3～6倍、2～4倍和4～8倍.CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂具有更强的佐剂效应,2针免疫后不同抗原剂量组中抗原特异性IgG抗体滴度、血凝抑制抗体滴度和中和抗体滴度分别提高23～ 57倍、9～20倍和16～64倍.根据体液免疫结果,复合佐剂能够使流感病毒裂解疫苗的抗原用量降低至少16倍.此外,复合佐剂能够显著增强流感病毒裂解疫苗的细胞免疫应答,不但能够促进抗原特异性CD4+T细胞的IFN-γ分泌,而且能够促进抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的CTL杀伤活性.结论 CpG-ODN和氢氧化铝复合佐剂能够增强流感病毒裂解疫苗的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答并显著降低抗原用量.     

猪瘟基因疫苗免疫小鼠体液及细胞免疫动态变化研究

目的：探讨猪瘟基因疫苗免疫小鼠后机体产生体液和细胞免疫发生规律，为猪瘟基因疫苗推广应用提供科学依据。方法：应用FACS、MTT法及间接ELISA试验对猪瘟基因疫苗免疫小鼠脾脏及外周血中CD4^ 和CD8^ 淋巴细胞数、淋巴细胞的转化功能及特异的抗猪瘟病毒血清IgG抗体水平等动态变化进行了观察。结果：猪瘟基因疫苗免疫小鼠后脾细胞及外周血淋巴细胞对ConA和LPS均有明显的反应性。CD4^ 和CD8^ 细胞数量在免疫后20天开始反应，32天达到高峰后开始下降。鼠血清特异性猪瘟病毒血清抗体IgG随免疫时间延长而增加。结论：猪瘟基因疫苗免疫动物可诱导机体体液及细胞免疫。     

IL-17作为分子佐剂增强HIV DNA疫苗细胞免疫应答的研究

目的 为了进一步增强HIV DNA疫苗的免疫反应,本研究将IL-17作为HIV DNA疫苗的分子佐剂免疫小鼠,旨在探讨IL-17对HIVDNA疫苗诱导体液和细胞免疫应答的影响.方法 将小鼠IL-17构建到真核表达载体,与HW-1膜蛋白DNA疫苗pGX-Env联合免疫BALB/c小鼠;分别在第0、2周进行免疫,在第4周检测T淋巴细胞增殖指数、抗-Env IgG、细胞因子表达水平和体内细胞毒性T淋巴细胞杀伤作用(CTL)等免疫学指标.结果 IL-17能够增强HIV DNA疫苗的特定免疫反应.与单注射疫苗组相比,IL-17作为佐剂组的T细胞增殖、抗体水平和CD4~+T细胞分泌IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-17的表达均无明显增强,但对CD8~+T细胞分泌IFN-γ的表达和体内CTL的效果影响明显(P<0.05).结论 IL-17作为分子佐剂不足以影响Th细胞分化,然而却能够增强特异性CD8~+T细胞中IFN-γ的表达,尤其是增强体内CTL反应.此结果为增强艾滋病DNA疫苗CD8~+T细胞活性和用于艾滋病的治疗提供了一个新的思路.     

中国株HIV-1 gp120核酸疫苗的实验免疫研究

目的　探讨表达中国株HIV 1gp12 0基因的核酸疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫反应。方法　将表达HIV 1gp12 0的核酸疫苗质粒pVAXP经肌肉注射免疫Balb c小鼠 ,检测免疫小鼠脾CD4 +、CD8+T细胞亚群的数量 ,脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体滴度。结果　重组质粒pVAXP免疫组小鼠脾CD4 +、CD8+T细胞亚群的数值均比对照组高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;免疫组脾特异性CTL杀伤活性与对照组相比差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1) ;血清抗体滴度显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　表达HIV 1gp12 0基因的核酸疫苗质粒pVAXP能诱导小鼠产生特异性细胞和体液免疫。     

SARS灭活试验疫苗免疫小鼠后CD4+与CD8+T细胞动态变化

以甲醛灭活SARS冠状病毒F6 9株 ,分别与福氏佐剂、氢氧化铝、CpG佐剂配伍 ,制备灭活疫苗 ,免疫实验动物。SPF级BALB c小鼠 ,雌雄各半 ,随机分为高、中、低 3个剂量组 ;初次免疫时 ,疫苗接种体积分别为 0 .3ml、0 .2ml和0 .1ml,腹腔 皮下接种小鼠 ;14d后进行第 2次免疫 ,免疫剂量减半。 2次免疫10d后 ,以不含佐剂的疫苗进行加强免疫。初次免疫后第 4、8、12、19、2 6、34天 ,各组小鼠取 3只断尾取血 ,肝素抗凝 ,流式细胞仪分析CD4 + 、CD8+ T细胞百分比。结果表明 ,中剂量含福氏佐剂的SARS灭活试验疫苗免疫小鼠后 ,外周血中CD4 + …     

板蓝根多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗免疫猪T细胞亚群的影响

目的：研究板蓝根多糖对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征灭活疫苗免疫猪T细胞亚群及抗体的影响.方法：以板蓝根多糖作为免疫增强剂联合猪繁殖与呼吸综合征灭活疫苗免疫仔猪,通过流式细胞仪检测猪外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋细胞百分数,并用ELISA法检测猪血清中抗猪繁殖障碍与呼吸道综合征病毒抗体水平.结果：板蓝根多糖能显著提高仔猪的CD3^＋、CD8^＋淋巴细胞的百分数和特异性抗体滴度.结论：板蓝根多糖能显著增强猪对常规灭活病毒疫苗的免疫应答能力.     

灭活SARS病毒的免疫原性的实验研究

研究灭活SARS病毒的免疫原性。SARS病毒F6 9株经甲醛灭活后 ,加入氢氧化铝佐剂 ,以 3种剂量接种BALB/c小鼠 ,定时采血 ,测定特异性抗体的滴度及其中和活性 ,同时用化学发光酶联免疫法测定抗血清与SARS病毒结构蛋白的反应特异性及其相对强度。结果发现 ,小鼠接种疫苗 4d后 ,血清中可检测到IgM抗体 ,直至 2 6d后逐渐下降 ;IgG抗体在初次免疫 8d后出现 ,4 7d时达最高峰 ,6 3d后进入稳定期 ;不同剂量组的抗体滴度具有明显剂效关系 ,低剂量组和中剂量组滴度峰值为 1∶192 0 0 ,高剂量组滴度峰值为 1∶384 0 0。中和实验结果表明 ,小鼠所产生的抗体具有中和病毒活性 ,在 6 3d时 ,低剂量组和中剂量组血清的中和效价为 1∶12 80 ,高剂量组血清的中和效价为 1∶5 12 0。抗体分类结果表明 ,小鼠抗血清中含有针对多种SARS病毒结构蛋白的特异性抗体 ,其中 ,针对N蛋白、S4蛋白和S2蛋白的抗体水平相对较高 ,而抗M抗体、抗 3CL抗体的水平相对较低。上述结果说明 ,SARS病毒F6 9株经甲醛灭活后 ,各主要结构蛋白仍保持较强免疫原性 ;免疫小鼠后 ,可以诱导产生高滴度的特异性混合抗体 ,在体外可以保护敏感细胞不受SARS病毒攻击     

T细胞淋巴瘤DNA疫苗的实验研究

目的：研究T细胞淋巴瘤TCR Vβ DNA疫苗诱发小鼠体液免疫反应。方法：将：BALB／C小鼠随机分为pcDNA3．1组、pcDNA3．1／TCR Vβ8组、pcDNA3．1／TCR Vβ8 CpG 质脂体组和全硫代CpC组，共4组(每组6只)，双侧股四头肌注射疫苗免疫，于第0、2、4周各免疫1次，共3次。每次免疫前及免疫开始后至第8周，取鼠血，应用间接免疫荧光法检测小鼠抗体生成情况。结果：pcDNA3．1／TCR Vβ组、pcDNA3．1／TCR Vβ CpC 脂质体组小鼠血清中均产生了特异性抗体，抗体滴度在第4周开始增高，第6周时达到高峰。同一时间段相比，特异性抗体滴度后者显著高于前者。结论：证明了DNA重组质粒pcDNA3．1/TCR Vβ可诱导小鼠产生特异性抗T细胞淋巴瘤TCR Vβ8抗体；CpG和脂质体增强了TCR Vβ8 DNA疫苗诱导的体液免疫反应。     

新冠灭活疫苗序贯免疫对Wuhan-Hu1和Omicron变异株的体液免疫反应

目的研究新冠灭活疫苗序贯免疫策略对Wuhan-Hu1和Omicron变异株中和抗体的影响。方法 BALB/c小鼠免疫两针Wuhan-Hu-1灭活疫苗, 再分别用Omicron或Wuhan-Hu-1灭活疫苗加强免疫, 采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测小鼠血清结合抗体水平;用水疱性口炎病毒假病毒检测系统检测小鼠血清中Omicron变异株中和抗体水平;采用酶联免疫吸附斑点实验检测特异性T细胞反应。结果与免疫一针Wuhan-Hu1灭活疫苗相比, 免疫两针疫苗提高小鼠血清特异性Wuhan-Hu1、Delta和Omicron受体结合域(receptor binding domain, RBD)IgG滴度。与加强免疫Wuhan-Hu1灭活疫苗组相比, 小鼠加强免疫Omicron灭活疫苗后, 血清Wuhan-Hu1和Omicron特异性结合抗体RBD IgG GMT分别提高1.41和1.26倍;针对Omicron变异株BA.1、BA.2、BA.4/5和BF.7的中和抗体GMT分别提高4.5、3.4、12.1和6.5倍。加强免疫Wuhan-Hu1或Omicron灭活疫苗后, 小鼠血清Wu-RBD IgA滴度高于...     

酵母表达的HIV-1中国株CN54 Gag蛋白的免疫原性研究

目的评价毕赤酵母表达的HIV-1中国株CN54 Gag蛋白在Balb／c小鼠诱导体液和细胞免疫的能力。方法利用重组Gag蛋白单独及与重组DNA或痘苗联合免疫Balb／c小鼠，检测小鼠产生的特异性结合抗体和IgG1／IgG2a，同时检测T淋巴细胞增殖反应和CTL反应。结果3个蛋白单独免疫组均能诱导小鼠产生抗体和T淋巴细胞增殖反应，其中不加佐剂的免疫组诱导免疫反应低于其它两组。但3组的CTL杀伤活性均不明显。重组蛋白和重组DNA及痘苗联合免疫均诱导产生了较好的体液和细胞免疫反应，而且重组痘苗初始免疫一蛋白加强免疫组还诱导产生了较强的CrL反应。结论酵母表达的HIV-1 Gag蛋白具有良好的免疫原性，在与重组DNA和痘苗疫苗联合使用时具有协同作用，能刺激动物产生更强的HIV-1特异性体液和细胞免疫反应。本研究为构建HIV-1蛋白疫苗和探讨各类疫苗的联合免疫方式提供了有价值的参考数据。     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.