胰腺囊实性肿瘤的免疫组化及超微结构观察

目的：了解胰腺囊实性肿瘤的免疫组化及超微结构特点。分析其临床病理特点与预后的关系。方法：用HE、过碘酸雪夫（PAS）和免疫组化（S-P法）及电镜观察7例胰腺囊实性肿瘤。结果：肿瘤较大，包膜较完整，囊实相同，显微镜观察HE染色片中瘤细胞大小形态较一致。核圆形或卵圆形，核异型不明显，核分裂象罕见，肿瘤细胞围绕纤维血管复层排列形成假乳头片中瘤细胞大小形态较一致。核圆形或卵圆形，核异型不明显，核分裂象罕见，肿瘤细胞围绕纤维血管复层排列形成假乳头突起为其特征。免疫表型，波形蛋白2例表达阳性，低分子量角蛋白6例为阳性，突触素4例为阳性，α1-AT6例阳性，胰岛素2例阳性，高分子量角蛋白，上皮膜抗原，生长抑素均为阴性，超微结构观察，4例瘤细胞分化良好，有数个细胞内含有类似酶原颗粒小体，直径0.8-1.2μm，有界膜，电子密度不均。结论：胰腺囊实性肿瘤可能起源于胰腺腺泡又具有内分泌特征，临床经过表现为良性，预后良好。     

胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤内PTEN和nestin的表达

目的 探讨胰腺实体假乳头肿瘤（SPTP）细胞可能的组织学起源。方法 复习25例SPTP的临床病理特征，常规HE和超微结构观察，免疫组化EnVision法染色检测肿瘤细胞PTEN和nestin等的表达。结果 25例SPTP中女性22例，男性3例，中位年龄22．3岁。肿瘤主要位于胰腺内，1例位于后腹膜并与胰腺相连。1例伴有肝转移。肿瘤呈囊实性，出血、坏死明显。肿瘤细胞大小形态较一致，实性和假乳头状排列，部分似“室管膜样”菊形团。核卵圆形，有核沟，核仁不明显，核分裂象少见。肿瘤细胞均有PTEN阳性表达（18／18，100％），44％（8／18）的病例有nestin的表达。超微结构观察细胞内可见酶原样分泌颗粒和神经内分泌颗粒。结论 胰腺实体假乳头肿瘤可能起源于胰腺多能干细胞。     

嗜酸细胞性乳头状肾细胞癌2例并文献复习

目的探讨嗜酸细胞性乳头状肾细胞癌(oncocytic papillary renal cell carcinoma, OPRCC)的临床病理学特点。方法回顾性分析2例OPRCC的临床资料、病理形态、免疫表型及随访,并复习相关文献。结果眼观:肿瘤呈圆形或椭圆形,边界清楚,切面灰黄暗红色,长径分别为3.6 cm及8.3 cm。镜检:2例肿瘤细胞均呈乳头状排列,乳头具有纤细的纤维血管轴心,乳头表面被覆单层立方状胞质丰富的强嗜酸性细胞,部分区呈实性生长,WHO/ISUP核分级均为2级,核分裂象罕见,间质均可见片状出血、含铁血黄素沉积。其中1例肿瘤部分区呈透明细胞乳头状。免疫表型:2例肿瘤细胞PAX-8、AMACR均呈弥漫强阳性,1例CK7阳性,1例透明细胞乳头状区CD10阳性,CD117、TFE-3均阴性,Ki-67增殖指数分别为1%与10%。2例患者分别随访23个月和12个月,均无瘤生存。结论 OPRCC是不同于1型和2型的独特的乳头状肾细胞癌,应与多种肾肿瘤相鉴别。     

实性乳头状肾细胞癌1例的免疫表型和细胞遗传学特征

目的 探讨乳头状肾细胞癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma,PRCC)实性亚型的病理特点、免疫表型、细胞遗传学特征及鉴别诊断.方法 对1例实性型PRCC行HE染色观察其组织病理学特征,采用免疫组化EnVision法染色和FISH技术分别观察其免疫表型和细胞遗传学改变,并对5例经典型PRCC进行了相应的检查分析以作阳性对照.结果 组织学上,肿瘤由致密的实性片状、小管状结构伴局灶假囊状结构组成,乳头状结构不明显.肿瘤细胞中等大小,立方状或矮柱状,部分呈鞋钉样突向囊外侧,胞质少,嗜酸性,核圆形、卵圆形或略不规则形,Fuhrman核分级为2级.免疫表型和细胞遗传学特征与经典型PRCC相似,肿瘤细胞均表达Ckpan、CK7、CK19、P504S、CD10及vimentin,而WT1、RCC、S-100均不表达.FISH检测显示肿瘤细胞核3号、7号、17号染色体扩增.结论 PRCC实性亚型具有独特的组织形态、免疫表型和细胞遗传学特征与经典型PRCC相似,免疫组化和FISH检测结果有助于明确诊断.     

胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤透明细胞变异型

胰腺实性-假乳头状肿瘤(SPTP)是一种罕见但具有特征性的肿瘤,转移率低,仅占胰腺恶性肿瘤的1%~2%,死亡率极低约1·5%,其细胞表型尚不明确,可有灶性透明细胞,其胞质透明的机制不清。作者报道3例完全由透明细胞组成的SPPT变异型,2例为会诊病例,1例为外检病例,2例女性,均32岁,1例男     

膀胱透明细胞腺癌2例临床病理分析

目的探讨膀胱透明细胞腺癌(clear cell adenocarcinoma,CCAC)的病理学特征、免疫表型、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法分析2例CCAC和1例肾源性腺瘤的临床病理特征和免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果肿瘤组织呈不同比例腺管、小管、乳头状及实性片状结构,肿瘤细胞呈立方、柱状及多边形,胞核外形欠规则,核仁明显,核分裂活跃,胞质淡染至透明;乳头结构鞋钉样胞核明显,实性片区细胞异型性明显且见坏死。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞中Pax-8、p53、CK7均呈弥漫强阳性,AMACR、CA125和CEA均局灶阳性,p63、ER和CK20均阴性。结论 CCAC属于罕见的恶性肿瘤,需与肾源性腺瘤、尿路上皮癌伴腺样分化或Mullerian分化、透明细胞(富于糖原)型/富于脂质型尿路上皮癌、前列腺尿道部前列腺腺癌、其他部位转移性透明细胞癌等鉴别。CCAC预后差,完整切除是其首选治疗方式。     

胰腺实性型浆液性囊腺瘤1例临床病理观察

目的探讨胰腺实性型浆液性囊腺瘤(solid-type serous cystadenoma,SSCA)的临床病理学特征。方法观察1例罕见的胰腺SSCA,结合文献分析其病理特征及鉴别诊断。结果患者为67岁男性,体检发现胰头占位。肿瘤肉眼实性、质韧,镜下境界清楚,呈结节状或分叶状,间质富含血管;肿瘤细胞呈紧密排列的实性巢、小腺泡、小腺管,局灶或散在可见小囊腔形成;肿瘤细胞呈立方或多边形,胞质丰富透明或淡嗜酸颗粒状,核小而圆,未见明显异型性及核分裂象。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞CK7、CK19、AAT、Inhibin-α、Calponin、MUC1、NSE均阳性,Ki-67增殖指数低,神经内分泌标记CgA、Syn、CD56及其他鉴别标记均阴性。术后随访22个月,未见复发或转移。结论 SSCA是胰腺浆液性囊性肿瘤的罕见亚型,患者手术切除预后良好,最终确诊依赖于病理检查。     

胰腺囊实性肿瘤八例临床病理学观察

目的 观察胰腺囊实性肿瘤的临床病理特点,分析其分化表型,探讨其组织发生。方法 组织学、免疫组化和电镜技术。结果 ８例患者均为女性,年龄１４￣３３岁,平均２５．３岁,手术后均无复发。肿瘤较大,有包膜,由实性肿瘤与囊性坏死区混合组成。组织学上,肿瘤细胞较一致,均由实性片块、假乳头样及两者的过渡型生长方式组成。瘤细胞退变、出血、泡沫细胞和胆固醇裂隙常见。免疫组化：８例均表达α－１－抗胰蛋白酶和溶菌酶,６     

卵巢黏液性囊性肿瘤伴实性附壁结节

目的：探讨卵巢黏液性囊性肿瘤伴实性附壁结节的临床病理学特点。方法：对2例卵巢黏液性囊性肿瘤进行光镜观察和免疫组化染色并复习文献。结果：1例卵巢黏液性交界性乳头状囊腺瘤伴实性附壁恶性纤维组织细胞瘤结节，结节内瘤细胞呈多形性。1例卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤伴实性附壁间变性癌结节；间变性癌结节内瘤细胞体积较大，胞质丰富，嗜酸，少数胞质透明，排列呈巢或索状；免疫表型：EMA和cytokeratin阳性。恶纤组结节中肿瘤细胞AACT和vimentin阳性。结论：免疫组化有助于卵巢黏液性囊性肿瘤伴实性附壁结节的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

胰腺囊性-实性肿瘤的临床病理诊断

目的：探讨胰腺囊性－ 实性肿瘤临床病理、免疫组化特点、组织发生及生物学行为。方法：对２ 例胰腺囊性－ 实性肿瘤进行光镜观察及免疫组化染色。结果：２ 例均为年轻女性（２１ 岁和３５ 岁）。肿物为半囊半实性。ＨＥ染色片中瘤细胞大小形态较一致,核圆形或卵圆形,核异型性不明显,核分裂象罕见。肿瘤细胞围绕纤维血管复层排列形成假乳头突起为其特征。免疫组化染色显示α１ＡＴ、ＥＲ和ＰＲ均阳性,ＣＥＡ、Ｓ１００ 、ＮＳＥ均阴性。随访：１ 例带瘤生存２ 年后死亡,１ 例术后９ 个月健在。结论：胰腺囊性实性肿瘤可能来源于腺泡细胞,为性激素依赖性肿瘤,具有侵袭性行为,是一种低度恶性肿瘤。     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of rat

1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by depression and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged depression followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged depression.2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged depression in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged depression of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.