上海市社区老年人骨质疏松性骨折的风险评估

目的应用FRAX工具评估上海市社区老年人骨质疏松性骨折的风险。方法收集1300例上海市社区老年人的临床资料并进行回顾性分析,应用FRAX工具计算10年内骨折发生风险,应用统计学分析不同危险因子与FRAX计算的骨折风险的相关性。结果研究对象10年内发生主要部位骨质疏松性骨折发生风险为(6.0±3.6)%,髋部骨折的发生风险为(2.8±2.4)%。主要部位骨质疏松性骨折风险及髋部骨折风险均随着年龄增长而增加。相关性研究结果显示,跌倒与10年主要部位和髋部骨折发生风险具有显著相关性(r=0.134,P0.01;r=0.124,P0.01)。结论 FRAX工具可用于评估上海市社区老年人骨质疏松性骨折的风险,建议在老年人健康体检时应用FRAX工具进行骨折风险评估。     

FRAX评估北京地区中老年人群骨折风险的回顾性研究

目的评价WHO发布的骨折风险评估工具FRAX对北京地区中老年人群的适用性,预测北京地区不同性别及年龄亚组中老年人群的骨折风险,讨论既往骨折病史对于FRAX的影响。方法对3021例北京地区中老年人群进行分组性研究。输入相关资料及FRAX工具中所包含的危险因素,计算未来10年内发生全身骨质疏松性骨折及髋部骨折的风险概率,比较既往骨折病史人群对FRAX预测结果影响。结果北京地区女性中老年人群未来10年内骨折风险远高于同年龄组男性;伴随年龄增大,未来10年内发生全身骨质疏松性骨折及髋部骨折的风险概率不分性别均同步增高。有既往骨折病史的老年人群10年内再发骨折风险远高于无骨折史人群。结论利用FRAX工具可以对北京地区中老年人群骨折风险做出有效评估,针对于不同性别、不同年龄亚组的人群,联合髋部BMD值后获取的FRAX预测在既往骨折或未骨折患者中均具有临床应用价值。FRAX评估工具在骨质疏松的诊断、治疗及预后评价等方面具有良好的临床应用价值。     

应用FRAX工具评估类风湿关节炎患者骨折风险及其风险因素的相关性研究

目的探讨骨折风险评估工具(FRAX)预测类风湿关节炎(RA)患者骨质疏松性骨折的临床应用价值并对其骨折风险因素进行相关性分析。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年2月期间经确诊的74例类风湿关节炎患者以及正常对照组76例的相关临床指标以及骨密度值;评估FRAX对类风湿关节炎患者的骨折风险预测值以及FRAX与类风湿临床风险因素之间的关系。结果类风湿组股骨颈、腰椎的骨密度值均低于对照组,而类风湿组中10年主要骨质疏松性骨折发生概率和10年髋部骨折发生概率均高于对照组。多重线性回归分析提示FRAX评分与易激动、口味偏淡、体重指数、S-CTX具有一定的相关性。结论 FRAX工具对临床评估RA患者骨质疏松性骨折风险、预后评价等方面具有良好的应用价值。     

FRAX软件评估北京地区中老年人骨折风险的预测价值

目的评估不同部位骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)值代入FRAX工具后对于北京地区中老年人骨折风险的预测价值。方法收集北京地区9 726例中老年人群的相关资料,应用FRAX~?中国模式分别代入髋部BMD及腰椎BMD时10年内主要部位骨质疏松性骨折及髋部骨折的概率,评估FRAX~?在中老年人骨折风险的预测价值。结果 (1)应用FRAX~?分别代入髋部BMD及腰椎BMD后计算10年内主要部位骨质疏松性骨折及髋部骨折概率并行配对样本秩和检验,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)代入髋部BMD后,男性及女性人群随年龄增大,10年内主要部位骨质疏松性骨折及髋部骨折概率均增加。代入腰椎BMD后,女性人群随着年龄增大,10年内主要部位骨质疏松性骨折及髋部骨折概率均增加,但男性人群上述骨折概率并不伴随着年龄增大而增加。(3)总人群中合并既往骨折史的骨折风险高于无既往骨折史人群。结论髋部BMD及腰椎BMD代入FRAX后均能较好地预测未来10年骨折的风险概率;对于男性病例,应用FRAX时更推荐代入髋部BMD预测未来10年骨折的风险概率;FRAX~?对中老年人骨折风险预测具有重要价值。     

FRAX评估类风湿关节炎患者骨折风险及相关临床危险因素的研究

目的运用FRAX探究中国RA患者骨折风险及相关临床危险因素。方法纳入52例RA、47例p SS以及41例体检健康者分别为RA组、p SS组、对照组,RA组患者检测ACPA、RF、ESR、CRP并计算DAS28-ESR、HAQ-DI,所有纳入者以双能X线吸收测定法测定骨密度并通过FRAX官方网站预估10年骨折风险。所有统计分析采用SPSS统计软件。结果 FRAX相关骨折危险因素包括身高、吸烟、饮酒、既往骨折、父母骨折,在3组间差异未见统计学意义。RA组糖皮质激素累积服用天数高于p SS组(P0.05)。通过FRAX无论是否结合骨密度评估,RA组主要骨质疏松性骨折风险及髋关节骨折风险均较对照组高(P0.01),主要骨质疏松性骨折风险亦较p SS组高(P0.05或P0.01)。通过FRAX结合骨密度评估,从年龄、糖皮质激素、绝经方面分析,RA组主要骨质疏松性骨折及髋关节骨折风险均较对照组高(P0.05或P0.01)。通过FRAX结合BMD评估RA组10年主要骨质疏松性骨折风险发生率分为低危、中危、高危组,ACPA、RF、ESR、CRP、DAS28-ESR、HAQ-DI在三组中均值呈上升趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 RA患者骨折风险评估可结合FRAX与骨密度;长期、大量服用糖皮质激素以及高龄、绝经后女性RA患者更应重视骨折风险评估;有效控制RA疾病活动度、改善关节功能情况有助于骨质疏松性骨折的预防。     

FRAX评估江苏镇江地区中老年人群骨折风险的回顾性研究

目的评估FRAX■工具对江苏镇江地区中老年人骨质疏松性骨折的预测价值。方法对1070例江苏镇江地区中老年人群进行分组性研究,应用FRAX■工具计算未来10年主要骨质疏松性骨折(probability of major osteoporosis fracture,PMOF)和髋部骨折的概率(probability of hip fracture,PHF),分析年龄、体质量指数、有无骨质疏松性骨折史以及不同骨量对FRAX预测结果的影响。结果随着年龄的增长10年内PMOF和PHF同步增加;随着体重指数的增加,10年内PMOF和PHF同步下降;有骨质疏松性骨折史的人群10年内PMOF和PHF明显增加;随着骨量下降,10年内PMOF和PHF逐渐增加;不同骨量受人群在不同骨质疏松骨折风险组中的分布不同。在骨质疏松性骨折高风险人群中,骨质疏松者占78.1%,低骨量者占20.7%,正常骨量者占1.3%。结论FRAX■工具可用于江苏镇江地区中老年人群骨质疏松骨折风险的评估。FRAX■工具可能低估了低骨量人群的骨质疏松性骨折的风险,该工具对中老年低骨量人群的预测价值值得进一步研究。     

FRAX 骨折风险预测工具在新疆地区人群的临床研究

目的评估FRAX骨折风险预测工具在新疆地区人群的适用性研究,并且探讨有、无股骨颈骨密度(BMD)及不同民族对FRAX预测结果的影响。方法选取2012年7月-2013年6月期间在我院就诊的骨质疏松性骨折患者103例(汉族63例,维吾尔族40例)进行回顾性分析。收集所有入选患者FRAX预测工具中所包含的各危险因素资料,将包括股骨颈BMD等数值输入FRAX工具,计算10年内主要部位(包括髋部、脊柱、肱骨及腕部)及髋部骨折的概率进行分析,并且对不同民族及有、无股骨颈BMD情况下FRAX预测值进行比较。结果 103例骨质疏松性骨折患者,未使用BMD未来10年主要部位骨折概率0.9%~14%,髋部骨折概率0%~5.2%;使用BMD未来10年主要部位骨折概率1.2%~26%,髋部骨折概率0%~17%,使用BMD计算的骨折概率与未使用BMD计算的骨折概率之间无统计学意义(P0.05)。不同民族,汉族未来10年主要骨折部位概率1%~26%,髋部骨折概率0%~17%;维吾尔族未来10年主要骨折部位概率0.9%~7%,髋部骨折概率0%~3.4%,汉族与维吾尔族主要部位骨折及髋部骨折概率之间比较有明显差异(P0.01)。结论 FRAX可用于新疆地区人群的骨折风险预测,无BMD情况下的FRAX预测结果同样可靠,维吾尔族人群使用FRAX骨折风险预测的精确性可能低于汉族人群。     

FRAX评估南京地区中老年人群骨折风险的临床研究

目的评价WHO发布的骨折风险评估工具FRAX对南京地区中老年人群的适用性,预测本地区不同性别组中老年人群的骨折风险,讨论联合股骨颈BMD及既往骨折病史对于FRAX的影响。材料和方法对1383例南京地区中老年人群进行分组性研究。输入相关资料及FRAX工具中所包含的危险因素,计算10年内髋部骨折及全身骨质疏松性骨折风险概率,比较骨折既往病史人群及髋部BMD对FRAX预测结果影响。结果南京地区女性中老年人群未来10年内骨折风险远高于同年龄组男性;伴随年龄增大,髋部及全身骨折风险概率均同步增高;有既往骨折史的老年人群10年内再发骨折风险远高于无骨折史人群。除外既往骨折史,联合或不联合BMD后预测髋部及全身骨折结果无显著性差异。结论 FRAX工具可以对南京中老年人群骨折风险做出有效评估,联合髋部BMD值后获取的FRAX预测在既往骨折或未骨折患者中均具有临床应用价值。     

骨质疏松性骨折风险预测方法的研究进展

骨质疏松性骨折(Osteoporosis fracture,OF)是一种随着年龄增加而增加的疾病,其预后不佳。因此,及早进行骨质疏松骨折风险预测显得至关重要。骨质疏松骨折预测方法有以下几种：骨密度检查、FRAX工具、Garvan nomogram评估法、ORAI、OSTA、定量骨超声、骨代谢标志物等。研究表明,FRAX工具可预测个体10年内发生髋部骨折及任何重要的OF的概率,优于其他方法。     

FRAX评分在中老年人骨质疏松性骨折风险评估中的研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis)是一种以骨密度降低、骨小梁及其他组织结构损坏,造成骨脆性以及骨折风险增加为特征的全身性骨病。FRAX评分是2008年世界卫生组织推荐的骨折风险预测简易诊断工具,可用于计算10年发生髋部骨折及任何重要的骨质疏松性骨折的发生概率。目前FRAX评分的应用才刚刚起步,评价标准还不完善,使用过程存在一定的局限性。但是长远来看,FRAX评分在骨质疏松性骨折预测方面应用前景广阔,将会成为预防骨质疏松性骨折的有力工具。本文将近年来FRAX评分的应用以及研究进展进行综述。以期在骨质疏松性骨折预防、管理、诊断和治疗方面提供新思路、新视角。     

FRAX underestimates fracture risk in patients with diabetes

The study objective was to determine whether diabetes is a risk factor for incident hip or major osteoporotic fractures independent of the WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX). Men and women with diabetes (n = 3518) and nondiabetics (n = 36,085) aged ≥50 years at the time of bone mineral density (BMD) testing (1990 to 2007) were identified in a large clinical database from Manitoba, Canada. FRAX probabilities were calculated, and fracture outcomes to 2008 were established via linkage with a population-based data repository. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine if diabetes was associated with incident hip fractures or major osteoporotic fractures after controlling for FRAX risk factors. Mean 10-year probabilities of fracture were similar between groups for major fractures (diabetic 11.1 ± 7.2 versus nondiabetic 10.9 ± 7.3, p = 0.116) and hip fractures (diabetic 2.9 ± 4.4 versus nondiabetic 2.8 ± 4.4, p = 0.400). Diabetes was a significant predictor of subsequent major osteoporotic fracture (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-1.83) after controlling for age, sex, medication use, and FRAX risk factors including BMD. Similar results were seen after adjusting for FRAX probability directly (HR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.40-1.79). Diabetes was also associated with significantly higher risk for hip fractures (p < 0.001). Higher mortality from diabetes attenuated but did not eliminate the excess fracture risk. FRAX underestimated observed major osteoporotic and hip fracture risk in diabetics (adjusted for competing mortality) but demonstrated good concordance with observed fractures for nondiabetics. We conclude that diabetes confers an increased risk of fracture that is independent of FRAX derived with BMD. This suggests that diabetes might be considered for inclusion in future iterations of FRAX.     

Incidence of Hip Fracture in Romania and the Development of a Romanian FRAX Model

A FRAX^® model for Romania calibrated to the total Romanian population was released June 1, 2011. This article describes the data used to develop the Romanian FRAX model and illustrates its features compared to models for other countries. Age- and sex-stratified hip fracture incidence rates and mortality rates for 2010 were extracted from nationwide databases from the age of 40 years. For other major fractures, Romanian incidence rates were imputed, using Swedish ratios for hip to other major osteoporotic fracture (humerus, forearm, and clinically symptomatic vertebral fractures). Fracture incidence rates increased with increasing age: for hip fracture, incidence rates were higher among younger men than women but with a female preponderance from the age of 65 years. The 10-year probability of hip or major fracture was increased in patients with a clinical risk factor (CRF), lower BMI, female gender, higher age, and decreased BMD T score. Of the CRFs, a parental hip fracture accounted for the greatest increase in 10-year fracture probability. The Romanian FRAX tool is the first country-specific fracture prediction model. It is based on the original FRAX methodology, which has been externally validated in several independent cohorts. Despite some limitations, the strengths make the Romanian FRAX tool a good candidate for implementation into clinical practice.     

Does osteoporosis therapy invalidate FRAX for fracture prediction?

Ten-year fracture risk assessment with the fracture risk assessment system (FRAX) is increasingly used to guide treatment decisions. Osteoporosis pharmacotherapy reduces fracture risk, but the effect is greater than can be explained from the increase in bone mineral density (BMD). Whether this invalidates fracture predictions with FRAX is uncertain. A total of 35,764 women (age ≥50 years) and baseline BMD testing (1996–2007) had FRAX probabilities retroactively calculated. A provincial pharmacy database was used to identify osteoporosis medication use. Women were categorized as untreated, current high adherence users [medication possession ratio (MPR) ≥0.80 in the year after BMD testing], current low adherence users (MPR <0.80), and past users. Fractures outcomes to 10 years were established form a population-based health data repository. FRAX and femoral neck BMD alone stratified major osteoporotic and hip fracture risk within untreated and each treated subgroup (all p-values <0.001) with similar area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. In untreated and each treated subgroup, a stepwise gradient in observed 10-year major osteoporotic and hip fracture incidence was found as a function of the predicted probability tertile (all p-values <0.001 for linear trend). Concordance (calibration) plots for major osteoporotic fractures and hip fractures showed good agreement between the predicted and observed 10-year fracture incidence in untreated women and each treated subgroup. Only in the highest risk tertile of women highly adherent to at least 5 years of bisphosphonate use was observed hip fracture risk significantly less than predicted, though major osteoporotic fracture risk was similar to predicted. In summary, this work suggests that the FRAX tool can be used to predict fracture probability in women currently or previously treated for osteoporosis. Although FRAX should not be used to assess the reduction in fracture risk in individuals on treatment, it may still have value for guiding the need for continued treatment or treatment withdrawal     

Fracture prediction and calibration of a Canadian FRAX? tool: a population-based report from CaMos

Summary

A new Canadian WHO fracture risk assessment (FRAX?) tool to predict 10-year fracture probability was compared with observed 10-year fracture outcomes in a large Canadian population-based study (CaMos). The Canadian FRAX tool showed good calibration and discrimination for both hip and major osteoporotic fractures.

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to validate a new Canadian WHO fracture risk assessment (FRAX?) tool in a prospective, population-based cohort, the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos).

Methods

A FRAX tool calibrated to the Canadian population was developed by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases using national hip fracture and mortality data. Ten-year FRAX probabilities with and without bone mineral density (BMD) were derived for CaMos women (N?=?4,778) and men (N?=?1,919) and compared with observed fracture outcomes to 10?years (Kaplan?CMeier method). Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the contribution of individual FRAX variables.

Results

Mean overall 10-year FRAX probability with BMD for major osteoporotic fractures was not significantly different from the observed value in men [predicted 5.4% vs. observed 6.4% (95%CI 5.2?C7.5%)] and only slightly lower in women [predicted 10.8% vs. observed 12.0% (95%CI 11.0?C12.9%)]. FRAX was well calibrated for hip fracture assessment in women [predicted 2.7% vs. observed 2.7% (95%CI 2.2?C3.2%)] but underestimated risk in men [predicted 1.3% vs. observed 2.4% (95%CI 1.7?C3.1%)]. FRAX with BMD showed better fracture discrimination than FRAX without BMD or BMD alone. Age, body mass index, prior fragility fracture and femoral neck BMD were significant independent predictors of major osteoporotic fractures; sex, age, prior fragility fracture and femoral neck BMD were significant independent predictors of hip fractures.

Conclusion

The Canadian FRAX tool provides predictions consistent with observed fracture rates in Canadian women and men, thereby providing a valuable tool for Canadian clinicians assessing patients at risk of fracture.     

FRAX? probabilities and risk of major osteoporotic fracture in France

Summary

The incidence of hip fracture, death and the estimated incidence of major osteoporotic fracture in France were used to determine the lifetime and 10-year probability of fracture and incorporated into a probability model (FRAX?) calibrated to the French population.

Introduction

Fracture probabilities in the French population have not been determined. Our aim was to determine the incidence of hip fracture in France and the estimated 10-year probabilities of hip and major osteoporotic fractures.

Methods

The study population included adults over 50?years living in France in 2004. Incident hip fracture cases were identified from the French PMSI database. Incidence of the other major osteoporotic fractures was imputed from the relationship between hip fracture incidence and other major fracture in Sweden. These data were used to calculate population-based fracture probabilities according to age and BMD using cutoff values for femoral neck T-scores from the NHANES III data in Caucasian women. The probability model (FRAX?) calibrated to the French population was used to compute individual fracture probabilities according to specific clinical risk factors.

Results

We identified 15,434 men and 51,469 women with an incident hip fracture. The remaining lifetime probability of hip fracture at 50?years was approximately 10 and 30% respectively. With a femoral neck T-score of ?2 SD, one in two women and one in five men would sustain a major osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime. The 10-year probability of other major osteoporotic fractures increased with declining T-score and increasing age. Low body mass index and other clinical risk factors had an independent effect on fracture probability whether or not BMD was included in the FRAX? model.

Conclusion

This analysis provides detailed estimation on the risk of fracture in the French population and may help to define therapeutic guidelines.     

Predictive value of FRAX for fracture in obese older women

Recent studies indicate that obesity is not protective against fracture in postmenopausal women and increases the risk of fracture at some sites. Risk factors for fracture in obese women may differ from those in the nonobese. We aimed to compare the ability of FRAX with and without bone mineral density (BMD) to predict fractures in obese and nonobese older postmenopausal women who were participants in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Data for FRAX clinical risk factors and femoral neck BMD were available in 6049 women, of whom 18.5% were obese. Hip fractures, major osteoporotic fractures, and any clinical fractures were ascertained during a mean follow‐up period of 9.03 years. Receiving operator curve (ROC) analysis, model calibration, and decision curve analysis were used to compare fracture prediction in obese and nonobese women. ROC analysis revealed no significant differences between obese and nonobese women in fracture prediction by FRAX, with or without BMD. Predicted hip fracture risk was lower than observed risk in both groups of women, particularly when FRAX + BMD was used, but there was good calibration for FRAX + BMD in prediction of major osteoporotic fracture in both groups. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that both FRAX models were useful for hip fracture prediction in obese and nonobese women for threshold 10‐year fracture probabilities in the range of 4% to 10%, although in obese women FRAX + BMD was superior to FRAX alone. For major osteoporotic fracture, both FRAX models were useful in both groups of women for threshold probabilities in the range of 10% to 30%. For all clinical fractures, the FRAX models were not useful at threshold probabilities below 30%. We conclude that FRAX is of value in predicting hip and major osteoporotic fractures in obese postmenopausal women, particularly when used with BMD. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research