医学生团体照护服务对养老机构失能老年人幸福度的影响

目的探讨医学生团体照护服务对养老机构失能老年人幸福度的干预效果。方法随机选取2所公立养老机构的失能老年人,并以抛硬币法将2所养老机构随机设为干预组(126人)和对照组(113人)。对照组按养老机构常规照护模式服务,干预组在养老院常规照护服务的基础上实施在校医学生团体照护服务,每周1次,每次4 h,连续12周。结果干预后干预组正性情感、一般正性体验维度得分及幸福度总分显著高于对照组,负性情感、一般负性体验维度得分显著低于对照组(均P 0. 01)。结论由在校医学生对养老机构失能老年人实施团体照护服务,能有效改善养老机构失能老年人的生理和心理健康,从而提高失能老年人的幸福度。     

养老机构失能老人自立行为影响因素的质性研究

目的 探讨影响养老机构失能老人自立行为的因素，为制订自立提升策略提供参考。方法 采用目的抽样选取养老机构的9名失能老人和12名工作人员进行半结构式深入访谈，采用内容分析法分析资料。结果 归纳出4个主题和7个子主题：个人特质(促进、阻碍自立行为的特质),认知偏差(照护服务即“伺候”、照护者即“保姆或佣人”),益处感知(增强身心功能、获得积极心理体验、获得护理员的关心),自我效能感。结论 养老机构失能老人的自立行为受到多种因素影响，可通过纠正老人的认知偏差、引导其及早发现自立行为的益处、培养自立习惯提升自我效能感，调动失能老人自立的积极性。     

基于Farran模型的失能老人照护者照护技能干预方案的构建与实施

目的 构建失能老人家庭照护者照护技能干预方案并探讨其实施效果。 方法 以Farran照顾者技能模型为理论框架，构建失能老人家庭照护者照护技能干预方案。将80名失能老人家庭照护者随机分为对照组和干预组各40人。对照组实施常规住院护理和出院随访，干预组实施基于Farran模型的失能老人照护者照护技能干预，分别于干预前、干预后当天、干预后2周评估失能老人的生存质量以及家庭照护者的照护负担和照护技能。 结果 干预2周后，两组照护者照护负担得分、照护技能得分比较，差异有统计学意义；两组失能老人生存质量得分（除生理维度外）差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。 结论 失能老人家庭照护者照护技能干预方案可有效减轻家庭照护者照护负担，提高其照护技能水平，提高失能老人的生存质量。     

养老机构失能老人日常生活活动需求未满足状况调查

目的了解南京市养老机构失能老人日常生活活动需求的未满足状况,分析影响需求未满足率的因素。方法便利抽取南京市11所养老机构,采用Barthel指数评定表和功能活动调查表筛查出258名失能老人,依据2个量表编制未满足需求评估表调查失能老人日常生活活动需求的未满足状况。结果养老机构失能老人ADL需求未满足率较高的是:平地行走(71.70%)、上下楼梯(59.41%)、坐车出行(69.05%)、娱乐爱好(76.47%)和社会交往(62.64%)。11所机构未满足率为32.28%~65.52%,中位数为41.25%。影响养老机构日常生活活动需求未满足的因素有失能老人的失能程度、文化水平、每月医疗照护支出、失能时长以及机构照顾者的年龄和每月收入(P0.05,P0.01)。结论养老机构失能老人在远距离离床活动和精神需求方面的需求未满足率较高。养老机构服务成效参差不齐。聘用年龄较低的照顾者及提高照顾者的收入水平有助于降低机构失能老人ADL需求的未满足率。     

养老机构自立支援实施影响因素的质性研究

目的 探讨影响养老机构实施自立支援的因素,为制订针对性管理策略提供依据。 方法 以健康服务领域研究成果应用的行动促进综合框架（i-PARIHS）为指导,采用描述性质性研究方法,通过目的抽样法选取养老机构的工作人员13人和老年人6人,对其进行半结构深入访谈,应用归纳和演绎相结合的方法进行资料分析。 结果 呈现出3个主题和8个子主题,包括变革（优势、风险）、组织环境（照护理念、护理员配比、设施设备及用物配备、领导者支持）、接受者（护理员的实施能力、老年人及其家属的接受意愿）。 结论 养老机构实施自立支援受多个因素的影响,增强机构实施自立支援的意愿、完善机构的组织环境、提升护理员的实施能力、增强老年人及其家属的接受意愿,有助于推动自立支援在养老机构的开展。     

奥塔戈运动对养老机构老年人衰弱的影响

目的评价奥塔戈运动对养老机构老年人衰弱的影响。方法将76名养老机构老年人分为干预组(n=35)和对照组(n=41),干预组接受3个月的团体奥塔戈运动干预,对照组接受常规照护,连续干预3个月后评价效果。结果干预前两组下肢肌力、平衡能力和衰弱状况差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),干预组移动能力显著差于对照组(P0.05)。干预后干预组移动能力、下肢肌力、平衡能力和衰弱状况均显著改善,且显著优于对照组(均P0.05)。结论奥塔戈运动能有效改善养老机构老年人下肢肌力、平衡能力、移动能力,改善其衰弱状态。     

志愿者参与的奥马哈系统干预防范社区老年人失能风险研究

目的 探讨志愿者参与的奥马哈系统干预对社区老年人失能风险的影响。方法 2022年3~9月，将120例社区老年人随机分为对照组、观察组和志愿者组。对照组为空白对照，观察组给予基于奥马哈系统的综合干预，志愿者组引入志愿者参与综合干预，共干预3个月。分别于干预前、干预3个月后采用奥马哈结局评价表、老年人失能风险评价量表、世界卫生组织生活质量测定简表评价干预效果。结果 干预后，志愿者组和观察组健康行为领域的各项目得分均高于对照组，其中志愿者组营养、身体活动、个人照料得分更高（均P＜0.05）；志愿者组和观察组的失能风险评价量表总分显著低于对照组（均P＜0.05）；志愿者组和观察组生活质量得分显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 志愿者参与基于奥马哈系统的综合干预，能够改善老年人的健康行为，降低老年人的失能风险，提高其生活质量。     

养老机构护理员基于实践导向的认知症照护培训

目的 探讨基于实践导向的认知症照护培训方案对提高养老机构护理员认知症照护胜任感和照护质量的效果。方法 采用方便抽样法选取2所养老机构内承担认知症照护工作的护理员60人作为研究对象,按机构分为两组各30人。对照组按常规进行相关知识及技能培训,干预组接受3周实践导向式认知症照护培训。培训前后收集护理员认知症照护胜任感,并采用神经精神量表评估培训前和培训结束后1个月认知症专区老年人症状严重程度。结果 培训后干预组护理员认知症照护胜任感得分显著高于对照组(P<0.01);认知症专区老年人的神经精神量表得分显著低于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论 对养老机构护理员进行实践导向式认知症照护培训,能提高其认知症照护胜任感,提高认知症照护质量,并有效提升养老机构认知症照护服务水平。     

基于严肃游戏的双重任务训练对养老机构轻度认知障碍老年人的干预效果

目的 评价基于严肃游戏的双重任务训练对养老机构轻度认知障碍老年人的干预效果。方法 将60例养老机构轻度认知障碍老年人按照居住的社会福利院分为对照组和干预组各30例。对照组采取常规的生活照护及文体娱乐活动干预,干预组在对照组的基础上给予基于严肃游戏的平板游戏及有氧运动双重任务训练12周。结果 干预组和对照组分别25例、26例老年人完成研究。干预后,干预组简版老年抑郁量表评分显著低于对照组,蒙特利尔认知评估量表评分及生活质量简表的生理总评分、心理总评分显著高于对照组(均P<0.05),两组日常生活能力量表评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 基于严肃游戏的双重任务训练有助于提高养老机构轻度认知障碍老年人的认知功能,改善抑郁情绪,提高生活质量。     

应对技能干预对糖尿病患者自我管理行为及血糖的影响

目的 探讨应对技能干预对2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为及血糖控制的影响.方法 将100例2型糖尿病患者随机分为观察组和对照组各50例.对照组给予常规糖尿病健康教育;观察组在此基础上给予应对技能干预.两组均电话随访6个月,分别于干预前、干预后3个月和6个月评价患者的自我管理行为并监测患者的糖化血红蛋白.结果 观察组干预后自我管理行为总分及各维度均分显著高于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);干预后3个月两组患者的糖化血红蛋白均较干预前有所下降,观察组较对照组改善更为显著(P＜0.01).结论 应对技能干预能提高2型糖尿病患者的自我管理行为,有效维持血糖在较理想的范围.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.