河南省2008年30个县盐碘实验室外质控考核结果分析

目的 了解县级碘缺乏病实验检测能力,评估常规盐碘检测工作质量,以建立良好的外部质量体系.方法 由国家碘缺乏病参照实验室提供盲样对河南省2008年30个县盐碘实验室进行外质控监测考核.采用直接滴定法测定盐碘含量.结果 28个实验室被判定为合格,不合格者其相对误差＞10%.结论 93.3%的县级实验室掌握了盐碘测定方法.不合格实验室要多方面查找原因,尽快消除检测过程中的系统误差和随机误差.     

2002年广东省碘缺乏病实验室质控考核结果分析

目的为全国第4次碘缺乏病监测提供可靠的监测数据,促进我省各级碘缺乏病实验室的检测水平。方法尿碘用砷铈催化分光光度测定方法测定,盐碘用直接滴定法测定。结果参加尿碘考核的4个实验室考核结果均合格;全省共有51个碘缺乏病实验室参加了盐碘外质控考核,其中省、市两级实验室考核结果全部合格,29个县级实验室中,只有一个实验室检测结果不合格,合格率为98．04％。结论通过质控考核有效地促进了我省各级尿碘和盐碘实验室的检测水平,为我省碘盐和碘缺乏病监测提供了可靠的数据。     

质控盲样盐碘含量测定结果分析

根据国家碘缺乏病参照实验室（简称NRL）的要求，我中心于2007年3月参加了江苏省疾病预防控制中心组织的考核，对盐碘外质控盲样进行了碘含量测定，现将检测结果分析报告如下。     

微量碘测定中的高碘污染分析及处理

<正> 碘缺乏病实验室用砷铈接触法测定尿中微量碘的含量(单位为μg/l),属微量碘测定方法;用直接滴定法测定碘盐中的碘含量(单位为mg/kg),属常量碘测定方法。二者碘浓度相差数百倍,所以操作中     

2001年广东省碘缺乏病实验室外质控考核结果分析

目的 了解和促进广东省各级碘缺乏病实验室检测能力和水平。方法 对参加质控的单位统一随机发放盐碘(4种不同浓度)、尿碘(2种高低不同浓度)不同编号组合的质控样。尿碘用砷铈催化分光光度测定方法测定，盐碘用直接滴定法测定。结果 参加尿碘考核的4个实验室中，合格实验室共3个，合格率为75％。参加盐碘考核的52个实验室(省级1个，地级市21个．县级30个)，其中1个因未收到质控样而未参加考核，有9个不合格．其他42个碘缺乏病实验室均合格，合格率为80．8％。结论 各级实验室盐碘质控考核结果的精密度都很高，但盐碘和尿碘的准确度尚有待进一步提高；高级别碘缺乏病实验室的检测水平和能力均高于低级别实验室。     

2016年重庆市碘缺乏病实验室川盐外部质控考核结果分析

目的对2016年重庆市27个区级、12个县级盐碘实验室外部质控检测结果进行分析,总结各区县疾控机构实验室川盐检测的整体水平和检测能力。为碘缺乏病的监测和防治提供可靠的实验室质量保障。方法用国家碘缺乏病参照实验室提供的川盐考核盲样对各区县疾控机构盐碘检测能力进行考核,采用氧化还原滴定法(GB/T13025.7-2012 3.2)测定碘含量,用(参考值±不确定度)的方法对检测结果进行评价。结果 27个区级实验室盐碘考核反馈率为96.30%,合格率为96.30%,相对误差绝对值范围为0.00%~14.97%。12个县级实验室盐碘考核反馈率为100.00%,合格率为83.33%。相对误差绝对值范围为0.07%~21.77%。结论区级疾控机构川盐检测水平和能力相对稳定,多数县级实验室检测能力相对稳定,个别实验室检测能力需要进一步提高。     

1995～2000年仁化县碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解调整食盐加碘浓度对碘缺乏病防治效果的影响,以及人群碘营养水平的变化。方法 1995～2000年在仁化县碘缺乏病监测点各随机抽查一间小学8～10岁学生进行甲状腺肿检查和尿碘测定,并随机抽查居民户盐碘含量。学生甲状腺肿用触诊法和B超法检测,尿碘采用砷铈催化分光光度测定方法测定,居民户盐碘含量用直接滴定法测定。结果 居民户合格碘盐食用率从1995年的70．9％上升至2000年的93．0％;8～10岁儿童尿碘中住数均≥100μg／L,＜20μg/L的比例均小于10％;儿童甲状腺肿大率(B超法)从1995年的11．5％下降至2000年的2．8％;至2000年三项监测指标均达到国家消除碘缺乏病的标准。结论 食盐加碘是防治碘缺乏病最有效和简便的防治措施,但对可能存在摄碘过量的问题应引起关注,要加强对人群碘营养水平的监测。     

2002年湖南省30个县盐碘实验室外质控考核结果分析

目的 对2002年30个县盐碘实验室外质控检结果进行分析。方法 用直接滴定法测定盐碘含量。结果 21个实验室被判定为合格，不合格者其相对误差＞10％。结论70．0％县级实验室掌握了盐碘测定方法。不合格实验室应尽快消除检测过程中的系统误差，尽量减少随机误差。     

2017年河南省碘缺乏地区孕妇碘营养监测结果分析

目的 调查2017年河南省碘缺乏地区孕妇碘营养状况。方法 在河南省的156个非高碘县（市、区）和高碘县（市、区）所辖非高碘地区,每个县（市、区）按照东、西、南、北、中各抽取1个乡,每乡抽取20名孕妇,采集孕妇尿样和家中食用盐,检测尿碘和盐碘含量。全省所有监测县均进行盐碘含量检测,其中2/3的监测县进行孕妇尿碘含量检测。盐碘检测采用直接滴定法,川盐及其他强化盐采用仲裁法测定,尿碘检测采用砷铈催化分光光度法。结果 2017年河南省碘缺乏病监测共检测孕妇家庭食用盐15 466份,碘盐覆盖率为95.2%,合格碘盐食用率为85.2%,盐碘中位数26.0 mg/kg。共检测孕妇尿样11 104份,尿碘中位数为187.2 μg/L,处于碘适宜水平。妊娠早、中、晚期孕妇的尿碘中位数分别为191.6、189.3、183.3 μg/L。结论 盐碘新标准实施5年后河南省孕妇碘营养总体处于合理水平,应持续进行孕妇碘营养监测,因地制宜的科学补碘,保证适量碘摄入。     

浙江省2006年碘缺乏病抽样调查结果

为及时了解和分析浙江省碘缺乏病病情和人群碘营养状况,2006年在全省11个市各随机抽取1个县(市、区)为省级监测点,在每个监测点随机选取一所乡镇中心小学,按照全国碘缺乏病防治监测方案的要求,开展碘缺乏病病情调查和碘盐检测,现将结果报告如下。对象与方法1病情调查用触诊法对所有在校8~10岁学生进行甲状腺检查;在3个年级中随机抽取12名学生(男女各半)作尿碘含量检测(酸消化砷一铈接触法)。2盐碘检测随机选取四年级的1个班,进行学生家中食用盐碘含量检测(硫代硫酸钠直接滴定法)。结果1甲状腺肿大率采用触诊法,共检查8~10岁在校学生3291名,…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.