963例脑瘫合并听神经通路损伤患儿临床分析

目的了解脑瘫患儿听神经通路损伤发生率,以及与性别、脑瘫分型及脑瘫高危因素的关系。方法回顾性调查963例脑瘫患儿的临床资料,了解脑瘫合并听神经通路损伤的发生率,以及与性别、脑瘫分型及脑瘫高危因素的关系。结果963例脑瘫患儿听神经通路损伤发生率为24.5%（236/963）,发生率无性别差异（P〉0.05）,不同脑瘫分型之间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,手足徐动型与混合型脑瘫发生率最高（P〈0.01）,病理性黄疸是造成脑瘫合并听神经通路损伤的高危因素（OR=2.029,95%CI：1.483~2.774）。结论脑瘫患儿多合并听神经通路损伤,其发生率与性别无关,与脑瘫分型有关,手足徐动型与混合型脑瘫发生率最高,病理性黄疸是高危因素。     

340例脑瘫患儿脑干听觉诱发电位的临床分析

目的:探讨脑瘫患儿脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)与脑瘫类型、合并损伤及高危因素的关系。方法:采用神经肌电诱发电位仪对340例脑瘫患儿行BAEP检查和分析。结果:脑瘫患儿BAEP异常率为22.9%,并发智力低下的异常率明显高于无智力低下的患儿(P<0.01);高危因素中宫内感染、黄疸和颅内出血与BAEP异常发生有密切关系,其中黄疸和宫内感染是高度危险因素;脑瘫并发听神经通路损伤的发生率较普遍,其中混合型和手足徐动型发生率更高。结论:宫内感染和病理性黄疸是脑瘫患儿听神经通路损伤的高度危险因素,BAEP应作为脑瘫患儿常规检查。     

363例脑瘫患儿Gesell发育量表测试结果分析

目的分析脑瘫患儿智力发育与临床类型及高危因素的相关性。方法对363例脑瘫患儿进行Gesell发育量表测查,分析智力发育迟缓与临床类型及高危因素的相关性。结果窒息和病理性黄疸与脑瘫患儿智力发育迟缓关系密切,手足徐动型和混合型脑瘫伴随智力发育迟缓的发生率高于痉挛型脑瘫(P<0.01)。结论窒息、病理性黄疸是引起脑瘫患儿合并智力发育迟缓的危险因素,脑瘫临床类型亦与是否发生智力发育迟缓有相关性。     

脑性瘫痪患儿下肢皮—肌反射变化研究

目的 观察脑性瘫痪患儿下肢皮－肌反射（Cutaneomuscular Reflex,CMR）的异常改变,为临床诊断提供客观依据。方法 对40例2－5岁脑性瘫痪患儿及30例正常儿下肢CMR进行检测。结果 （1）与对照组相比,痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿I1、E2潜伏期延长（P＜0．05）,E2／E1波幅比降低（P＜0．05）;E2和I1＋E2缺失率为51．72％;痉挛型偏瘫患儿CMR异常程度与临床偏瘫程度一致,轻重两侧间E2潜伏期比较有差异（P＜0．05）,E2／E1波幅比有显差异（P＜0．01）;（2）与对照组相比,手足徐运型脑性瘫痪患儿E2／E1波幅比增大（P＜0．05）,E1波幅显增高（P＜0．01）。结论 （1）CMR异常改变提示痉挛型脑性瘫痪以运动皮层和锥体束损伤为主,手足徐动型脑性瘫痪以锥体外系损伤为主;（2）CMR可以作为脑性瘫痪临床诊断的客观依据。     

手足徐动型脑性瘫痪43例临床特征分析

目的 分析手足徐动型脑性瘫痪的特征，为临床治疗提供依据。方法 回顾性调查分析其发病率、病因、早期症状、临床特征、辅助诊断、合并障碍的特点。结果 发病率占同期入院患儿的22．7％，高危因素依次为重症黄疸、窒息、早产、低出生体重等。早期症状有肌张力低下、紧张与活动时张口等八项。临床特征则以不随意运动及动摇的肌张力为主。辅助诊断头部CT大部分正常。脑电图异常率68．5％。合并障碍以语言障碍为最多。结论 手足徐动型脑性瘫痪的早期诊断主要依据病因及早期症状。     

脑性瘫痪的围产期高危因素：139例回顾性分析

目的：脑性瘫痪(cerebral palsy，CP)是儿科常见的致残性疾病，明确脑性瘫痪发生的高危因素、临床表现特点以及并发症等情况对降低脑性瘫痪发生率，改善患儿预后以及提高生活质量有重要意义。分析139例脑性瘫痪患儿的临床资料特点，探讨脑性瘫痪的围生期高危因素并。方法：对139例脑性瘫痪患儿的围生期高危因素进行回顾性调查，并对脑性瘫痪的诊断年龄、头颅计算机体层摄影(CT)或磁共振成像(MRI)、脑电图改变以及并发癫痫的情况进行分析。结果：139例脑性瘫痪患儿以痉挛型(66．2％)最多见，其次为手足徐动型(18．0％)和共济失调型(5．8％)。111例脑性瘫痪患儿存在围生期高危因素，常见的高危因素依次为新生儿窒息、早产和低出生体质量；77．5％的脑性瘫痪患儿具有2种或2种以上的围生期高危因素。64．8％的脑性瘫痪在6月龄前确诊，22．3％的在3月龄前确诊。84．7％的脑性瘫痪患儿头颅CT和／或MRI异常，常见改变包括脑发育不良(30．5％)、脑积水(21．0％)、脑萎缩(15．2％)等。35．7％的脑性瘫痪患儿脑电图异常，合并癫痫的脑性瘫痪息儿脑电图异常率高达84．4％，并且以典型痫样波出现的比例较高(54．2％)；未合并者以背景慢活动为主(61．1％)，两组差异有显著性意义(X^2=7．1l，P&;lt;0．05)。结论：脑性瘫痪的发生与围生期高危因素密切相关，多个高危因素提高脑性瘫痪发生的危险。多数脑性瘫痪可以在6m龄前确诊。脑性瘫痪患儿头颅影像学及脑电图检查的异常率较高，对脑性瘫痪及癫痫的病因及预后可能有提示作用。     

脑性瘫痪合并癫痫43例病因分析

脑性瘫痪(以下简称脑瘫)是小儿时期常见致残原因，癫痫是脑瘫常见并发症。脑瘫合并癫痫有可能使患儿运动障碍加重，同时给康复治疗带来一定困难。为减少发生率对458例脑瘫患儿中合并癫痫的43例进行病因分析从脑瘫合并癫痫的发生率及所引起脑瘫高危因素和脑瘫类型的关系3方面入手，结果表明458例脑瘫患儿中合并癫痫的发生率是9．4％，合并癫痫患儿以痉挛型和混合型为主，单纯手足徐动型及共济失调型未见合并癫痫。合并癫痫的43例患儿有明确高危因素占77％(33／43)，其中以窒息、早产、新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病多见，同时进行头颅CT或／和MRI检查28例异常24例，其中18例有高危因素，这说明做好周产期保健工作是十分重要。     

脑性瘫痪高危因素与临床类型的关系探讨

目的：分析住院接受康复治疗的脑性瘫痪患儿高危因素和临床类型构成比及二者之间的关系。方法：对1997—2003年住院的615例随访患儿的高危因素与临床类型用卡方检验方法进行统计分析。结果：615例患儿中未成熟、窒息、黄疸分别占高危因素的33．9％、26．4％、25．7％。未成熟是痉挛型双瘫主要高危因素，占77.3％：黄胆病史患儿中，主要脑瘫类型为手足徐动型，占75．3％。窒息是四肢瘫、偏瘫、双瘫加徐动型脑瘫的主要高危因素，分别占各型患儿总数的64％、42．2％、47％。结论：脑瘫患儿的高危因素与临床类型明显相关，第一位高危因素是未成熟，第二位是窒息，黄疸是值得重视的高危因素之一。     

脑性瘫痪400例相关因素分析

目的对甘肃省康复中心收治400例脑性瘫痪患儿，统计分析其相关因素，为脑瘫预防和康复治疗提供依据。方法对1999-2004年甘肃省康复中心400例康复训练脑瘫患儿按性别、年龄、危险因素、临床特点分型及其合并障碍统计分析。结果（1）分型：痉挛型278例，手足徐动型71例，共济失调型6例，强直型2例，震颤型3例，肌张力低下型5例，混合型（手足徐动型＋痉挛型）35例；（2）性别：男性占发病总数的68．25％，女性占31．75％；（3）年龄：0-6岁为本病较佳康复治疗年龄段，此年龄段占总数79．25％，最佳年龄段为0．1岁，此年龄段占13％；（4）危险因素：窒息为首位危险因素，400例患儿窒息78例，早产66例，黄疸38例，黄疸＋窒息7例，早产＋窒息25例，早产＋黄疸10例，宫内缺氧31例，脐绕颈（包括脐绕颈窒息）24例，颅内出血17例，过期产8例，先兆流产6例，新生儿感染3例，异常分娩4例，高龄初产妇4例，ABO溶血4例，第二产程〉4h4例，妊娠中毒症2例，母患子痫1例，羊水混浊3例，孕中期母患风疹3例，低出生体重（不包括早产）3例，急产1例，接触射线1例，母孕期用药3例，母亲孕前3次人流以上3例，同时有三种以上危险因素25例，原因不明26例；（5）合并障碍合并癫痫9％，合并语言障碍65％，合并智力障碍75．25％。结论窒息、早产、黄疸依然是脑瘫主要高危因素，其中窒息是首位危险因素，应孕期定期检查，优生优育，有危险因素新生儿应筛查，早期干预，争取早诊早治，提高康复疗效，降低发病率，减轻社会家庭负担。     

手足徐动型脑性瘫痪43例临床特征分析

目的分析手足徐动型脑性瘫痪的特征,为临床治疗提供依据。方法回顾性调查分析其发病率、病因、早期症状、临床特征、辅助诊断、合并障碍的特点。结果发病率占同期入院患儿的22.7%,高危因素依次为重症黄疸、窒息、早产、低出生体重等。早期症状有肌张力低下、紧张与活动时张口等八项。临床特征则以不随意运动及动摇的肌张力为主。辅助诊断头部CT大部分正常,脑电图异常率68.5%。合并障碍以语言障碍为最多。结论手足徐动型脑性瘫痪的早期诊断主要依据病因及早期症状。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.