北京市部分中学生艾滋病知识态度和技能行为现状

目的了解目前中学开展预防艾滋病健康教育的现状,为探讨更有效的教学方式和方法提供依据。方法2005年10-11月,对北京市6所初中、4所高中的1489名学生进行问卷调查。结果艾滋病的传播途径回答正确率为85.3%,艾滋病的非传播途径回答正确率为28.1%。联合国大会艾滋病特别会议制定的5项核心指标全部回答正确率为13.1%,高中生高于初中生,男生高于女生。对相关态度题目赋值后,高中生的正向态度得分明显高于初中生,女生高于男生。技能和行为方面,高中生得分高于初中生,女生得分高于男生。70.6%的学生表示愿意在学校开展预防艾滋病健康教育。结论中学生预防艾滋病知识水平有待提高,建议学校应以行为改变为最终目标,开展以生活技能为基础的预防艾滋病健康教育。     

中学生预防艾滋病健康教育策略探讨

目的通过了解中学预防艾滋病健康教育工作现状,探讨在中学生中开展预防艾滋病健康教育的有效策略。方法通过问卷调查及访谈的方式对通州区7所城区中学及12所乡镇中学,学校中主管预防艾滋病健康教育工作的老师进行调查并对辖区8所中学1 456名初中生及2 488名高中生进行艾滋病知识问卷调查。结果中学预防艾滋病健康教育面临缺乏专人、专时、专业教材的问题。结论加大学校预防艾滋病健康教育师资队伍建设,开展参与式的预防艾滋病教学工作,提高中学生的自我保护意识,最终达到遏制艾滋病传播的目的。     

郴州市北湖区中学生艾滋病知识及态度调查

目的 了解郴州市北湖区中学生预防艾滋病知识水平,为开展学校预防艾滋病健康教育提供依据.方法 随机抽取北湖区3所中学422名初中生和498名高中生进行艾滋病知识和态度问卷调查.结果 学生对艾滋病传播途径知识正确回答均达90%以上,但初中生对蚊虫叮咬、共餐、一起洗澡或游泳等非传播途径方面正确回答均低于50%,高中生均在50%以上.有66.11%的初中生、69.08%的高中生害怕今后患艾滋病.结论 中学生掌握艾滋病知识不全面,在许多方面还存在认识误区.学校应加强艾滋病健康教育,尤其是艾滋病非传播途径等方面的健康教育.     

上海市徐汇区中学师生艾滋病相关知识与态度

目的了解上海市中学生及中学教师的艾滋病相关知识、态度情况及影响因素,为建立健全学校艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法用整群随机抽样的方法 ,对上海市徐汇区城区和城郊2所中学学生1696名,教师237名,采取匿名自填式问卷进行调查。结果中学生对艾滋病知识总体知晓率为73.3%,大部分中学生对艾滋病感染者持正确态度并对艾滋病防治表示支持;多数城区学生知识、态度得分高于城郊学生。性别、年级为艾滋病知识得分的影响因素,学校与知识得分为艾滋病态度的影响因素。中学教师对艾滋病相关知识了解较全面,艾滋病相关态度优于学生但仍存在歧视现象。结论徐汇区中学师生对艾滋病的认识已达一定水平,但仍存在薄弱环节,应有针对性地开展学校艾滋病健康教育及师资培训。     

安徽2所农村中学初中生预防艾滋病健康教育效果评价

目的 评价对农村初中生开展以生活技能为基础的预防艾滋病健康教育的效果,为在农村初中开展预防艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据和实践基础.方法 先后对整群选取的安徽省2所农村中学257名(教育组)和332名(等待教育组)学生开展以生活技能为基础的预防艾滋病健康教育,通过问卷调查评价教育效果.结果 教育后1周,教育组学生预防艾滋病知识、正向态度和技能得分分别由10.91,23.02和2.35上升到23.20,29.70和2.97,均明显高于教育前(P值均＜0.01).教育组学生知识、态度和技能得分增长值均明显高于等待教育组(P值均＜0.01).教育组学生更愿意与家人/朋友谈论预防艾滋病问题.结论 在农村初中生中进行以生活技能为基础的学校预防艾滋病健康教育能提高学生预防艾滋病的知识水平,促进对艾滋病感染者不歧视态度的形成,有助于培养拒绝相关危险行为的技能,促进与家人和朋友交流.     

2010年钦州市某中学预防艾滋病健康教育课实施效果评价

[目的]了解中学生对艾滋病相关知识、态度及生活技能的掌握情况,探索更适合于学校健康教育的模式。[方法]在钦州市第八中学以班为单位实施3~4节预防艾滋病参与式健康教育课,并评价实施教育后的效果。[结果]调查钦州市第八中学学生1 023人,艾滋病相关知识知晓率,健康教育课开设前、后分别为58.16%、88.17%(P<0.01);健康教育课开设前后艾滋病相关态度正确率分别为83.12%、84.26%(P<0.01);健康教育课生活技能知识知晓率开设前后分别为54.06%、89.56%(P<0.01)。[结论]在中学生中开设预防艾滋病参与式健康教育课,效果明显。     

企业中学生艾滋病知识态度行为调查及健康教育效果分析

目的了解企业中学生对艾滋病的知识、态度和行为,并评价播放影碟对中学生健康教育的效果。方法分别对两所学校的学生进行基线调查,对非毕业班学生播放健康教育光碟,1 w后再对这些学生进行调查。结果健康教育前后两所学校问卷的有效回收率均在90%以上。健康教育前,男生对一般知识、预防方法及非传播因素知识的掌握程度高于女生,女生对传播途径知识的掌握程度高于男生(包括毕业班),所有学生的正确回答率比除去毕业班学生的正确回答率高3%~13%,高中生和男生在个人行为和对性行为的态度方面比初中生和女生开放。健康教育后,学生艾滋病相关知识问题正确回答率比教育前普遍提高,艾滋病相关态度无明显变化。结论采用播放影碟这一健康教育方式可提高学生对艾滋病的认知,但艾滋病相关态度无明显变化。     

北京西城区高中生性行为及艾滋病相关知识态度状况

了解北京市西城区高中生性行为及艾滋病相关知识态度状况,为学校开展艾滋病和性健康教育活动提供依据.方法 使用中国疾病预防控制中心儿少/学校中心编制的问卷,对以简单随机法抽取的西城区5所高中共976名学生进行艾滋病知识态度、性行为等调查.结果 高中生性行为和被迫性行为报告率分别为6.3%和1.2%,男生高于女生(P值均<0.01),职业高中学生高于普通高中和重点高中学生(P值均<0.01).学生对艾滋病病原体的知晓率为73.2%,重点高中学生高于普通高中和职业高中学生(P<0.01).部分学生对待艾滋病患者或病毒感染者持负面态度.结论 应积极开展学校性行为和艾滋病预防健康教育,促进学生预防艾滋病知识水平的提高及正确态度和技能的形成,减少危险行为.     

浙江金华农村中学生艾滋病知信行调查分析

目的为制定农村中学生预防艾滋病适宜干预方法提供依据。方法选取浙江省金华市金东区4所农村中学3717名学生进行问卷调查,用SAS数据库统计分析。结果农村中学生预防艾滋病知识水平较低,初中生艾滋病相关知识知晓率为0%~30%,高中生为30%~50%;中学生对性知识的需求水平较高,初中生为50%左右,高中生为70%左右;无论是高中生还是初中生艾滋病威胁认同率仅为20%左右;“中学生谈恋爱”与“婚前性行为”的不赞同率随着年龄增长而下降,男生比女生更为明显。结论对农村中学生开展预防艾滋病健康教育十分必要且紧迫。     

通州区大中学生艾滋病知识态度行为调查

目的了解通州区大、中学生艾滋病知识掌握情况及其态度和行为,为学校开展预防艾滋病健康教育提供依据。方法采用整群分层抽样方法,对2237名大、中学生进行艾滋病知识、态度、行为问卷调查。结果对艾滋病的三大传播途径,大中学生的回答正确率均达到86%以上;有25.2%的中学生及36.7%的大学生知道蚊虫叮咬不会传播艾滋病。对艾滋病感染者大中学生选择同情和关怀的居首位,占70%左右;39.5%的中学生及38.4%的大学生认为对艾滋病感染者应严格隔离。2.6%的中学生和8.3%的大学生自我报告有过性行为,性行为报告率男生高于女生（P〈0.01）。结论学校应针对不同年龄、性别学生的特点,制定适宜的健康教育策略,使大中学生对艾滋病有全面正确的认识。     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.