脑室-腹腔分流术治疗外伤性脑积水的预后分析

目的 探讨影响脑室-腹腔分流(V-P)术治疗外伤性脑积水(PTH)的预后因素.方法 回顾性分析51例PTH行V-P术患者的临床资料,总结手术效果与格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)、患者年龄、颅内压(ICP)等的关系.结果 33例V-P术前GOS 2分和3分患者术后6个月22例COS有进步,18例术前GOS4分患者术后6个月只有6例有进步.V-P术前的GOS与手术效果明显相关.GOS 3分及以下患者的预后较GOS 4分患者的预后好(P<0.05).COS提高患者与未提高患者年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术前ICP对手术效果无影响(P>0.05).结论 V-P术可以改善PTH患者的预后,术前的COS可以作为V-P术效果的预测指标.     

Ommaya储液囊治疗重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染合并脑积水

目的 探讨Ommaya储液囊对重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染合并脑积水的治疗作用及其优越性.方法 将34例重型颅脑外伤术后颅内感染合并脑积水患者随机分组,其中Ommaya治疗组13例,脑室外引流组21例,比较两组24 h平均引流量、首次置泵(管)至施行永久性分流术的平均时间、二次手术率、分流率,并进行3个月格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS).结果 Ommaya治疗组24 h平均引流量少于脑室外引流组;首次置泵至施行永久性分流术的平均时间为(57.00±8.06)d,较脑室外引流组首次置管至施行永久性分流术平均时间(66.00±6.89)d缩短;Ommaya治疗组完成脑室腹腔分流术患者10例,放弃治疗3例,分流率76.9%;治疗期间再次手术更换Ommaya储液囊4例,二次手术率30.8%(4/13).脑室外引流组最终完成脑室腹腔分流术患者13例,放弃治疗3例,死亡5例,分流率61.9%;治疗期间再次手术置管16例,二次手术率为76.2%(16/21).两组分流率及随访3个月GOS评定差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 Onmaaya储液囊应用于重型颅腩外伤术后颅内感染合并脑积水,与传统脑室外引流术比较,临床分流率相似,但治疗期间二次手术率低,且能减少治疗天数,值得临床推广.     

64例神经外科脑脓肿老年患者临床特点及手术治疗效果

目的探讨脑脓肿老年患者的临床特点及治疗方式。方法收集某院2008年1月—2016年12月神经外科收治的经手术治疗脑脓肿老年患者的临床资料,分析其临床特点、治疗方式及预后。结果共收治经手术治疗的脑脓肿老年患者64例,其中发热14例(21.9%),有明确感染病史者9例(14.1%),脑膜刺激征6例(9.4%),实验室检查提示可能感染11例(17.2%)。患者起病至就诊时间平均(43.3±20.4)d。影像学表现为囊性(17例)、囊实性(38例)或实性(9例)病变。在增强扫描下显示病变无明显包膜者9例,薄壁者(2 mm)11例,厚壁者(2 mm)44例;病变包膜环形强化,或病变不均匀强化。行脓肿切除术48例,脓肿穿刺治疗16例。术后2周疗效GOS评分,1分(死亡)4例,2～3分11例,4～5分49例。除死亡4例和失访6例,其余54例患者平均随访(25.7±16.4)个月,GOS 1分2例,2～3分1例,GOS 4～5分51例。结论脑脓肿老年患者缺乏全身感染症状,颅内压增高的临床症状不明显,发病至首次就诊时间较长,影像学表现多为典型厚壁囊实性占位伴环形强化的脑脓肿征象,在治疗上应遵循个体化治疗原则,可获得良好的预后。     

重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤手术中发生急性脑膨出的原因及防治措施。方法:回顾分析40例开颅术中出现急性脑膨出患者的临床资料。结果:疗效评定采用GOS标准,术后6个月进行评定,Ⅰ级(死亡)10例,Ⅱ级(植物生存)3例,Ⅲ级(重残)5例,Ⅳ级(中残)8例,Ⅴ级(良好)14例,病死率25%。结论:重型颅脑损伤患者术中出现急性脑膨出的原因主要是迟发性颅内血肿和急性弥漫性脑肿胀;选择正确的治疗方法,积极防治各种并发症,可降低病死率及致残率。     

颅脑损伤患者远期生存质量评估

目的评估颅脑损伤患者伤后不同时期的生活质量.方法颅脑外伤患者55例获得随访。使用GCS、GOS和KPS等作为参照,同时使用世界卫生组织生存质量测定简表（WHOQOL-BKEF）,由患者自行填写评估。结果WHOQOL-BREF与GOS,GCS,KPS均有很好的相关性。结论颅脑外伤的生存质量与其主观感受存在显著的相关性,一种多维评估量表,也可用于各种治疗手段的疗效评价．     

Non-communication between ophthalmologists and optometrists.

Many patients seen in the British hospital eye service are referred by high-street optometrists; and, if the optometrist is to receive feedback from the ophthalmologist, the patient should consent to disclosure of medical information. On the referral form (revised GOS 18) there is a space for this purpose. We investigated the level of communication by asking optometrists in our hospital catchment area about their use of the GOS 18 form and by examining the medical records of all new patients seen in the eye outpatient department in one month. 79 optometrists (55%) returned the questionnaire. 54 routinely used the GOS 18; and, of these, 10 said they obtained patient consent always, 23 sometimes and 21 never. 158 of 555 sets of medical notes contained an optometrist's referral, 107 of them on the revised GOS 18; and patient consent had been recorded on 17 of these forms. Ophthalmologists responded to the optometrist in 2/17 (12%) cases where consent had been obtained and 15/90 (17%) where it had not. Ophthalmologists could provide much better feedback to optometrists. The GOS 18 form could be used more effectively; and there is no reason why patient consent to disclosure of medical information should not be obtained by ophthalmologists as well as by optometrists.     

高血压脑出血的早期小骨窗开颅40例临床疗效分析

目的:探讨高血压脑出血早期小骨窗开颅的手术方法及疗效。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月~2011年9月接受早期小骨窗微创脑出血清除术的高血压脑出血患者40例,评价近期和远期疗效。结果:术后第1d血肿残留30%24例,30%~50%12例,50%4例;3～7d复查CT血肿基本引流干净。术后3~6个月情况,格拉斯哥预后分级评分(GOS):良好21例,轻残8例,中残8例,重残1例,死亡2例;日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分:5分19例,4分9例,3分8例,2分2例,1分2例。结论:早期小骨窗微创脑出血清除术治疗高血压脑出血临床疗效满意,适合在基层医院开展应用。     

颅脑损伤患者远期生存质量评估

目的评估颅脑损伤患者伤后不同时期的生活质量。方法颅脑外伤患者55例获得随访。使用GCS、GOS和KPS等作为参照,同时使用世界卫生组织生存质量测定简表(WHOQOL-BREF),由患者自行填写评估。结果WHOQOL-BREF与GOS,GCS,KPS均有很好的相关性。结论颅脑外伤的生存质量与其主观感受存在显著的相关性,一种多维评估量表,也可用于各种治疗手段的疗效评价。     

麻醉相关因素与下呼吸道医院感染的研究

目的探讨气管插管全身麻醉患者院内下呼吸道感染的相关因素和有效的预防措施。方法从麻醉机回路内、病毒/细菌过滤器和气管插管全身麻醉患者口腔和支气管内吸取的分泌物做细菌培养。结果术前采样的15台未消毒的麻醉机中有8台细菌培养呈阳性;每例患者术中口腔、支气管分泌物及术后病毒/细菌过滤器均分离出相同细菌;使用一次性病毒/细菌过滤器的病例,术后从麻醉机内和一次性病毒/细菌过滤器麻醉机采样未捡出细菌;未使用一次性病毒/细菌过滤器的病例,术后麻醉机内可分离出与口腔相同的细菌。结论研究结果提示麻醉机很易受到手术患者的污染,而麻醉机的循环使用可将病原菌传播到下一个手术患者,是导致气管插管全身麻醉患者手术后下呼吸道医院感染的重要因素。     

神经外科患者手术部位感染回顾性调查分析

目的探讨神经外科患者手术部位感染(SSI)的特点及危险因素,为进一步防控SSI提供理论依据。方法采用回顾性调查方法,收集2015年1—12月某院神经外科收治患者病例资料,分析患者SSI情况及其危险因素。结果神经外科手术患者715例,发生SSI 40例,发生率为5.59%。脑血管术后患者SSI发生率为7.69%,居首位;其次是颅脑肿瘤,发生率为5.94%。40例SSI患者均为器官腔隙/颅内感染。不同手术类型、手术时间、住院时间、NNIS评分患者SSI发生率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论神经外科患者SSI发生率与手术类型、手术时间、住院时间、手术危险指数等因素有关,应采取针对性的预防措施,降低SSI发生率。     

胸腰椎骨折患者手术部位感染的危险因素

目的分析胸腰椎骨折患者手术部位感染危险因素,为制定预防控制措施提供依据。方法采用信息监测系统、现场查看及电话回访相结合的方法监测2010年1月—2015年3月某院脊柱外科胸腰椎骨折手术患者,调查手术部位感染发生情况,对其危险因素进行单因素分析。结果共监测326例胸腰椎骨折手术患者,15例发生手术部位感染,感染发病率4.60%。年龄≥60岁、非层流手术室、预防使用抗菌药物非术前30 min内、术前住院日3 d、手术持续时间3 h、糖尿病、慢性呼吸道疾病患者的手术部位感染发病率较高(均P0.01)。结论患者年龄大、手术室净化级别低、未规范预防使用抗菌药物、手术时间长、术前住院时间长以及合并糖尿病、慢性呼吸道疾病均是胸腰椎骨折手术患者发生手术部位感染的高危因素,应采取有针对性的预防控制措施,降低感染发病率。     

Dietary galacto-oligosaccharides mixture can suppress serum phenol and p-cresol levels in rats fed tyrosine diet

Phenols (phenol and p-cresol) are amino acid metabolites produced by intestinal bacteria. Some reports have demonstrated that the accumulation of phenols in the serum has toxic effects in renal failure patients. In this study, we found that phenols accumulated in the serum of rats given a tyrosine diet, and that dietary intake of a galacto-oligosaccharide mixture (GOS) suppressed the accumulation of phenols in serum. Rats were fed a basal diet, tyrosine diet (basal diet with 2.5% tyrosine) or GOS diet (tyrosine diet with 5% GOS) for 2 wk. The concentrations of phenols in the feces, cecal contents, serum and urine were determined. Concentrations of phenols in the serum, cecal contents and feces from rats fed the tyrosine diet were significantly higher than those in rats fed the basal diet. The concentrations of phenols in feces, cecal contents and serum, and urinary excretion in the GOS diet group were significantly lower than those in the tyrosine diet group. The pH of cecal contents was decreased by GOS intake. Furthermore, the serum concentrations of phenols were closely correlated with cecal concentrations. This finding suggested that concentrations of phenols in the serum reflected phenol production in the cecum contents. These results showed that dietary intake of GOS could modify the intestinal environment, and suppress the production of phenols in the intestinal tract and the accumulation of phenols in the serum. Thus, GOS may help improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients with renal failure.     

3D打印辅助微创治疗高血压脑出血颅内感染的影响因素及对策

 目的 分析3D打印辅助微创治疗高血压脑出血（HICH）术后颅内感染的影响因素,并探讨相应的预防对策,为术后颅内感染防控措施的制定提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2015年10月—2018年12月某综合三级甲等医院神经外科行3D打印辅助微创治疗HICH患者的临床资料（n=324）,依据是否发生颅内感染分为感染组与非感染组,比较两组患者的一般资料、手术治疗过程等差异。结果 324例3D打印辅助微创治疗HICH患者,发生颅内感染32例,感染率为9.87%。颅内感染患者送检标本检出病原菌19株,其中革兰阴性菌9株（47.37%）,革兰阳性菌8株（42.10%）,真菌2株（10.53%）。3D打印辅助微创治疗HICH患者单因素分析结果显示,吸烟史、颅内出血量、术前备皮距手术时间、手术地点、手术持续时间、术后溶凝治疗次数、引流管留置时间、预防性使用抗菌药物8项因素比较,差异具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,预防性应用抗菌药物为预防颅内感染的保护性因素,而颅内出血量、术前备皮距手术时间、手术持续时间,引流管留置时间是发生颅内感染的独立危险因素。结论 3D打印辅助微创治疗HICH患者术后发生颅内感染是多种因素共同作用的结果,在围手术期重要环节采取有效的防控措施,是预防颅内感染的关键。     

Lyme neuroborreliosis in adults: A nationwide prospective cohort study

The goal of this paper is to characterize the clinical presentation, serological results, current antibiotic treatment practice, including compliance with current European guidelines, and outcome in adults with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) diagnosed at departments of infectious diseases in Denmark.Using a nationwide prospective cohort of patients with central nervous system infections, we identified all adults (≥ 18 years of age) treated for LNB at departments of infectious diseases in Denmark from 2015 through 2017. The database contains information on baseline demographics, history of tick bite, erythema migrans, clinical presentation, laboratory results of blood samples, and cerebrospinal (CSF) biochemistry (e.g. specific Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) antibodies in serum, B. burgdorferi s.l. intrathecal antibody index) as well as antibiotic therapy. Outcome was assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and the presence of residual symptoms at follow-up one month after discharge.We included 194 LNB patients with a median age of 59 years (range 18–85 years, interquartile range [IQR] 47–69 years). The female-to-male ratio was 0.8. A total of 177 of 191 (93 %) of patients had early (second stage) LNB. A history of tick bite or erythema migrans was registered in 75 (39 %) and 49 (25 %) patients, respectively.The median duration of neurological symptoms before first hospital contact was 21 days (range 0–600 days, IQR 10–42 days). Predominant symptoms consisted of radicular pain in 135 of 194 (70 %), cranial nerve paresis in 88 of 194 (45 %), headache in 71 of 185 (38 %), and extremity paresis in 33 of 194 (17 %) patients. Serum-B. burgdorferi s.l. IgM and/or IgG antibodies were detectable in 166 of 181 (92 %) patients at the time of first CSF investigation. Median duration of antibiotic treatment was 14 days (range 10–35 days, IQR 14–21 days) and 59 (39 %) of the patients received intravenous ceftriaxone and/or benzylpenicillin G throughout treatment.At the 1-month follow-up, GOS was unfavorable (< 5) in 54 of 193 (28 %) patients. An unfavorable GOS score was more often registered in patients with ≥ 45 days of symptom duration (20 of 45 (44 %) vs. 34 of 145 (23 %); P = 0.006).In conclusion, a European cohort of adult patients with LNB diagnosed between 2015–2017 presented with classic symptoms and CSF findings. However, a substantial diagnostic delay was still observed. In disagreement with current guidelines, a substantial part of LNB patients were treated with antibiotics longer than 14 days and/or intravenously as route of administration.     

Epidemiology of surgical-site infections diagnosed after hospital discharge: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To study postoperative infections in hospital and after discharge, and to identify the risk factors for such infections. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study, with telephone follow-up for 1 month after hospital discharge. SETTING: The general surgery service of a tertiary hospital in Spain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: In-hospital and postdischarge surgical-site infection (SSI), always confirmed by a physician. RESULTS: Of the 1,506 patients initially enrolled, 29 died during hospital stay, and 33 were lost to postdischarge follow-up. An SSI was identified prior to discharge in 123 patients and after discharge in 103. For several variables (age, serum albumin, glycemia, lengths of preoperative and postoperative hospital stay, etc), there were no differences between patients with postdischarge SSI and noninfected patients; however, there were differences detected between patients with postdischarge SSI and in-hospital SSI, as well as between patients with in-hospital SSI and noninfected patients. The analysis of risk factors showed that most predictors for in-hospital SSI did not behave in the same manner for postdischarge SSI. Stepwise logistic regression only identified chemoprophylaxis, age (advanced age was a preventive factor), and body mass index as independent risk factors for postdischarge SSI. Differences in risk factors between in-hospital and post-discharge SSIs remained even after controlling for time from operation to diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Most predictors of in-hospital SSI were not predictors of postdischarge SSI.     

北京市乳腺癌根治术后手术部位感染危险因素:一项多中心前瞻性监测结果

 目的 调查北京地区乳腺癌根治手术后手术部位感染（SSI）发病率及其危险因素。方法 通过北京医院感染监控管理系统,对全市83所二级及以上医疗机构进行乳腺癌根治/改良根治术前瞻性监测,应用SPSS 20.0软件对SSI情况进行描述分析及logistic回归分析。结果 共纳入2012—2017年监测数据库中8 248例病例,发生SSI 62例,发病率为0.75%。糖尿病、手术后入住过ICU、手术时长和ASA评分是乳腺癌根治/改良根治术患者SSI的危险因素。糖尿病患者相较于非糖尿病患者SSI的风险增加（OR=2.99,95%CI：1.33~6.73）;术后入住过ICU的患者发生SSI的风险是未入住过ICU的5.72倍（OR=5.72,95%CI：1.68~19.45）;手术时间每增加1 h,术后感染的风险增加27%（OR=1.27,95%CI：1.11~1.46）;ASA评分每高一个级别,SSI的风险将增加54%（OR=1.54,95%CI：1.01~2.35）。结论 多中心大样本的目标监测提示2012—2017年北京地区乳腺癌手术后SSI发病率较低。糖尿病、入住过ICU、手术时间和ASA评分应作为预判SSI的重要因素,在综合考虑影响患者SSI的因素后制定个性化预防策略。     

心脏外科患者手术部位感染的危险因素

目的探讨心脏外科患者手术部位感染危险因素,为制定控制措施提供依据。方法选择2012年1月—2014年12月某院心脏外科收治的215例心脏手术患者,对可能引起手术部位感染的危险因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果心脏外科患者术后手术部位感染发病率为16.28%(35/215)。单因素分析结果显示,年龄65岁、手术时间5 h、接台手术、术前住院时间7 d、围手术期抗菌药物使用不合理、患有高血压及糖尿病等基础疾病的患者手术部位感染发病率较高。多因素回归分析结果显示,年龄、手术时间、接台手术、术前住院时间、围手术期抗菌药物使用不合理、患基础疾病是心脏手术部位感染的独立危险因素。结论心脏外科患者手术部位感染的发病率较高,应针对手术时间等可控因素采取防控措施,减少手术部位感染。     

乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿发病的危险因素

  目的  分析乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿（breast cancer related lymphedema,BCRL）发生的危险因素。  方法  随访2008年7月―2019年11月蚌埠医学院第一附属医院甲乳外科收住的62例乳腺癌患者,采用5点周径测量法结合Norman问卷评估上肢淋巴水肿发生情况,结合患者临床资料分析BCRL发生的危险因素。  结果  62例患者中发生上肢淋巴水肿22例（35.5%）,轻度水肿20例,中度水肿2例;单因素分析结果提示BCRL与患者的年龄、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、腋窝淋巴结清扫数量、腋窝第Ⅲ组淋巴结清扫及手术时间有关（均有P < 0.05）;多因素多分类Logistic回归分析模型分析结果提示患者的年龄、BMI及手术时间是BCRL发生的独立危险因素（均有P < 0.05）。  结论  乳腺癌患者术后早期即可发生上肢淋巴水肿,尤其是对于年龄≥53岁、BMI≥27 kg/m2及术后时间≥6月的患者,应积极采取预防性干预措施,以预防和减少BCRL的发生。     

Galacto-oligosaccharides have prebiotic activity in a dynamic in vitro colon model using a (13)C-labeling technique

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are considered to be prebiotic, although the contribution of specific members of the microbiota to GOS fermentation and the exact microbial metabolites that are produced upon GOS fermentation are largely unknown. We aimed to determine this using uniformly (13)C-labeled GOS. The normal (control) medium and unlabeled or (13)C-labeled GOS was added to a dynamic, validated, in vitro model of the large-intestine containing an adult-type microbiota. Liquid-chromatography MS was used to measure the incorporation of (13)C label into metabolites. 16S-rRNA stable isotope probing coupled to a phylogenetic micro-array was used to determine label incorporation in microbial biomass. The primary members within the complex microbiota that were directly involved in GOS fermentation were shown to be Bifidobacterium longum, B. bifidum, B. catenulatum, Lactobacillus gasseri, and L. salivarius, in line with the prebiotic effect of GOS, although some other species incorporated (13)C label also. GOS fermentation led to an increase in acetate (+49%) and lactate (+23%) compared with the control. Total organic acid production was 8.50 and 7.52 mmol/g of carbohydrate fed for the GOS and control experiments, respectively. At the same time, the cumulative production of putrefactive metabolites (branched-chain fatty acids and ammonia) was reduced by 55%. Cross-feeding of metabolites from primary GOS fermenters to other members of the microbiota was observed. Our findings support a prebiotic role for GOS and its potential to act as a synbiotic in combination with certain probiotic strains.