广州市初中学生家庭虐待流行现状分析

目的了解广州市中学生家庭虐待情况及流行特征，为政府及相关机构制定儿童保护政策和预防干预措施提供依据。，方法在广州市8个区随机抽取16所中学96个初中班级，对所抽班级全体学生进行自填问卷调查，收集近6个月内家庭虐待情况。结果4585名初中生近6个月内遭受言语／精神、躯体和性虐待的发生率分别为79．5％，27．4％和0．5％；言语／精神虐待发生率从高到低依次为生气吼叫（59．5％）、剥夺权利（49．3％）、恐吓（39．4％）、辱骂（37．8％）、咒骂（19．9％）、威胁赶出家（12．7％），平均每人遭受2．75种不同形式言语／精神虐待；轻度、中度、重度躯体虐待发生率分别为23．8％，15．5％和2．7％，以打四肢（16．7％）、扇脸（11．5％）方式为主．掐脖、烧烫、动用锐器伤害等严重虐待发生率低于1％，遭受言语／精神和躯体双重虐待的发生率为26．3％。结论广州市中学生遭受家庭虐待现象十分普遍，以言语／精神虐待最常见，躯体虐待以轻度为主，存在言语／精神与躯体双重虐待以及多种虐待方式并存的特点。     

中学校园暴力的流行病学调查及影响因素分析

目的通过流行病学调查，探讨中学校园暴力的发生情况及其影响因素。方法采用整群抽样方法，以广州市某区中学生为调查对象，自行设计问卷对其一年来发生校园暴力的情况及相关因素进行调查，分析各类型的暴力发生率，并采用多因素logistic回归分析暴力发生的影响因素。结果调查了1064名中学生，校园暴力发生率为40．7％，其中男生发生率为49．7％，女生为29．6％，差异有统计学意义（x^2=43．75，P=0．000）；高中生暴力发生率低于初中生（x^2=25．25，P=0．000）。男生遭受总暴力、心理暴力、身体暴力和性暴力的发生率分别为39．3％、21．6％、17．0％、6．0％，女生为26．3％、14．1％、9．7％、3．2％；男生施暴他人的各暴力发生率分别为26．7％、13．3％、17．0％、3．6％，女生分别为8．6％、4．6％、5．7％、1．7％。吸烟、逃学、游荡、曾受家庭暴力、零用钱少是校园暴力的影响因素（OR=6．15、2．52、2．05、1．88、1．31）。结论广州市中学生校园暴力的发生率较高，应引起学校和社会的重视并采取有效措施。     

人工流产妇女中家庭暴力现况研究

目的 了解我国北方部分城市人工流产妇女中家庭暴力的发生率、暴力类型和暴力的严重程度。方法 于2001年11月～2002年1月在天津、辽宁、河南及陕西的部分城市对1215名自愿要求人工流产的妇女进行横断面调查。结果 1215名人流妇女中有274名妇女报告曾遭受亲密伴侣(配偶／性伴侣)的家庭暴力，其发生率为22．6％；其中性暴力发生率为18．1％，躯体暴力发生率为7．8％，心理暴力发生率为3．0％。既往和本次妊娠期间家庭暴力的发生率分别为21．7％和7．0％。在受虐妇女中。46名妇女(16．8％)经常遭受暴力，偶尔和有时遭受暴力的妇女比例几乎相同(40．5％和42．7％)。大多数受虐妇女(77．0％)只遭受了1种类型的暴力，但有4．4％的受虐妇女曾遭受了心理、性和躯体3种类型的暴力。单纯的性暴力是人流妇女中最常见的暴力形式。其次为单纯的躯体暴力。结论 我国北方部分城市人流妇女中家庭暴力发生率较高。提示在人流妇女中进行家庭暴力的干预和提高医务人员对家庭暴力的认识和识别能力势在必行。     

大学校园暴力发生情况及危险因素分析

目的探讨大学校园暴力的发生情况及相关危险因素。方法以某省两所高校大学生为调查对象，对一年来校园暴力发生情况及相关因素进行匿名问卷调查。分析各类型暴力的发生率，并用多因素logistic回归分析暴力发生的危险因素。结果（1）共发放问卷5300份，得到有效问卷3910份，应答率73．77％。3910人中最近一年内发生校园暴力者703人，发生率为17．98％。其中，男生发生率为29．60％，女生发生率为7．27％。男生发生率高于女生（x^2=329．89，P=0．000）。（2）一年来男生受暴力发生率为28．00％，女生为7．27％。各受暴力类型中，威胁、勒索、情感虐待、躯体攻击、语言的性骚扰、躯体的性骚扰发生率，男生分别为18．03％、13．97％、10．77％、085％、0．48％；女生分别为3．64％、5．84％、1．38％、1．33％、1．13％。暴力来源主要为校内同学。（3）一年来男生施暴他人发生率为10．40％，女生为1．47％。施暴对象主要为校内同学。（4）多因素logistic回归分析结果表明，吸烟、饮酒、经常上网是遭受暴力（OR值分别为1．48、2．96、1．66）和施暴他人（OR值分别为2．92、1．88、2．09）的危险因素。结论大学校园暴力的发生率很高，一些危险因素也不容忽视，应积极采取干预措施预防校园暴力的发生。     

儿童期虐待与亲密伴侣暴力关系

目的通过研究儿童期不同形式虐待与其成人后亲密伴侣暴力的关系，为家庭暴力的心理干预提供科学的理论依据。方法采用自编《新婚夫妇婚前暴力调查表》和《儿童期虐待问卷》对湖南省长沙市2个社区领取结婚证愿意接受婚前暴力调查研究的291对新婚夫妇进行调查。结果受虐组的情感虐待因子分、躯体虐待因子分及量表总分高于非受虐组；女性受虐组的躯体虐待因子分和性虐待因子分高于非受虐组；男性受虐组的情感虐待因子分、躯体虐待因子分和情感忽视因子分均高于非受虐组。但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。2组间在受教育程度、职业、婚前有无同居史上差异有统计学意义（x^2=10．433，P=0．034；x^2=15．525。P=0．008；x^2=8．843。P=0．003）。结论儿童期情感虐待和躯体虐待对其成人后受虐有影响；女性儿童期躯体虐待和性虐待对其成人后受虐有影响；男性儿童期虐待对其成人后受虐无影响。亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）与受教育程度、职业、婚前同居史相关。     

中国农村地区已婚妇女家庭暴力发生情况及其相关知识调查

目的 了解中国农村地区已婚妇女家庭暴力发生情况及相关知识。方法 2004年11月至2005年1月，在吉林、安徽省和重庆市的人口基金项目县，采用多阶段容量比例抽样方法随机抽取25个乡镇，对3998名18岁及以上的已婚妇女进行问卷调查。结果 调查地区家庭暴力发生非常普遍，一生中总暴力、心理暴力、躯体暴力和性暴力的发生比例分别为64．8％、58．1％、29．7％和16．7％；调查前12个月中总暴力、心理暴力、躯体暴力和性暴力的发生比例分别为42．6％、37．2％、14．0％和7．7％。不同种类家庭暴力常常同时存在，将近1／3的妇女同时遭受2种或3种家庭暴力的伤害。调查妇女对家庭暴力的认识较差，75．2％的调查妇女对家庭暴力不了解，很多遭受过家庭暴力伤害的妇女对家庭暴力也一无所知，尤其是对心理暴力的知晓情况更差。结论 中国农村地区家庭暴力发生非常普遍，尤其是心理暴力，但已婚妇女对家庭暴力的了解还比较欠缺，需要引起有关部门的重视。     

包头市810名幼儿父母躯体暴力行为调查

目的了解包头市幼儿园儿童受父母躯体暴力伤害情况，为制定以社区为基础的反对儿童暴力干预策略提供科学依据。方法采用自填式问卷，对包头市810名幼儿园家长进行匿名调查。结果在被调查的810名幼儿家长中，在最近1a内有74．0％的家长对子女实施过躯体暴力，33．0％实施过非接触性体罚，68．9％实施过接触性躯体暴力；轻度躯体暴力报告率为67．3％，重度躯体暴力报告率为23．1％，没有幼儿受到极重度躯体暴力伤害的报告。重度躯体暴力伤害率因幼儿年龄不同而存在差异（X^2=9．005，P=0．029），男孩受重度躯体暴力伤害率显著高于女孩（X^2=16．759，P〈0．001）；不同年龄、不同性别幼儿受非接触性体罚、轻度躯体暴力伤害率差异均无统计学意义（X^2=0．084～4．828，P值均〉0．05）。结论被调查地区幼儿家庭内躯体暴力发生普遍，男童更易于受到重度躯体暴力伤害，     

家庭暴力与虐待行为：对临床医生培训的迫切性？

家庭暴力与虐待行为：对临床医生培训的迫切性？在一些有家庭暴力地区的妇科临床住院医生，将接受更多更全面的培训，以便对受暴力打击的病人予以帮助。调查员对８３个妇科诊所分类调查，询问关于人口统计学资料；关于家庭暴力发生率及对于现实教育的状况；针对家庭暴力行...     

中国北方城市妇女妊娠前、妊娠期及产后家庭暴力的调查

目的 探讨妊娠前、妊娠期及产后针对妇女的家庭暴力发生的现况以及相关的影响因素。方法 在天津市、河南省、辽宁省以及陕西省，采用分层整群抽样及面对面调查的方法，选择32个区，对有6～18月龄小儿的妇女进行调查，以了解她们妊娠前、妊娠期和产后家庭暴力的情况。采用SPSS软件进行分析。结果 中国北方部分地区妊娠前、妊娠期和产后家庭暴力总的发生率为12．6％，其中性暴力的发生率最高(8．0％)，心理暴力的发生率最低(3．5％)，躯体暴力发生率居中(5．6％)。妊娠前、妊娠期和产后家庭暴力的发生率分别为9．1％、4．3％和8．3％。进一步分析显示妊娠前发生家庭暴力则预示着妊娠期、产后很可能发生家庭暴力。单因素分析发现与家庭暴力相关的因素有：妇女和配偶的受教育程度低、结婚时间长、体力劳动者、个人月收入低、吸烟、饮酒。还发现妇女见到周围有人挨丈夫打的及夫妻关系不好者，发生家庭暴力的可能性大。结论 中国北方城市家庭暴力的发生率较高，应该引起足够的重视。对医务人员进行广泛深入的培训，以增强他们对家庭暴力的认识和反应，以及了解如何进行筛查和管理家庭暴力案例。     

701名女大学生儿童期性虐待回顾性调查

目的探讨成年女生儿童期性虐待危险因素及施虐者特征。方法用自编性虐待问题及家庭环境问卷，对某学院701名成年女生就有关儿童期受性虐待经历、家庭情况及施虐者特征进行不记名的回顾性调查。结果701名女生中有155人（22．1l％）回答18岁以前曾经历过非身体接触和／或身体接触的性虐待，其中26人（3．71％）经历被试图性交或肛交，8人（1．14％）经历被强行性交或肛交。有117人（16．69％）16岁以前曾经历过性虐待。施虐者大多数为男性（99．4％）；只有少数（3．2％）的施虐者采用了暴力手段；非身体接触性虐待主要由陌生人所为（78．7％），而71．3％的身体接触性虐待是由熟人所为，其中老师占12．5％，邻居占17．5％，亲戚占21．3％。父、母亲经常在家庭中使用暴力、有不良嗜好、体弱多病、家庭成员之间关系紧张及生活在重组家庭是儿童性虐待发生的危险因素，而父亲文化程度高是保护因素。结论儿童期性虐待问题在被调查的女生中并非少见，且家庭环境在儿童性虐待发生中起重要作用。     

Domestic violence and abuse, health status, and social functioning

BACKGROUND: Current and past history of domestic violence (DV), including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse is common among women patients seen in health care settings and is associated with a higher frequency of many health problems. However, the association of DV with self-assessed social functioning is less well known. METHODS: We administered a telephone survey to a random sample of 391 women HMO members seen for a routine annual check-up. The survey included questions about current and past physical, sexual, and emotional violence and self-assessed social functioning and health status from the SF-36. We included questions about attitudes toward routine DV screening, likelihood of disclosure, and the health care setting as a resource. RESULTS: Seven percent of the women reported recent DV and 34% reported lifetime abuse. Abuse was related to limitations in social functioning (adjusted OR = 2.26). Among women with no recent history of abuse, those with a history of past physical (adjusted OR = 1.90), sexual (adjusted OR = 2.04), or emotional (adjusted OR = 2.20) abuse reported significantly poorer social functioning. Emotional abuse, even in the absence of a history of physical or sexual abuse, was strongly associated with limitations in social functioning (adjusted OR = 4.95). Most women believed it appropriate for clinicians to inquire routinely about DV (87%) and 83% believed that the health care setting was a source of help. CONCLUSIONS: Current and past DV, including emotional abuse, adversely affect social functioning. Therefore, clinicians in the health care setting have a unique and important opportunity to assist women victims of DV and abuse.     

Wife abuse among women of childbearing age in Nicaragua.

OBJECTIVES: This study measured the prevalence, frequency, and severity of physical wife abuse and its risk factors in León, Nicaragua. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a representative sample of 488 women 15 to 49 years of age. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of spousal violence was 52% among ever-married women (n = 360). Spousal violence was significantly positively associated with poverty, parity, urban residence, and history of violence in the husband's family. No significant associations were found between spousal violence and women's age, education, marital dependency, or occupation. CONCLUSIONS: Wife abuse constitutes a major public health problem in Nicaragua, requiring urgent measures for prevention and treatment for victims.     

我国老年人支持子女状况与老年虐待的关系研究

目的 探讨我国老年人支持子女状况与老年虐待的关系,为防控老年虐待提供依据。方法 选取中华全国妇女联合会、国家统计局第三期中国妇女社会地位调查数据中7 159名年龄≥65岁的老年人,调查内容包括一般特征、支持子女状况以及老年虐待状况等。采用 χ²检验、logistic回归模型对老年人支持子女状况与老年虐待的关系进行分析。结果 老年虐待发生率为6.71%。不同支持子女状况的老年人遭受虐待的风险不同：控制混杂因素的影响后,与同时支持儿子和女儿的老年人相比,仅支持儿子、仅支持女儿、同时不支持儿子和女儿的老年人受虐风险更高,OR值（95%CI）分别为1.99（1.56～2.54）、2.07（1.51～3.79）和2.32（1.72～3.13）。支持子女的性别差异与老年人受虐风险不相关：仅支持儿子OR值为1.00,仅支持女儿OR值（95%CI）为1.04（0.63～1.71）。支持子女状况与老年虐待风险之间存在城乡差异。结论 我国老年虐待状况不容乐观,支持子女状况与老年虐待存在相关关系,对子女支持状况差的老年人受虐风险高。     

Domestic violence against women seeking induced abortion in China

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence, type and severity of domestic violence (DV), and determine the factors related to DV among women seeking induced abortion in China. A total of 1215 women seeking induced abortion were interviewed. The results show that the prevalence of DV among participants was 22.6%. The violence included 18.1% sexual abuse, 7.8% physical abuse and 3.0% emotional abuse. Among abused women, 46 (16.8%) experienced violence frequently; 4.4% experienced three types of violence (sexual, physical and emotional violence). The number of times of having induced abortion in the abused group was significantly higher than that in the nonabused group (p<.001). There is statistically significant association between the occurrence of DV and relevant factors including fear of partner, quarreling with partner, partner's economic control, receiving the cold shoulder from partner (p<.001, OR 1.8-2.5).     

Domestic violence is associated with adult and childhood asthma prevalence in India

BACKGROUND: Little is known on the influence of stressful psychosocial circumstances in predicting asthma. We examine the link between asthma prevalence and domestic violence (DV) in a nationally representative sample of adults and children in India. METHODS: Analyses were based on the 1998-99 cross-sectional nationally representative Indian National Family Health Survey administered in 92 486 households. Individual-level prevalence of asthma was the primary outcome for this study. Exposure to DV was based on women's self-report of DV. RESULTS: In adjusted models, women who experienced DV either recently or in the past were at greater risk of being asthmatic [odds ratio (OR) range 1.26-1.37], compared with those who did not report any abuse. In households where women reported to have experienced DV, asthma risk was higher for all individuals in those households (OR range 1.15-1.19). The association between household DV and individual risk for asthma was also observed in gender-stratified analysis, and also in age-stratified analysis, with strong association observed in age groups of under-five, 5-14, 15-24 and 25-44 years. CONCLUSIONS: We find a consistent association between being exposed to, and having experienced, DV and asthma prevalence. Stress-induced mechanisms, partially captured through violence and social circumstances, may be a critical explanatory link in furthering our understanding of the social disparities in asthma.     

The prevalence of domestic violence in volunteers for abortion and contraceptive research studies

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of domestic violence (DV) in research subjects has not been evaluated. In the general population, about 25% of women report DV. We hypothesize that participants in research studies would report similar rates of abuse to women in the general population and that subjects in abortion studies would report higher rates of abuse than women in other gynecologic studies. STUDY DESIGN: We included a modified abuse assessment questionnaire as a routine section of the medical history obtained for 256 women who were enrolling in abortion, contraceptive and other gynecologic research studies. Rates of reported recent or lifetime abuse, defined as physical or sexual violence, were compared for women in each study group by chi(2) analysis and Fisher's Exact Tests. A multivariable analysis with stepwise logistic regression was used to compare study groups. RESULTS: The overall rate of ever-experience DV was 18% for the study population. Lifetime rates of DV were 17%, 15% and 30% in women enrolling in abortion, contraceptive and other gynecologic research studies, respectively (p=.17). Abuse within the last 2 months was reported by 1%, 0% and 0% of women, respectively (p=.50). After controlling for age, race, ethnicity, gravity, parity and marital status, the rates of violence did not vary between study groups. CONCLUSION: We found the rates of DV in women who volunteer for research studies are similar to those reported for women in the general population. Subjects in abortion research studies do not report DV more frequently than women in contraceptive or other gynecologic studies.     

Domestic violence against women in India: A systematic review of a decade of quantitative studies

Domestic violence (DV) is prevalent among women in India and has been associated with poor mental and physical health. We performed a systematic review of 137 quantitative studies published in the prior decade that directly evaluated the DV experiences of Indian women to summarise the breadth of recent work and identify gaps in the literature. Among studies surveying at least two forms of abuse, a median 41% of women reported experiencing DV during their lifetime and 30% in the past year. We noted substantial inter-study variance in DV prevalence estimates, attributable in part to different study populations and settings, but also to a lack of standardisation, validation, and cultural adaptation of DV survey instruments. There was paucity of studies evaluating the DV experiences of women over age 50, residing in live-in relationships, same-sex relationships, tribal villages, and of women from the northern regions of India. Additionally, our review highlighted a gap in research evaluating the impact of DV on physical health. We conclude with a research agenda calling for additional qualitative and longitudinal quantitative studies to explore the DV correlates proposed by this quantitative literature to inform the development of a culturally tailored DV scale and prevention strategies.     

Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among hospital employees: prevalence, duration, and transmission to households.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and duration of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage among hospital employees and transmission to their households. DESIGN: A point-prevalence survey of MRSA carriage (nasal swabbing) of staff and patients throughout the hospital; a prevalence survey of MRSA carriage in 2 medical wards, with carriers observed to estimate carriage duration; and evaluation of transmission to MRSA-positive workers' families. All MRSA isolates were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. During the study, no MRSA outbreak was detected among hospitalized patients. SETTING: A 600-bed, public tertiary-care teaching hospital near Paris. RESULTS: Sixty MRSA carriers were identified among 965 healthcare providers (prevalence, 6.2%; CI95, 4.7%-7.7%). Prevalence was higher in staff from clinical wards than from elsewhere (9.0% vs 2.1%; P < .0001). Identity of isolates from employees and patients varied from 25% in medical wards to 100% in the long-term-care facility. MRSA carriage was identified in 14 employees from 2 medical wards (prevalence, 19.4%; CI95, 10.3%-28.5%). Prevalence depended on the length of service in these wards. Transmission to households was investigated in 10 MRSA-positive workers' families and was found in 4. All isolates from each family were identical. CONCLUSIONS: Few data are available concerning the prevalence of MRSA carriers among hospital employees in the absence of an outbreak among patients. MRSA transmission between patients and employees likely depends on the frequency and duration of exposure to MRSA-positive patients and infection control measures employed. Frequent transmission of MRSA from colonized healthcare workers to their households was documented.     

Food Security and Child Hunger among Recently Resettled Liberian Refugees and Asylum Seekers: A Pilot Study

Little is known about the food insecurity situation among families resettled into the United States as part of the refugee resettlement program. This paper reports on a pilot study examining food insecurity among recently arrived refugee families (n=33). Objectives were to evaluate the usefulness and feasibility of methods to assess the prevalence of food insecurity and child hunger, and to examine associations between child hunger and measures of socio-economic status and measures of acculturation. Results indicated that 85% of households were food insecure, and 42% experienced child hunger. Hunger was more likely to be indicated in households using foods stamps, with lower income, and lower education. Hunger was also more likely to be indicated in households where the primary shopper experienced difficulty shopping and with language. Results are in broad agreement with those reported in other studies and highlight economic and information barriers to achieving food security. These data suggest that further study of food insecurity is warranted among recently resettled refugee communities resettled in the United States.