解剖型钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨应用解剖型钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法采用切开复位解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折37例。结果37例均获随访,时间9～28个月。髋关节功能按Harris评分标准,优30例,良5例,差2例,优良率为94.6%。结论应用解剖型钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折操作简单方便,固定牢靠,可早期关节功能锻炼,是一种效果良好的内固定方法。     

经皮微创螺孔型股骨近端解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨经皮微创螺孔型股骨近端解剖型钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床价值。方法2005年11月～2008年4月,应用间接复位技术,通过建立骨折两端皮下隧道,采用螺孔型股骨近端解剖型钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折60例。根据术前术后X线片及术后髋关节功能、站立及行走等恢复情况评价内固定效果。结果60例随访9～33个月,平均24个月,根据黄公怡评定标准,优52例,良6例,差2例。结论治疗股骨转子间骨折方法多样,经皮微创螺孔型股骨近端解剖钢板是一种创新、优异的方法。     

股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨应用股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法应用闭合复位,经皮股骨近端锁定解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折46例。结果 46例均获6～18个月随访,平均12个月,均骨性愈合。髋关节功能按Harris评分标准,优38例,良6例,可2例,优良率为95.65%。结论应用锁定解剖钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折,操作简单,内固定牢靠,手术时间短,术中出血量少,可早期功能锻炼,有利于骨折愈合,是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的理想方法。     

股骨近端锁定钢板治疗不稳定股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨股骨近端锁定钢板治疗不稳定股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对27例不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用股骨近端锁定钢板内固定。结果 27例均获随访,时间4~18个月。1例出现髋内翻畸形。26例均获骨性愈合,愈合时间4~7个月。末次随访时髋关节功能按Harris评分标准评定:优14例,良9例,可3例,差1例。结论股骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗不稳定股骨转子间骨折具有创伤小、并发症少、内固定可靠、骨折愈合率高等优点,适用于不稳定型股骨转子间骨折,特别是伴有骨质疏松症患者。     

髋动力锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折29例

目的探讨老年股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法及其效果。方法髋动力锁定解剖钢板治疗老年患者股骨转子间骨折进行回顾性分析。结果29例患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染。随访27例,随访时间6～20个月,平均9．2个月,骨折愈合良好25例,占92．59％。结论髋动力锁定解剖钢板是治疗股骨转子间骨折,尤其是粉碎性及骨质疏松性骨折的理想方法。     

锁定加压钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨和总结锁定钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法自2005年6月至2008年2月应用锁定加压钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折28例,按AO分类,A 1型10例,A 2型7例,A 3型11例。结果术后随访6～20个月,平均11个月。参照黄公怡评分标准进行评价,优14例,良12例,差2例,优良率为92.7%。1例髋内翻畸形25°,1例畸形愈合伴下肢短缩2.5 cm。结论锁定加压钢板组合使用常规和锁定螺丝钉内固定方法,是治疗股骨转子间骨折的优良方法,尤其适用于粉碎性骨折和骨质疏松患者。     

解剖型钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨解剖型钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法 2001年1月～2003年12月使用德国Link公司生产的解剖型钢板治疗老年股骨转子间闭合骨折35例，A0分型Al型11例、A2型17例、A3型7例，对手术情况、疗效进行回顾性分析总结。结果 35例患者中，优31例，良2例，差2例，优良率94．2％。运用解剖型钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折取得良好的临床效果。结论 解剖型钢板治疗时创伤小，手术灵活，易取得成功，适用于老年股骨转子间骨折的治疗。     

股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的评价股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对39例老年股骨转子间患者采用股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板内固定,术后第2天开始行CPM机被动活动髋关节及膝关节的功能锻炼和直腿抬高及屈伸踝关节的主动锻炼。结果 39例均获随访,时间8~18个月,其中1例在随访5个月时因其它疾病死亡。38例骨折均骨性愈合,疗效评定按创伤髋评定标准（Sander标准）：优19例,良17例,可2例,优良率为92.31%。未发生断钉、脱钉、钢板松动、断板及髋内翻、关节僵直等并发症。结论股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板对股骨转子间骨折具有内固定坚强、允许早期活动、预防关节僵直、有利于骨折愈合等优点,治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效较好。     

DCS治疗股骨转子下伴转子间骨折

目的 :探讨股骨转子下伴转子间骨折 (Seinsheimer分型Ⅴ型 )的治疗方法和疗效。方法 :从 1999年 7月～2 0 0 2年 9月应用 95°髁动力加压钢板 (DynamicCondylarScrewDCS)治疗 2 4例股骨转子下伴转子间骨折 ,手术均在伤后5～ 7d进行 ,术前常规胫骨结节骨牵引 ,对手术方法及疗效进行总结和随访。结果 :2 4例均获得随访 ,时间 5～ 4 3个月 ,平均 11个月 ;2 2例术后 4～ 6个月达骨性愈合 ;1例术后 1a骨折仍未愈合 ;另 1例术后 5个月钢板螺丝钉断裂 ;术后 6～ 8周逐步负重 ;按黄公怡关节功能标准评定 ,髋关节功能优良 2 2例 ,占 91%。结论 :DCS治疗股骨转子下伴转子间骨折具有手术创伤小 ,固定牢固 ,并发症少 ,术后早期活动等优点 ,是治疗股骨转子下伴转子间骨折的理想方法 ;特别是伴有梨状窝和小转子均骨折为首选内固定材料     

老年股骨转子间骨折内固定失败后的二次手术治疗

目的 探讨老年股骨转子间骨折内固定失败的原因及二次手术治疗方法. 方法 2002年8月至2010年3月共收治22例老年股骨转子间骨折内固定失败患者,男13例,女9例;年龄66～87岁,平均74.6岁.原始骨折根据改良Evans分型:ⅠB型1例,ⅡA型5例,ⅡB型7例,Ⅲ型8例,逆转子间骨折1例.首次内固定方式:动力髋螺钉(DHS)9例,动力髁螺钉(DCS)4例,锁定钢板2例,股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)2例,Gamma钉5例.内固定失败时间平均为5.6个月(1.4～8.0个月).二次手术改行髋关节置换术8例,应用PFN 3例,股骨近端防旋交锁髓内钉7例,DHS 1例,DCS 3例.结果 内固定失败原因:螺钉松脱或折断7例,头颈钉切割2例,髋内翻7例,骨折再移位3例,骨折不愈合2例,股骨头坏死1例.22例患者术后获8 ～26个月(平均13.7个月)随访.末次随访时髋关节Harris评分由术前平均22分(11 ～36分)提高至85分(72 ～93分).再次内固定患者骨折均获骨性愈合,愈合时间平均为5.9个月(4 ～7个月). 结论 老年股骨转子间骨折内固定失败多因内固定方式选择不当、技术应用失误等因素所致.根据股骨转子部后内侧结构的稳定性、骨折愈合状况及骨质疏松程度等,合理选择内固定更换或髋关节置换术治疗,老年股骨转子间骨折内固定失败后仍可获得良好疗效.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.