鼻咽癌翼腭窝侵犯的MR影像分析

目的:探讨鼻咽癌翼腭窝侵犯的MRI特征,分析肿瘤组织侵犯翼腭窝及经翼腭窝向周围组织侵犯的途径.方法:回顾性分析61例经病理证实的鼻咽癌伴翼腭窝侵犯患者MRI片,研究其鼻咽部病变、翼腭窝受累情况及其侵犯途径.结果:61例鼻咽癌翼腭窝侵犯中共有65侧病变.最常见翼腭窝受累的MRI表现是翼腭窝破坏、正常形态消失,翼腭窝内异常强化软组织肿块影(39侧),其次为翼腭窝正常或扩大(形态尚在)、翼腭窝正常脂肪信号影消失,被异常软组织影取代(19侧)以及翼腭窝扩大伴上颌神经的异常强化增粗(7侧).61例翼腭窝受累病例中,有33例(54%)合并海绵窦侵犯,17例(28%)侵犯蝶窦,12例(20%)侵犯破裂孔,5例(8%)侵犯眶下裂、2例(3%)卵圆孔受累.7例(11%)出现上颌神经侵犯.结论:翼腭窝受累最易合并海绵窦、蝶窦和破裂孔侵犯.沿上颌神经侵犯是鼻咽癌侵犯翼腭窝的一条重要途径.MRI能有效、准确评价鼻咽癌侵犯翼腭窝及其向周围组织侵犯的情况,对临床治疗方案的选择及预后评估具有重要的价值.     

鼻咽癌鼻咽后部筋膜间隙受累的影像学分析

目的:分析鼻咽癌鼻咽后部筋膜间隙受累的影像学表现,探讨椎前肌侵犯与颅底枕骨侵犯的相关性。方法:搜集行鼻咽及颈部MRI检查且未经治疗的新发鼻咽癌患者152例,总结其病变周围组织结构侵犯的规律,并结合文献分析鼻咽癌鼻咽后部筋膜间隙受累的相关性。结果:鼻咽癌鼻咽周围组织结构侵犯以椎前肌(62.50%,95/152)最常见,其次为咽旁间隙(52.63%,80/152)、颅底枕骨(36.84%,56/152)、翼内肌(30.92%,47/152)、海绵窦(14.47%,22/152)、翼外肌(9.87%,15/152)。经Spearman相关性分析,鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移与椎前肌侵犯rs=-0.088,P=0.283,两者无相关性;鼻咽癌椎前肌侵犯与颅底枕骨侵犯rs=0.507,P<0.001,两者存在相关性。结论:鼻咽癌椎前肌及颅底枕骨具有高侵犯率并存在相关性;两者受侵对预后是否具有相似的临床意义需进一步研究。     

多层螺旋CT灌注成像对鼻咽癌T分期的价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT灌注成像(MSCTP)对鼻咽癌(NPC)T分期的价值.方法 对病理证实的46例NPC患者行MSCTP及常规CT扫描,对照分析二者在诊断NPC周围结构侵犯及T分期上的差异性.结果 MSCTP在诊断NPC茎突前间隙侵犯方面优于常规CT(P＜0.05),在诊断软腭侵犯、颈椎前软组织侵犯、颈动脉鞘区部分侵犯及翼突区侵犯方面明显优于常规CT(P＜0.01);MSCTP与常规CT对NPC的T1、T2和T3 分期诊断结果均存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 与常规CT比较,MSCTP对鼻咽癌T分期诊断具有重要价值.     

MRI与CT在鼻咽癌诊断中的应用价值及分期系统比较

目的 评价MRI与CT检查在鼻咽癌诊断中的应用价值,并对鼻咽癌2008年分期、1992年福州分期及2002年国际抗癌联盟(UICC)分期系统进行比较.方法 分析76例鼻咽癌初诊患者MRI和CT影像资料,依据2008年分期以MRI为标准,评价MRI与CT对鼻咽癌新分期的差异.并以MRI为标准,比较鼻咽癌不同分期系统间的差异.MRI与CT对肿瘤侵犯范围比较采用McNemar法检验.结果 MRI判断鼻咽癌翼内肌(22例)、翼外肌(15例)、颅底(35例)及颅内(11例)侵犯方面与CT(分别为24、11、32、6例)存在差异,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05);MRI在判断咽旁间隙侵犯(50例)、咽后组淋巴结转移(48例)、T1期(18例)、T2期(15例)、N0期(18例)、N1期(33例)上,与CT(分别为61、23、11、22、24、27例)不一致者分别为11例、25例、7例、7例、6例及6例,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CT多显示的11例咽旁间隙侵犯,MRI证实5例为咽旁间隙受压,6例为咽后组淋巴结转移,而MRI较CT共多显示咽后组淋巴结转移25例,以上2点为引起T、N分期差异的主要原因.鼻咽癌2008年分期与1992年分期比较,T分期上升9例,下降1例,N分期上升16例,临床分期上升15例,下降1例;与2002年UICC分期比较,T分期上升7例,N分期上升10例,临床分期上升12例.结论 与鼻咽癌2008分期规定的MR检查比较,CT在显示病变咽旁间隙侵犯及咽后组淋巴结转移方面存在较大差异.相对于1992年分期及2002年UICC分期,鼻咽癌2008分期主要使肿瘤T、N分期上升、临床分期上升.     

MRI在鼻咽癌肿瘤分期中的价值

目的 :探讨MRI在鼻咽癌 (NPC)肿瘤分期中的价值。方法 :回顾性分析了 2 4 0例经病理证实的NPC ,MRI平扫后增强扫描并加扫冠状扫描和矢状面。结果 :依NPC浸润方式分为内外、前后、上下 6个方向对肿瘤行MRI分期 :T1期 (向内 ) :肿瘤局限在鼻咽壁 2 5例 ;T2期 (向外和向后 )侵及咽旁浅间隙 80例 ,侵及咽旁深间隙 37例 ,侵及咽后间隙 2 6例 ;T3期 (向前和向下 )侵及鼻腔、上颌窦、蝶窦和口咽 4 4例 ;T4期 (向上侵及颅底、颅内 ) 2 8例。结论 :MRI有助于鼻咽癌的诊断和准确肿瘤分期。     

鼻咽癌原发灶及其侵犯方向(附198例CT分析)

本文分析了198例经临床和病理组织学证实的鼻咽癌(下称NPC)治疗前的CT表现,认为其主要CT特点为:1、咽壁不规则增厚,甚至形成肿块向鼻咽腔内突入,使鼻咽腔变形变小。2、咽隐窝和/或咽鼓管咽口变浅、闭塞、隆起。3、肿瘤向外侵犯,累及咽旁软组织间隙使各间隙的脂肪消失,呈现双侧不对称性改变。4、颅底和/或鼻咽周围骨质破坏。5、颈深上淋巴结肿大,其中有71.6％与受累的颈动脉鞘区同侧。分析了癌瘤的侵犯方向、颈动脉鞘区受累与颈部肿块的关系,认为该区受累对肿瘤的临床分期有着十分重要的作用。     

MRI在鼻咽癌TNM分期中的价值

目的:探讨鼻咽癌侵犯周围组织的MRI表现及其临床价值。方法:搜集经病理证实的200例鼻咽癌的MRI资料,分析其MRI表现特征及相关病理改变,以提高诊断水平。结果:鼻咽癌MRI表现如下:151例呈长T1长T2信号,49例呈等T1等T2信号。侵犯鼻腔12例,口咽40例,茎突前间隙75例,茎突后间隙42例,上颌窦5例,蝶窦30例,岩尖23例,枕骨斜坡32例,淋巴结92例,腮腺4例,腭帆提肌和腭帆张肌140例,翼外肌21例,翼内肌23例,头长肌68例,颈长肌42例,颞肌1例,舌根4例,海绵窦13例,硬膜4例。188例放疗后复查MRI,177例有不同程度好转,11例病灶未见明显变化。结论:MRI可以清晰显示鼻咽部肿块、邻近结构的侵犯和颈部淋巴结转移,在鼻咽癌的诊断和分期中有重要价值,在鼻咽癌放疗后的随访及疗效评价中,也发挥着不可取代的作用。     

1100例鼻咽癌的CT表现

目的:分析鼻咽癌原发肿瘤的CT表现,探讨鼻咽癌原发肿瘤的侵犯规律。方法:分析1991年～2006年有完整临床及CT资料且经病理证实的鼻咽癌1100例,男807例,女293例,年龄11～85岁,平均年龄48岁。由二位有经验的影像诊断科医生对CT资料进行分析,分析鼻咽癌原发肿瘤侵犯部位、范围,尤其是肿瘤与颅底及颈部诸间隙的关系。将所有资料输入SPSS11.5统计软件系统,对相关资料进行统计学处理。结果:1100例中,Ⅰ型(鼻咽腔内生长)336例(30.54%),Ⅱ型(邻近超腔生长)317例(28.82%),Ⅲ型(远腔生长)447例(40.64%)。445例侵犯颅底结构,占全部病例的40.45%。其中蝶窦侵犯比例最高,为330例(30%),其次分别为破裂孔293例(26.64%)、翼突276例(25.09%)、翼管268例(24.36%)、斜坡226例(20.55%)、翼腭窝205例(18.64%)、卵圆孔201例(18.27%)、棘孔195例(17.73%)、海绵窦154例(14%)、眶下裂147例(13.36%)、岩枕缝137例(12.45%)等。205例共228侧翼腭窝受侵,肿瘤经蝶腭孔侵入143例161侧(70.61%)。鼻咽癌侵犯翼腭窝后肿瘤侵及眶下裂144侧(63.16%)、经眶下裂侵及眶尖44侧(19.30%)、眶上裂28侧(12.28%)、海绵窦27侧(11.84%)、侵及圆孔91侧(39.91%)。结论:鼻咽与颅底贴邻,容易破坏颅底结构并经颅底孔道侵入颅内。蝶窦侵犯比例最高,其次分别为破裂孔、翼突、翼管、斜坡、翼腭窝、卵圆孔、棘孔、海绵窦、眶下裂等。鼻咽癌容易侵犯翼腭窝,受侵后需注意观察肿瘤是否通过与其相连的管道结构向周围蔓延,尤其需注意翼腭窝受侵后通过眶下裂侵犯眶尖、眶上裂、海绵窦。     

轴位CT扫描上枕前软组织增宽对鼻咽癌的诊断意义

作者复习了60例活检证实的鼻咽癌(NPC)CT扫描,全部显示侧隐窝变浅,说明其侧隐窝起源。65%咽旁脂肪间隙闭塞或外移;48%向上经颅底侵入颅内,常表现蝶窦混浊,海绵窦侵犯和颅底骨质破坏,以蝶骨、斜坡、破裂孔、中颅窝和颈静脉孔较常受累。向后侵犯咽后间隙(40%)和枕前间隙(15%);向前侵犯嚼肌间隙;向外侵犯腮腺间隙和颈动脉间隙;向下侵犯扁桃体,但较少见。3例双侧侧隐窝变浅,但无咽旁间隙侵犯,此3例枕前软组织均有增宽,分别为15、18和20mm,余57例枕前软组织厚度为4～30mm,平均14.7mm。另68例鼻咽活检阴性者,虽可见侧隐窝变浅或闭塞,     

鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结的转移规律MR分析

目的:应用磁共振研究鼻咽癌咽后淋巴结转移的分布规律。方法:根据鼻咽癌患者的磁共振影像资料,分析咽后淋巴结转移位置,以及与肿瘤侵犯部位、临床分期的关系。结果:62例患者中,47例(75.8%)有IIb区淋巴结转移,39例(62.9%)有咽后淋巴结转移。总共检测到60个转移性咽后淋巴结,其中心、上界和下界的位置分别如下:枕骨水平4个(6.7%),17个(28.3%),3个(5.0%);第一颈椎水平:45个(75.0%),40个(66.7%),33个(55.0%);第二颈椎水平:11个(16.7%),3个(5.0%),21个(35.0%);第三颈椎水平:0个(0%),0个(0%),3个(5.0%)。咽后淋巴结的转移与咽旁间隙、椎前肌肉、口咽、鼻腔、颅底骨质、副鼻窦、海绵窦等部位的侵犯无关。结论:鼻咽癌患者IIb区淋巴结转移率最高,其次是咽后淋巴结。咽后淋巴结转移率从第一到第三颈椎水平逐渐降低。咽后淋巴结转移与T分期无关,与侵犯部位无关。     

MRI in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma

In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the MRI features of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in 72 patients who underwent MRI before and after gadolinium injection. Recurrent NPC exhibited a high degree of regional spread and a variety of signal intensities and contours. MRI showed a nasopharyngeal mass in 50 patients (69.4 %); other sites of involvement included the parapharyngeal space (44.4 %), nasal cavity (12.5 %), paranasal sinuses (27.8 %), oropharynx (4.2 %), orbit (8.3 %), infratemporal fossa (18.1 %), skull base (59.8 %), intracranial area (51.4 %) and regional lymph nodes (15.3 %). On T2-weighted images, the nasopharyngeal mass gave high signal in 9 of 50 cases (18 %), intermediate in 27 (54 %), mixed in 8 (16 %) and low signal in 6 (12 %). Contrast enhancement was strong in 12 cases (24 %), moderate in 29 (58 %) and heterogeneous in 9 (18 %). The lesion was convex in 31 cases (62 %) and concave or straight in 19 (38 %). Recognition of the distribution and the appearance of recurrent NPC on MRI is essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Received: 20 August 1998 Accepted: 2 February 1999     

CT在鼻咽癌放疗后上行侵犯复发诊断中的价值

目的分析鼻咽癌放射治疗后上行侵犯复发的CT表现，旨在提高对本病的诊断水平。方法收集鼻咽癌放疗后到我院CT随访并有上行复发的患者16例，对其CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果CT表现为单纯性侵犯颅底复发5例，咽壁周围及颅底骨同时复发9例，咽壁、颅底骨同时复发并颅内侵犯2例。当侵犯蝶骨体、圆孔及破裂孔、海绵窦时，尤以冠状位显示为佳。结论CT检查是确定鼻咽癌放疗后有无上行侵犯复发的重要方法，对临床诊断和治疗有指导作用。     

144例鼻咽癌常规放疗后鼻窦炎发生的因素分析

目的 探讨鼻咽癌患者常规放疗后鼻窦炎的发生情况及其影响因素。方法 回顾分析本院2000—2005年收治的放疗前无鼻窦炎而放疗后发生鼻窦炎的144例鼻咽癌患者资料,并就其影响因素进行分析。鼻窦炎的诊断用MRI法。T₁+T₂期82例,T₃+T₄期62例。鼻腔受侵58例,无鼻腔受侵86例。鼻咽灶为面颈联合野6 MV X线常规分割照射68~78 Gy, 6~8周,其中>70 Gy 55例、≤70 Gy 89例。颈部为6 MV X线+高能电子线照射,淋巴结阳性者64~74 Gy, 6~8周;阴性者50~54 Gy, 4~5周。结果 全组患者放疗后鼻窦炎总的发生率为86.8%(125例),其中T₃+T₄期的高于T₁+T₂期的,分别为94%(58例)和82%(67例),差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.32, P<0.05);鼻咽灶剂量>70 Gy的高于≤70 Gy的,分别为95%(52例)和82%(73例),差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.65, P<0.05) ;鼻腔受侵的高于未受侵的,分别为95%(55例)和81%(70例),差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.46, P<0.05)。鼻窦炎发生在放疗后3、6、12、>12个月的比例不同,分别占13.6%(17例)、31.2%(39例)、48.8%(61例)及6.4%(8例),差异有统计学意义(χ²=70.48, P<0.01)。结论 鼻咽癌患者常规放疗后鼻窦炎的发生率较高,并在1年内达最高峰;鼻腔有无侵犯、鼻咽照射剂量和T分期与放疗后鼻窦炎的发生有关。     

MRI of local disease in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: tumour extent vs tumour stage

The purpose was to use MRI to study in detail local tumour extension in patients presenting with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to compare the extent of local disease with the current T-stage classification. MR images of 150 patients with newly diagnosed nasopharyngeal carcinoma were obtained on a 1.5 T unit. 10 extranasopharyngeal sites were analysed for tumour involvement. The number of concurrently involved sites was determined. The extent of tumour invasion was compared with staging as defined by the fifth edition of the AJCC classification. The T-stage distribution was T1 21%, T2 16%, T3 41% and T4 22%. The frequencies of tumour invasion into an individual site, and the mean number of other concurrently involved sites were as follows: skull base 63%, 3.9 sites; parapharyngeal 56%, 3.9 sites; nasal cavity 53%, 4.0 sites; oropharyngeal 17%, 5.2 sites; sphenoid sinus 27%, 5.6 sites; cranium 21%, 5.7 sites; infratemporal fossa 2%, 6.3 sites; ethmoid sinus 14%, 6.5 sites; orbit 5%, 7.0 sites; maxillary sinus 5%, 7.1 sites; and hypopharynx 0%, 0 sites. Extranasopharyngeal extension commonly occurred superiorly into the skull base rather than inferiorly to the oropharynx (p < 0.0001). Anatomical sites defined within the same T-stage category had different frequencies of involvement and different frequencies of concurrently involved sites. Oropharyngeal involvement (T2 stage) was associated with a number of concurrently involved sites comparable to structures in the T3 category. Maxillary and ethmoid sinus involvement (T3 stage) were associated with a number of involved sites comparable to the T4 stage. Invasion of the maxillary antrum and orbit are markers of the most bulky form of NPC.     

鼻咽癌咀嚼肌间隙侵犯的MRI表现

目的：探寻鼻咽癌咀嚼肌间隙侵犯的各种MRI表现。方法：100例病理确诊无远处转移NPC病例放疗前MRI检查。结果：100例中咀嚼肌间隙受侵犯58例。按咀嚼肌间隙侵犯途径及各部分受侵情况分为由内向外侵犯53例：翼内肌侵犯53例,翼内肌及间隙受侵33例,翼内外肌受侵21例,翼肌及颞肌受侵2例,翼肌、颞肌及咬肌受侵1例。经咽颅底筋膜与中颅窝底之间隙直接侵犯翼外肌3例;肿大淋巴结侵犯颞肌及咬肌各1例。按信号改变分为同时表现为T1WI信号降低,T2WI信号升高,增强后异常强化47例;MRI平扫未显示,仅增强后异常强化11例。结论：咀嚼肌间隙侵犯一般沿从内到外的途径。MRI咀嚼肌间隙侵犯的主要表现为T1WI信号降低,T2WI信号升高及增强后异常强化。     

Magnetic resonance imaging features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and nasopharyngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Are there differences?

Purpose

To describe differences in the primary tumour and distribution of cervical lymphadenopathy for cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and nasopharyngeal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NPNHL) using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Materials and methods

MR images of patients with NPC (n = 272) and NPNHL (n = 118) were independently reviewed by two experienced radiologists.

Results

NPC had a higher incidence of tumour invasion associated with the levator and tensor muscles of the velum palatine, the longus colli and medial pterygoid muscles, the base of the pterygoid process, the clivus, the base and greater wing of the sphenoid bone, the petrous apex, the foramen lacerum, the foramen ovale, the hypoglossal canal, and intracranial infiltration. In contrast, NPNHL had a higher incidence of tumour invasion associated with the hypopharynx, the palatine and lingual tonsils, as well as the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses. NPNHL also had a higher incidence of extensive and irregular bilateral lymphadenopathy, and lymphadenopathy in the parotid.

Conclusions

NPC more often involved an unsymmetrical tumour with a propensity to invade both widely and deeply into muscle tissue, the fat space, the neural foramen, and the skull base bone. In contrast, NPNHL tended to be a symmetrical and diffuse tumour with a propensity to spread laterally through the fat space and along the mucosa to the tonsils of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. These differences facilitate a differentiation of these diseases using MR images, and enhance our understanding of the biological behavior of these malignant tumours of the nasopharynx.     

CT冠状位扫描对诊断鼻咽癌侵犯颅底的价值

目的　探讨CT冠状位扫描 (简称“冠扫”)对诊断鼻咽癌 (NPC)侵犯颅底的价值。方法　将经病理证实的 186例NPC之CT轴位扫描 (轴扫 )与冠扫颅底情况进行回顾性对照分析。结果　 186例NPC中 ,98例 (占 5 2 .7% )经轴扫与冠扫均未见颅底侵犯 ;5例 ( 2 .7% )轴扫未见颅底异常而经冠扫发现其受侵 ;2 5例 ( 13.4% )轴扫可疑颅底受侵而经冠扫肯定侵犯 9例 ,排除 16例 ;2 3例 ( 12 .3% )轴扫见明显颅底侵犯而经冠扫见范围更广、程度更深的侵犯 ;35例 ( 18.8% )轴扫与冠扫颅底受侵情况一致。结论　CT冠扫对诊断NPC有无颅底侵犯以及侵犯部位、范围和程度有重要价值 ,只有将轴、冠扫紧密结合才能得出全面、客观的结论     

CT冠状位扫描对诊断鼻咽癌侵犯颅底的价值

目的　探讨CT冠状位扫描 (简称“冠扫”)对诊断鼻咽癌 (NPC)侵犯颅底的价值。方法　将经病理证实的 186例NPC之CT轴位扫描 (轴扫 )与冠扫颅底情况进行回顾性对照分析。结果　 186例NPC中 ,有 98例 (占 5 2 7% )经轴扫与冠扫均未见颅底侵犯 ;5例 (2 7% )轴扫未见颅底异常而经冠扫发现其受侵 ;2 5例 (13 4 % )轴扫可疑颅底受侵而经冠扫肯定侵犯 9例 ,排除 16例 ;2 3例 (12 3% )轴扫见明显颅底侵犯而经冠扫见范围更广、程度更深的侵犯 ;35例 (18 8% )轴扫与冠扫颅底受侵情况一致。结论　CT冠扫对诊断NPC有无颅底侵犯以及侵犯部位、范围和程度有重要价值 ,只有将轴、冠扫紧密结合才能得出全面、客观的结论     

Clinical significance of cranial nerve deficit in the therapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

The results of radiation treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have recently been improved, but the prognosis remains relatively poor in cases with cranial nerve (CN) involvement. A total of 109 cases with histologically-proven NPC and cranial nerve involvement treated during 1979-1985 were reviewed and analysed. Definitive radiotherapy (RT) was given to patients with a high upper margin of the RT field at 2.5 cm above the base of the skull to a total dose of 70.2 Gy/39 fractions/8 weeks, with two applications of intranasopharyngeal brachytherapy. There were 37 cases (34%) in Group I (upward invasion only) and 72 cases (66%) in Group II (bidirectional invasion). Abducens, trigeminal, oculomotor and facial were the commonly involved nerves. Headache was the major symptom at diagnosis and was present in 82.6% of the patients, significantly higher than in general NPC cases (p less than 0.005). Fifty per cent (31/62) achieved complete response to definitive RT, but it did not correlate well with survival rate. The residual neurological deficit of each CN ranged from 31 to 57%. The actuarial 5-year survival rates of Groups I and II were similar in spite of neck lymph node metastasis in Group II (33% (I) compared with 24% (II); p greater than 0.05). Cases with single CN deficit did not show better results than those with multiple CN involvements. Five-year survivors were seen only in those who received a complete course of definitive RT.