医疗保险制度的公平性研究

社会医疗保险的公平性是一个国家社会医疗保险制度建设过程中必须要考虑的重要方面.文章介绍了社会医疗保险公平性的涵义及内容、医疗保险不公平现象产生的原因,重点探讨了医疗保险公平性的评价指标方法以及提高社会医疗保险公平性的途径.     

关于补充医疗保险若干问题的探讨

《国务院关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》（国发〔１９９８〕４４号）（以下简称《决定》）指出：“为了不降低一些特定行业职工现有的医疗消费水平，在参加基本医疗保险的基础上，作为过渡措施，允许建立企业补充医疗保险”。我们就补充医疗保险谈一些看法，以便共同研讨。一、对补充医疗保险概念的理解补充医疗保险是在基本医疗保险基础上建立的、主要解决超基本医疗保险范围医疗费用的各种社会性医疗保险措施的总称。企业补充医疗保险、医疗互助基金（或称大病互助基金）、商业性医疗保险和医疗再保险等都属于补充医疗保险的范…     

城镇职工补充医疗保险发展策略研究

本文在评估分析国内外补充医疗保险发展状况的基础上，对补充医疗保险的性质和功能进行探讨，并提出城镇职工补充医疗保险的框架和发展策略的初步设想。     

厦门市职工补充医疗保险的做法及体会

我市职工补充医疗保险已伴随着职工基本医疗保险走过了两个医保年度。在这两个医保年度中,补充医疗保险发挥了积极的作用,深得广大参保单位和参保职工的欢迎,得到了国务院领导和国家医改办的肯定,切实解决了职工大病再治疗问题。职工补充医疗保险是职工基本医疗保险的延续和发展,是职工基本医疗保险制度改革的一种新尝试。但是,职工补充医疗保险在执行过程中仍存在着许多问题和不足,有待今后改革中不断完善。一、我市医保第一个年度的基本情况１、职工投保情况１９９７年７月１日～１９９８年６月３０日,全市参保单位３３９９个,总…     

澳大利亚私人医疗保险面临的挑战与未来走向

本文介绍了澳大利亚私人医疗保险的特点，分析了其当前面临的问题与挑战，进一步指出澳大利亚私人医疗保险的未来走向：实施多样化费率，提高私人医疗保险吸引力；建立有效的买方／卖方制约模式；完善再保险制度、税收制度和储备金制度，提高竞争的公平性。     

甘肃省补充医疗保险问题初探

城镇职工基本医疗保险制度运行后，补充医疗保险引起了广泛的关注，本文对补充医疗保险问题进行了初步的探讨。补充医疗保险属于社会保险的范畴。我国已出现的补充医疗保险的形式有：国家对公务员实行的医疗补助、社会医疗保险机构开展的补充医疗保险、商业保险公司开办的补充医疗保险。建立补充医疗保险的直接目的在于，解决职工超过医疗保险统筹基金最高支付限额以上部分的医疗费用问题。一个地区补充医疗保险制度的建立情况将直接影响到整个医疗保险制度改革是否能够顺利推进，补充医疗保险必须接受政府宏观政策的指导和制约，国家对补充医疗保险应进行宏观调控。     

对建立企业补充医疗保险的构想

企业补充医疗保险是对基本医疗保险起补充作用的一种医疗保障制度 ,是多层次的医疗保障体系的重要组成部分。目前 ,在实施基本医疗保险制度的统筹地区 ,大都同步建立了大额医疗费用互助制度 ,逐步落实了公务员医疗补助政策 ,但在建立企业补充医疗保险方面却相对滞后 ,致使一些现有医疗消费水平较高的特定行业和企业不愿参加基本医疗保险 ,即使参保了 ,也会因当地企业补充医疗保险政策不到位而产生一些意见 ,尽快出台并实施企业补充医疗保险办法已刻不容缓。一、建立企业补充医疗保险的条件、筹资与管理１．既然是对基本医疗保险的补充 ,建立…     

补充医疗保险若干问题的探讨

《国务院关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》（国发［１９９８］４４号）（以下简称《决定》）指出：“为了不降低一些特定行业职工现有的医疗消费水平,在参加基本医疗保险的基础上,作为过渡措施,允许建立企业补充医疗保险”。本文笔者就补充医疗保险谈一些个人不成熟的看法,供同仁参考。１　补充医疗保险的概念补充医疗保险是在基本医疗保险之外存在、发展,并对社会成员起补充作用的各种社会性医疗保险措施的总称。企业补充医疗保险、医疗互助基金（或称大病互助基金）、商业性医疗保险和医疗再保险等都属于补充医疗保险的范畴…     

医院和医疗保险的经济分析

随着医疗卫生体制改革的深入，应对老龄化危机，降低不断提高的医疗服务费用，提高医疗服务质量，提高医疗服务可及性和公平性，是我们面对的现实问题。医院是提供医疗卫生服务的场所，也是提供医疗卫生服务的主体单位，了解医院的经济学特性和组织特点，有利于我们对在市场经济环境下的医院行为有所了解，为卫生体制改革和医疗保险改革提供理论依据。     

补充医疗保险与主体医疗保险的衔接研究

该着重分析了补充医疗保险与主体医疗保险衔接的基础,补充医疗保险与主体医疗保险衔接的空间,补充医疗保险与主体医疗保险衔接的态势。作认为补充医疗保险形式目前没有统一的模式,各地应从实际出发进行探索和试验,不断总结经验和完善提高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.