骨恶性肿瘤临床治疗疗效分析

目的探讨恶性骨肿瘤临床治疗效果.方法 23例原发骨组织恶性肿瘤,15例骨转移瘤,分别于术前10～15 d作全身化疗,3～7 d作化疗药物介入灌注与肿瘤血管栓塞治疗,在此基础上进行肿瘤切除重建,并于术后作一个周期全身化疗.结果原发性骨恶性肿瘤5年成活率为78.30%(18/23),转移性骨肿瘤5年成活率为52.28%(8/15).结论术前全身化疗有利于杀灭体循环血管内微小瘤栓;局部化疗药物介入灌注与肿瘤血管栓塞能最大限度杀灭肿瘤及其侵袭周边的肿瘤细胞;强调无瘤原则下切除肿瘤完成肢体重建或进行截肢术;而术后全身化疗对可能残存瘤细胞起到加强杀灭作用.     

肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞与全身静脉化疗治疗结肠癌肝转移疗效比较

目的比较经肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞与全身静脉化疗治疗结肠癌肝转移的疗效,旨在为临床制定合理治疗方案提供依据。方法回顾性分析60例临床分期相同的结肠癌肝转移患者资料,按化疗方法将其分为肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞组及全身静脉化疗组,每组30例。两组均采用FOLFOX方案化疗,治疗前后行CT检查、血常规、肝肾功能。分析比较两组的临床有效率,临床受益率,1、2、3年生存率以及中位生存期。结果肝动脉化疗栓塞组的临床有效率和临床受益率(66.66%、83.33%)显著高于全身静脉化疗组(43.33%、60.00%)(P0.05),不良反应发生率(40.00%)显著低于全身静脉化疗组(60.00%)(P0.05),且1、2、3年生存率和中位生存期均高于全身静脉化疗组(87.5%VS 67.7%,66.7%VS 41.5%,55.4%VS 20.1%,27.7 VS 19.1个月,P均0.05)。结论肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞治疗结肠癌肝转移临床有效率和临床受益率高,不良反应率低,生存率高,中位生存期长,较全身静脉化疗显示出更明显的优势。     

三维适形放疗联合化疗综合治疗肝癌87例近期疗效分析

目的探讨三维适形放疗(three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, 3D-CRT)联合肝动脉介入化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, TACE)治疗原发性肝癌及3D-CRT联合化疗治疗转移性肝癌的近期疗效. 方法对52例原发性肝癌先采用TACE治疗1次,休息2周后进行3D-CRT, 肿瘤剂量2～3 Gy/次,每天1次或隔日1次,3～5次/周,剂量范围42.2～60.0 Gy,平均52.2 Gy,放疗结束后再进行2次TACE.对35例转移性肝癌先化疗1个周期,然后行3D-CRT,放疗结束后再巩固化疗2个周期,进行疗效评价,有效者继续化疗3个周期,共6个周期. 结果完全缓解(CR)23.0%(20/87),部分缓解(PR)39.1%(34/87),病情稳定(SD)34.5%(30/87),进展(PD)3.4%(3/87).有效(RR)62.1%(54/87). 结论 3D-CRT联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌和3D-CRT联合化疗治疗转移性肝癌能够提高局部控制率,近期疗效好.     

胸腔灌注化疗联合全身热疗治疗恶性胸腔积液的护理

对84例恶性胸腔积液患者胸腔置入中心静脉导管抽液后注入化疗药物联合全身热疗,并在治疗前进行心理护理及充分准备工作;治疗中密切观察病情;治疗后加强引流管及不良反应的护理,84例患者均顺利完成治疗,治疗有效率为71.4%.     

冷循环射频消融联合肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗不宜手术切除的肝癌

目的:总结冷循环射频消融术联合经导管肝动脉栓塞化疗术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)治疗不宜手术切除肝癌的效果和经验.方法:采用冷循环射频消融术联合TACE治疗手术不宜切除肝癌31例(共44个肿瘤结节).结果:肝功能指标中除术后ALT水平较术前明显升高(P<0.05)外,其他各项指标均无统计学差异(各P>0.05).术中、术后发生窦性心动过缓、高钾血症及急性胰腺炎各1例(3/29,10.3%),无手术死亡.术后CT检查显示:44个肿瘤结节中,37个病灶(占84.1%)为完全坏死,5个病灶(占11.4%)为不完全坏死,2个(占4.5%)病灶为部分坏死.随访3~28个月,术后1年肿瘤复发率为20.7%(6/29),1年生存率为89.7%(23/29).结论:冷循环射频消融联合TACE治疗不宜手术切除的肝癌是安全有效的.     

伽玛刀联合介入栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形的临床疗效分析

目的分析伽玛刀联合血管内介入栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形的临床治疗效果。方法对38例脑动静脉畸形患者实施血管内栓塞和伽马刀治疗,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果行血管内介入栓塞治疗后,7例(18.42%)达到完全闭塞,75%以上栓塞16例(42.11%),50%~75%栓塞10例(26.32%),50%以下有5例(13.16%)。其余没有完全栓塞的患者行伽玛刀放射治疗后,畸形血管完全消失9例,18例栓塞率在75%以上,3例栓塞率在50%~75%,1例栓塞率在50%以下。结论伽玛刀联合介入栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形有效率高且安全性好。     

经皮肝穿刺射频热凝治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺射频热凝治疗肝癌的意义。适应证和疗效评价标准。方法 1999年10月-2000年10月,100例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者进行了B超引导经皮肝穿刺射频热凝治疗。患者治疗后每个月进行血清肿瘤标记物检测、B超检查,治疗后1个月复查MRI。结果 患者肝功能ChildA级67例,ChildB级29例,ChildC级4例,原发性肝癌76例,转移性肝癌24例,小肝癌（未手术,肿瘤直径≤5cm)甲胎蛋白阳性者治疗后甲胎蛋白转阴占75.0%(21/28),明显下降占21.4%(6/28)。B超复查肿瘤缩小、MRI或CT提示≤5cm肿瘤完全凝固性坏死率85.9%(61/71)。结论 经皮肝穿刺射频热凝（PRFA）作为肿瘤透热治疗的一种方法,对于小肝癌尤其是无手术指征,或有手术指征但位于肝中央区,临近腔静脉或肝门区的小肝癌,是一种微创、时间短、安全方便、疗效可靠的新方法,对于大肝癌,PRFA可与肝动脉介入化疗栓塞联合应用,提高疗效。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗动脉灌注途径与静脉途径的对比

目的探讨乳腺癌新辅助化疗动脉灌注途径和静脉途径化疗的有效性。方法收集92例乳腺癌患者,均采用多柔比星为主的联合化疗方案,其中动脉组44例,行肿瘤区域动脉灌注化疗,必要时栓塞肿瘤供血动脉;静脉组48例,使用外周静脉全身化疗。观察两组患者的近期临床疗效及长期生存率。结果动脉组近期临床疗效明显优于静脉组(P0.05),但长期生存期率两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论动脉灌注化疗可作为乳腺癌新辅助化疗的有效途径之一。     

MRI监控高强度聚焦超声联合SonoVue损伤山羊肝脏组织的增效研究

目的采用MRI测温探讨高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)联合SonoVue损伤山羊肝脏组织的增效作用。方法选取南江黄羊6只,于MRI监控下对山羊肝脏进行HIFU定点辐照,辐照频率为1.0MHz、辐照深度30mm、声功率250 W、辐照时间15s。采用自身对照,于同一层面肝脏组织上选择两个辐照点,分别为HIFU联合生理盐水(0.03ml/kg)组(对照组)和HIFU联合SonoVue(0.03ml/kg)组(实验组)。在HIFU辐照过程中观测焦点处的温升情况,比较实验组和对照组的初始辐照阶段温升率、辐照过程中达到的最高温度、辐照结束后温度56℃的区域;比较实验组与对照组凝固性坏死情况,并对实验组靶区做组织病理学检查。结果实验组初始辐照阶段温升率、辐照过程中达到的最高温度、辐照结束后温度56℃区域的面积均大于对照组(P均0.05);实验组靶区为完整的凝固性坏死,且凝固性坏死体积大于对照组(P0.05)。结论超声造影剂SonoVue能够用于增强HIFU对山羊肝脏组织的损伤作用,这与微泡增强HIFU热效应有关。     

巨块型肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的治疗：附15例报告

目的　探讨外科手术、肝动脉化疗栓塞及联合或不联合门静脉灌注化疗治疗巨块型肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的效果。方法　 15例伴有门静脉癌栓的巨块型肝癌 ,均采用切除原发癌灶并取尽癌栓治疗 ,其中 5例患者留置门静脉化疗泵 ,术后 2周行肝动脉化疗栓塞或联合门静脉化疗。结果　全组术后无严重并发症发生。 6,12 ,18个月生存期分别为 10 0 % (15 /15 ) ,80 .0 % (12 /15 ) ,60 .0 %(9/15 )。结论　手术仍是治疗巨块型肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的有效方法 ,手术后辅以介入为主的综合治疗能有效提高生存率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.