3.0T磁共振扩散加权成像ADC值在浸润性乳腺癌分级中的应用

目的 探讨扩散加权成像ADC值在评估浸润性乳腺癌肿瘤分级中的应用价值。方法 选取经手术后病理学确诊的浸润性乳腺癌患者81例,术前均采用具备双边、四通道乳腺线圈的3.0T MR行DWI,分析浸润性乳腺癌的肿瘤分级、组织学与ADC值的关系。结果 81例患者中,共检出101个恶性病灶,DWI检测到恶性病灶99个,检出率为98.02%(99/101)。肿瘤Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的ADC值分别为(1.12±0.19)×10^-3 mm²/s、(1.02±0.16)×10^-3 mm²/s、(0.89±0.15)×10^-3 mm²/s,三者差异有统计学意义(F=19.078,P<0.001)。ADC值与肿瘤分级呈负相关(r=-0.450,P<0.01)。结论 ADC值与浸润性乳腺癌的肿瘤分级具有相关性,可用于评估其恶性程度。     

ADC值对子宫内膜癌宫颈浸润的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)表观扩散系数(ADC值)对子宫内膜癌宫颈浸润的诊断价值。方法 实验组:选取经病理证实有宫颈浸润的子宫内膜癌患者26例;对照组:随机选取无宫颈浸润的子宫内膜癌患者26例。分别测量每例患者宫腔内癌灶、宫颈内口、外口的ADC值,进行ROC分析。结果 实验组宫腔内癌灶的ADC均值 ,与宫颈内口的ADC均值 差异无统计学意义(t=－0.45,P=0.66)。对照组宫腔内癌灶ADC均值 显著低于宫颈内口的ADC值 ,差异有统计学意义(t=－6.86,P＜0.001),与实验组宫腔内癌灶ADC均值比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.74,P=0.47)。以宫颈内口ADC值进行ROC分析,曲线下面积为0.86,最佳诊断界值为1.02×10^－3 mm²/s,敏感度为73.1%,特异度为96.2%。结论 DWI有助于诊断子宫内膜癌宫颈浸润。     

磁共振弹性成像与DWI诊断肝纤维化分期

目的 探讨磁共振弹性成像（MRE）与DWI诊断慢性肝病肝纤维化分期的价值。方法 37例慢性肝病患者均接受MRE与DWI（b=0、50、100、150、200、300、500、800 s/mm²）检查,分别测量肝组织弹性值与表观扩散系数（ADC）值,分析其与肝纤维化分期的相关性,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）对二者诊断慢性肝病肝纤维化分期的效能进行比较。结果 肝弹性值、ADC值与肝纤维化分期呈线性相关（r=0.932、-0.606,P均<0.001）。不同肝纤维化分期弹性值、ADC值差异有统计学意义（F=39.701,P<0.001;F=5.031,P=0.003）。诊断肝纤维化≥F1、≥F2、≥F3期,MRE的ROC曲线下面积大于ADC值,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;诊断F4期两者曲线下面积无统计学差异。弹性值诊断肝纤维化≥F1、≥F2、≥F3、F4期的临界值为2.80、3.11、3.66、3.99 kPa,ADC值诊断的临界值为1.16×10^-3 mm²/s、1.16×10^-3 mm²/s、1.03×10^-3 mm²/s、0.97×10^-3 mm²/s。结论 MRE对肝纤维化分期诊断价值优于DWI技术,而DWI对进展期肝纤维化及肝硬化有一定的诊断价值。     

扩散加权成像表观扩散系数预测鼻咽癌同步放化疗疗效

目的 探讨DWI中ADC值预测鼻咽癌同步放化疗疗效的价值。方法 收集经病理证实并于我院接受同步放化疗的鼻咽癌患者65例,于治疗前行MRI及DWI,测量肿瘤平均、最高及最低ADC值,于治疗中（放疗剂量达50 Gy）、治疗末再次行MRI,计算肿瘤消退率。分析治疗前肿瘤ADC值与肿瘤消退率的相关性;比较治疗末完全缓解（CR）患者及非CR患者治疗前ADC值差异;绘制ROC曲线,评估治疗前ADC值预测疗效的效能。结果 治疗前肿瘤平均ADC值、最高ADC值与治疗中消退率呈负相关（r=-0.463、-0.552,P均<0.001）、与治疗末消退率呈负相关（r=-0.504、-0.481,P均<0.001）;CR患者及非CR患者治疗前平均ADC值分别为（0.98±0.12）×10^-3 mm²/s及（1.14±0.13）×10^-3 mm²/s,最高ADC值分别为（1.16±0.21）×10^-3 mm²/s及（1.42±0.23）×10^-3 mm²/s,CR与非CR患者治疗前平均及最高ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.001）。以肿瘤治疗前平均ADC值1.09×10^-3 mm²/s为界值,其预测同步放化疗后CR的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为82.5%、76.0%及80.0%,曲线下面积为0.816。结论 治疗前肿瘤平均及最高ADC值可预测鼻咽癌放化疗疗效,有望为个体化治疗鼻咽癌提供依据。     

最小表观弥散系数(ADC)值鉴别诊断腮腺肿块

目的 观察最小表观弥散系数(ADC)值鉴别腮腺肿块的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的167例腮腺肿块患者(共265个肿块),测量并比较MRI所示肿块最小ADC值。结果 167例中,腮腺多形性腺瘤68例、73个肿块,最小ADC值(1.38±0.23)×10^－3 mm²/s;腺淋巴瘤43例、54个肿块,最小ADC值(0.69±0.13)×10^－3 mm²/s;恶性肿瘤31例、38个肿块,最小ADC值(1.08±0.20)×10^－3 mm²/s;良性淋巴上皮病变7例、17个肿块,最小ADC值(0.64±0.10)×10^－3 mm²/s;淋巴瘤5例、23个肿块,最小ADC值(0.56±0.12)×10^－3 mm²/s;淋巴结炎性肉芽肿6例、28个肿块,最小ADC值(0.78±0.16)×10^－3 mm²/s;淋巴结反应性增生7例、32个肿块,最小ADC值(0.75±0.13)×10^－3 mm²/s。腮腺多形性腺瘤最小ADC值明显高于腺淋巴瘤、良性淋巴上皮病变及淋巴结病变(P均＜0.05);腮腺恶性肿瘤最小ADC值低于多形性腺瘤而高于其他良性肿块(P均＜0.05);腮腺淋巴结病变中,淋巴瘤最小ADC值低于良性淋巴结病变(P均＜0.05)。结论 最小ADC值对不同类型腮腺肿块具有鉴别诊断价值。     

扩散加权成像ADC值与直肠癌预后因素的相关性研究

目的 探讨ADC值与直肠癌预后因素的关系.方法 对47例经病理证实的直肠癌患者于手术及辅助治疗前行盆腔常规MRI及DWI,依据直肠癌术前MRI分期、大体分型、组织学因素等进行分组,测量直肠癌ADC值,分析其与术前MRI分期、大体分型、肿瘤分化程度的相关关系.结果 术前MRI分期:T1-2期14例,T3期27例,T4期6例,其中17例无淋巴结转移(N0).肿瘤是否浸润直肠系膜筋膜(MRF)之间ADC值差异有统计学意义(P=0.039),mrN0与mrN1-2肿瘤ADC值差异亦有统计学意义(P=0.01).以肿瘤ADC≤0.924×10^-3 mm²/s为阈值,诊断直肠癌MRF浸润的敏感度为80%,特异度为59%;以肿瘤ADC阈值≤0.925×10^-3 mm²/s为阈值,诊断mrN1-2的敏感度为67%,特异度为71%.mrT分期、大体分型、不同分化程度肿瘤的ADC值差异无统计学意义.结论 直肠癌平均ADC值与MRF浸润状态、mrN分期显著相关.ADC值可以作为提示肿瘤侵袭性及预后的影像学生物标志物之一.     

多次激发平面回波成像DWI鉴别乳腺良恶病变

目的 探讨基于多次激发平面回波成像（rs-EPI）技术的DWI诊断乳腺良恶性病变的价值。方法 收集经病理证实的乳腺占位性病变患者20例,分别行基于单次激发平面回波成像（ss-EPI）技术的DWI和rs-EPI DWI,比较两种采集方法及不同病变组织间ADC值差异,绘制ROC曲线,比较两种DWI诊断乳腺良恶性病变效能。结果 ss-EPI DWI和rs-EPI DWI中正常腺体组织、良性病灶及恶性病灶ADC均值分别为（1.89±0.15）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.36±0.26）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.10±0.27）×10^-3 mm²/s和（1.89±0.16）×10^-3 mm²/s、（1.41±0.23）×10^-3 mm²/s、（0.96±0.25）×10^-3 mm²/s。相同方法不同组织间ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,两种方法所获得各组织ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。ss-EPI DWI中以1.25×10^-3 mm²/s、rs-EPI DWI中以1.20×10^-3 mm²/s为ADC诊断乳腺恶性病变阈值,敏感度、特异度和曲线下面积分别为80%、69%、0.775和90%、84%、0.925。结论 与ss-EPI DWI相比,rs-EPI DWI可提高鉴别乳腺良恶病变的敏感度和特异度。     

DWI定量测量诊断宫颈癌

目的 探讨DWI定量测量诊断宫颈癌的价值。方法 收集经手术病理证实为宫颈癌的患者93例,包括鳞癌66例(高分化1例,中分化56例,低分化9例)及腺癌27例(高分化3例,中分化21例,低分化3例),宫颈正常者20例。对所有受检者均行常规MR及DWI扫描,测量ROI的ADC值,并进行统计学分析。结果 宫颈癌的ADC值[(1.05±0.24)×10^-3 mm²/s]低于正常宫颈[(1.87±0.22)×10^-3 mm²/s;t=-14.08,P<0.05]。宫颈鳞癌的ADC值[(0.97±0.13)×10^-3 mm²/s]低于宫颈腺癌[(1.26±0.31)×10^-3 mm²/s;t=-4.79,P<0.05]。中分化宫颈鳞癌ADC值[(0.98±0.14)×10^-3 mm²/s]高于低分化宫颈鳞癌[(0.88±0.14)×10^-3 mm²/s;t=2.31,P<0.05]。以ADC<1.59×10^-3 mm²/s诊断宫颈癌时,敏感度为95.70%,特异度为100%。结论 DWI对宫颈癌的诊断具有较高价值,ADC值可鉴别宫颈鳞癌与宫颈腺癌,且可评价宫颈鳞癌的分化程度。     

ADC值鉴别诊断脑实质室管膜瘤与胶质母细胞瘤

目的 探讨DWI和ADC值对脑实质室管膜瘤和胶质母细胞瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法 收集经术后病理证实的27例脑实质室管膜瘤和34例胶质母细胞瘤患者的影像学资料。对患者行常规MR平扫、增强扫描及DWI检查,并测量肿瘤实质的平均ADC值,并进行统计学分析,采用ROC曲线评价ADC值的诊断价值。结果 15例脑实质室管膜瘤DWI呈高信号,ADC值为(0.90±0.14)×10^-3 mm²/s,32例胶质母细胞瘤DWI呈明显高信号,ADC值为(0.72±0.07)×10^-3mm²/s,低于室管膜瘤,差异有统计学意义(t=6.75,P<0.001)。以ADC值0.79×10^-3mm²/s为阈值诊断脑实质室管膜瘤与胶质母细胞瘤,敏感度为85.2%,特异度为97.1%,准确率为91.8%。结论 DWI及ADC值在脑实质室管膜瘤和胶质母细胞瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要参考价值,可提高其诊断正确率。     

全身扩散加权成像评估淋巴瘤化疗早期临床疗效

目的 探讨全身扩散加权成像(WB-DWI)评估淋巴瘤化疗早期疗效的临床应用价值。方法 对25例经病理确诊并接受完整规范化疗的淋巴瘤患者分别在化疗前、化疗早期及化疗后行WB-DWI;与常规临床影像学检查对比,评价WB-DWI在化疗前显示淋巴瘤浸润病灶的能力,并测量各阶段病灶的ADC值,对化疗各阶段的ADC值进行统计学分析。结果 常规影像学检查共检出63处病灶,在WB-DWI 上均得到清晰显示,符合率为100%。化疗前、化疗早期及化疗后病灶平均ADC值分别为(0.85±0.41)×10^-3 mm²/s、(1.15±0.51)×10^-3 mm²/s、(1.58±0.59)×10^-3 mm²/s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 WB-DWI不仅能测量病灶形态学改变,还能结合ADC值变化对疗效进行早期预测。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."