256层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像评价心肌桥与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨心肌桥与冠状动脉粥样硬化形成的关系.方法 回顾性分析80例85处经256层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像诊断为心肌桥壁冠状动脉(MBMCA)的影像资料,比较MCA及桥前段、桥后段冠状动脉粥样硬化发生率的差异.根据MB形态将其分为完全MB与不完全MB,分别分析2型、MB长度与桥前段冠状动脉粥样硬化发生率的关系.另随机选取同时期75例经256层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像检查未见MBMCA的影像资料作为对照,比较MB组与无MB组左前降支(LAD)粥样硬化发生率的差异.结果 桥前段冠状动脉粥样硬化发生率明显增加,与MCA及桥后段粥样硬化发生率相比差异有统计学意义(χ2 =109.766,P=0.000).完全MB与不完全MB组桥前段粥样硬化发生率差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 23.646,P=0.000).桥前段粥样硬化组与无粥样硬化组MB长度差异无统计学意义(t=0.745,P=0.458).MB组与无MB组LAD粥样硬化发生率差 异无统计学意义(χ2 = 0.743,P=0.491).结论 MB易导致桥前段冠状动脉形成粥样硬化.完全MB与不完全MB相比桥前段粥样硬化发生率明显增加.而桥前段粥样硬化的发生与MB长度无明显相关性.但MB对该支冠状动脉粥样硬化总体发生率影响不明显.     

心肌桥对桥前段冠状动脉粥样硬化影响的研究

目的：探讨心肌桥(MB)对桥前段冠状动脉粥样硬化形成的影响。方法回顾性分析经256层螺旋 CT 冠状动脉成像(CTCA)检查确诊为左前降支(LAD)单一 MB的200例患者的影像及临床资料,根据桥前段冠状动脉有无粥样硬化分为2组,比较2组 MB类型、长度及壁冠状动脉(MCA)收缩期狭窄程度的差异。比较完全 MB中2组 MB厚度的差异。同时比较2组研究对象在年龄、性别、体质量指数、血压、血脂、血糖、吸烟史及心血管病家族史等方面的差异。结果桥前段冠状动脉粥样硬化组与无粥样硬化组不完全、完全MB分别为36例、48例与82例、34例,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.601,P=0.000);MCA收缩期狭窄率分别为(34.2±10.1)%、(15.7±11.4)%,差异有统计学意义(t=11.875,P=0.000);MB长度分别为(15.4±3.7)mm、(14.8±4.5)mm,差异无统计学意义(t=1.335,P=0.183)。完全MB中桥前段冠状动脉粥样硬化组与无粥样硬化组 MB厚度分别为(2.4±0.6)mm、(1.5±0.8)mm,差异有统计学意义(t=5.774,P=0.000)。所选2组研究对象的年龄、性别、体质量指数、血压、血脂、血糖、吸烟史及心血管病家族史差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 MB的类型、厚度及 MCA收缩期狭窄程度均与桥前段冠状动脉粥样硬化形成密切相关,而 MB长度对桥前段冠状动脉粥样硬化形成无明显影响。     

心肌桥以近节段冠状动脉粥样硬化与心肌桥-壁冠状动脉形态学特征相关性研究

目的 探讨深在型心肌桥-壁冠状动脉(MB-MCA)形态学特征与心肌桥近段冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 回顾性分析经128层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像证实190例单纯深在型心肌桥-壁冠状动脉患者和190例心肌桥近段冠状动脉合并粥样硬化患者的冠状动脉CTA检查原始数据,并进行图像处理,记录患者性别、年龄,统计MB-MCA形态特征,包括测量MB厚度、MCA长度和MB-MCA邻近两段血管形态变化,应用Logistic回归分析MB-MCA形态学特征与心肌桥近段冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的关系.结果 单纯深在型MB-MCA组:男/女=2.22/1(131/59),平均年龄(51.36±11.19)岁(12～83岁),MB厚度为(2.25±1.80)mm,MCA长度为(23.58±9.57)mm,MCA两端平滑者21.05％(40/190),近端成角者7.36％(14/190),远端成角者15.79％(30/190),两端成角者55.79％(106/190).心肌桥近段冠状动脉合并动脉粥样硬化组:男/女=5.55/1(161/29),平均年龄(57.19±11.29)岁(37～86岁),MB厚度为(2.19±1.67)mm,MCA长度为(21.45±8.38)mm,MCA两端平滑者26.32％(50/190),近端成角者5.79％(11/190),远端成角者21.05％(40/190),两端成角者46.84％(89/190).性别、年龄、MCA长度和邻近两端成角情况都与心肌桥近段冠状动脉粥样硬化有关(P＜0.05),而MB厚度与心肌桥近段冠状动脉粥样硬化无关(P=0.6825＞0.05).结论 MB-MCA这一复合体是心肌桥近段冠状动脉粥样硬化病变解剖学上的危险因素.     

双源CT对心肌桥与冠状动脉粥样硬化关系的探讨

目的利用双源CT(DSCT)探讨左冠状动脉前降支心肌桥(myocardial bridging,MB)与该支冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关关系。方法采用DSCT对500例可疑冠心病(coronary artery disease,CHD)和体检者行冠状动脉CT血管成像(CTA),由3位CT诊断医师独立判断并在结果一致时确定前降支MB,测量MB长度、厚度。将所有病例分为前降支MB组和非MB组,利用多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、曲面重组(CPR)、容积再现(VR)等后处理技术联合观察前降支钙化及粥样硬化斑块的发生率,利用Circulation软件QCA工具测量前降支由于斑块所致的狭窄率,比较MB组与非MB组的平均狭窄程度以及钙化、粥样硬化斑块的发生率。应用Spearman等级相关统计分析MB近端冠状动脉狭窄程度与MB的长度及厚度之间的相关关系。结果 500例受检者中冠状动脉CTA发现前降支MB 135例(27%)。MB组钙化及粥样硬化斑块的发生率分别为38.5%和53.3%,非MB组钙化及粥样硬化斑块的发生率分别为32.3%和46.3%,MB组与非MB组的平均狭窄程度分别为(45.6±21.2)%和(45.7±22.2)%,两组之间钙化的发生率、粥样硬化斑块的发生率及平均狭窄程度差异均无明显统计学意义(P=0.25;P=0.16;P=0.99),MB近端冠状动脉狭窄程度与MB的长度及厚度间相关性均不明显(r=-0.03,P=0.83;r=-0.10,P=0.42)。结论左冠状动脉前降支MB的存在并没有显著增加该支冠状动脉狭窄程度及粥样硬化斑块的总体发生率,MB近端冠状动脉狭窄程度与MB的长度及厚度相关性不明显。     

256层CT评价心肌桥及其与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的:用256层CT冠脉成像技术评价心肌桥(myocardial bridge,MB)的发生率及其解剖特征与冠状动脉粥样硬化(athorosclerosis,AS)的关系。方法:收集行256层CT冠状动脉成像564例患者的资料,评价MB的有无、部位、长度、厚度、伴发的AS情况及MB解剖特点与AS关系。结果:564例检出MB 131例,159个,总发生率为23.2%(131/564),男性发生率28.8%(90/313)高于女性16.3%(41/251)(χ2=12.048 5,P=0.005)。第一对角支(D1)为最常累及的部位,其次为左前降支(LAD)。完全性MB 83个,不完全性MB 76个;完全性MB长度和厚度中位数分别为27.7mm(范围2.0～71.1mm)和2.4mm(范围1～6.9mm);其长度与厚度间无相关性(R=0.061 1,P=0.106 6)。不完全性MB的长度中位数为24.1mm(范围3.9～57.0mm)。桥血管及桥血管远段血管均未见AS改变。桥血管近段血管AS程度在LAD组高于D1组(χ2=7.576 6,P<0.05),完全性MB组高于不完全性MB组(χ2=7.484 9,P<0.05)。结论:256层CT冠脉成像技术能无创、清晰、可靠地显示活体内MB的存在及解剖特点,并能评估桥血管及其毗邻血管情况。     

64层螺旋CT对心肌桥与冠状动脉粥样硬化相关性的评价

目的：利用64层螺旋CT评价左冠状动脉前降支心肌桥（MB）与该支冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关关系。方法：连续收集300例因怀疑冠心病（CHD）而行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像（CTA）的病例的资料,由2名CT诊断医师独立判断并在结果一致时确定为前降支MB。将所有病例分为前降支MB组和非MB组,利用MPR、CPR、VR等后处理技术联合观察左冠状动脉前降支钙化及粥样硬化斑块的总体发生率,测量前降支由于斑块所致的狭窄率,比较MB组与非MB组的平均狭窄程度以及钙化、粥样硬化斑块的总体发生率。结果：在300例受检对象中冠状动脉CTA发现前降支MB74例（24.7%,74/300）。MB组与非MB组前降支钙化的发生率分别为36.5%与31.3%,粥样硬化斑块的发生率分别为54.1%与45.1%,MB组与非MB组的平均狭窄程度分别为48.4%与44.6%,两组之间钙化的发生率、粥样硬化斑块的发生率及平均狭窄程度差别均无明显统计学意义（P=0.40;P=0.18;P=0.97）。结论：左冠状动脉前降支MB对该支冠状动脉狭窄程度及粥样硬化斑块的总体发生率影响不明显。     

合并冠状动脉粥样硬化的心肌桥CTA表现特点

目的 分析双源CT上合并有冠状动脉粥样硬化的心肌桥(MB)影像特点.方法 研究129例合并有冠状动脉各种粥样硬化患者的MB CTA表现,109例单纯无冠状动脉粥样硬化的MB患者为对照组.比较两者类型、年龄、MB厚度和壁-冠状动脉(MCA)的长度和收缩末期直径.结果 合并冠状动脉硬化组中浅表型MB 78例(60.5%),深埋型51例(39.5%);对照组浅表型和深埋型分别是70例(64%)和39例(36%);2组无统计学差异.2组平均年龄、MB厚度及MCA的长度和收缩末直径分别是(57.01±10.17)岁,(3.15±1.66)mm,(20.43±7.38)mm,(1.16±0.25)mm和(48.36±9.11)岁,(1.95±1.77)mm,(21.07±6.69)mm,(2.07±0.81)mm.2组年龄、MB厚度及收缩末期MCA直径相差显著(P值<0.05)外,MCA长度相差均不显著(P>0.05).结论 与单纯MB对比,合并有冠状动脉粥样硬化的MB表现更厚、收缩末期MCA直径更窄.     

心肌桥的双源CT冠状动脉血管成像诊断及临床意义

目的探讨心肌桥(myocardial bridge,MB)在双源CT冠状动脉血管成像(dual-source CT coronary angiogra-phy,DSCTCA)中的检出率及其形态学特征,明确MB与邻近冠状动脉硬化的关系。方法对108例拟诊冠心病患者行DSCTCA,观察MB的检出率、位置、长度、厚度及壁冠状动脉(mural coronary artery,MCA)收缩期受压缩程度;观察记录MCA近、远端2 cm以内血管及MCA本身有无动脉硬化(atherosclerotic,AS)。结果 (1)MB检出率为27.8%(30/108),以左前降支中段最多见(53.3%,16/30),MB平均长度为(19.17±6.43)mm,MB的平均厚度为(2.02±0.80)mm。MCA收缩期平均受压缩程度为(38.41±17.09)%;MCA收缩期受压缩程度与MB厚度呈正相关(r=0.910,P<0.01),与MB的长度无相关性(r=0.176,P=0.362>0.05)。(2)所有MCA未发现明显AS斑块,相邻2 cm以内冠状动脉段发现AS斑块14例,其中近端12例,远端2例。近端AS斑块发生率明显高于远端及MCA(χ2=9.32,P<0.05;χ2=15.00,P<0.05)。结论 DSCTCA对MB的检出率高,并可判断MB的形态特征,是检测MB安全、有效、可靠的诊断手段。     

双源CT冠状动脉血管成像时心肌桥的检出及其临床价值

目的:探讨患者在双源CT冠状动脉血管成像检查中心肌桥(MB)的发生率、特征,评价心肌桥与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法:临床确诊冠心病或疑似冠心病而行双源CT冠状动脉血管成像检查的患者182例,男128例,女54例。根据左前降支心肌桥的有无,将所有病例分为2组:心肌桥组和无心肌桥组。利用多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)等技术进行图像后处理,显示心肌桥厚度及壁冠状动脉发生部位、长度及冠状动脉粥样硬化情况。结果:182例患者中,检出率为26.4%(48/182),其中左前降支中段最多见(61%)。心肌桥对左前降支动脉粥样硬化的发生无明显影响(P>0.05)。结论:利用双源CT可以无创、可靠、准确地检测心肌桥,心肌桥与冠状动脉粥样硬化无关联。     

256层CTCA结合负荷/静息核素MPI探讨心肌桥对心肌供血的影响

目的 应用256层CT冠状动脉成像(CTCA)结合负荷/静息核素心肌灌注显像(MPI)探讨心肌桥(MB)对心肌供血的影响. 方法 回顾性分析经256层CTCA及负荷/静息核素MPI检查的88例孤立性LAD-MB的影像资料.依据MB类型分为不完全与完全MB组,比较两组壁冠状动脉(MCA)收缩期狭窄率及MPI的差异;比较完全MB中MPI正常与异常组MB厚度、长度及MCA收缩期狭窄率的差异;比较MCA收缩期狭窄Noble分级中MB类型及MPI的差异.结果 不同MB类型组MCA收缩期狭窄率分别为(13.2±10.1)％、(39.8±11.4)％,MPI正常与异常分别为45、5例,15、23例,差异有统计学意义(t=11.574;x2=25.408,P均＜0.01).完全MB中不同MPI组MB厚度分别为(1.6 ±0.4)mm、(2.6±0.7)mm,MCA收缩期狭窄率分别为(29.3±9.8)％、(46.7±10.3)％,差异有统计学意义(=5.672;t =5.187,P均＜0.01),MB长度分别为(11.2 ±5.6)mm、(12.8±6.3)mm,差异无统计学意义(=0.800,P=0.429).MCA收缩期狭窄Noble分级中2、3级完全MB(15/15、2/2)及MPI异常(10/15、2/2)比例明显高于1级(21/71、16/71).结论 MB的类型、厚度及MCA收缩期狭窄程度均与心肌缺血密切相关,而MB长度对心肌供血无明显影响.     

Mistakes in the diagnosis and treatment of the complete dislocation and fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle

The analysis of the mistakes in the operative treatment of the sick with such a trauma was conducted. Two typical examples were given. The mistakes were stipulated non-diagnosis of the simultaneous break of the coracoclavicular ligament and not taking measures for its recovery. The radiodiagnosis based on N. Z. Shmidt's method is considered to be inevitable for this category of the sick. After the confirmation of the diagnosis the operation of choice can be the operation of Yotkins-Leochuk for the sick with the complete dislocation of the acromial end of the clavicle, and the operation of Yotkins for the sick with fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle with the break of the coracoclavicular ligament. By means of these methods 43 sick men with the dislocation and 7 sick men with fractures of the acromial end of the clavicle have been operated since 1973. No cases had complications, relapses or unsatisfactory results.     

Quantitative evaluation of the echo intensity of the median nerve and flexor muscles of the forearm in the young and the elderly

Objectives

Musculoskeletal structures often appear brighter on imaging in the elderly, which makes it difficult to accurately delineate a peripheral nerve during ultrasound-guided regional anaesthetic procedures. The echo intensity of skeletal muscles is significantly increased in the elderly. However, there are no data comparing the echo intensity of peripheral nerves in the young and the elderly, which this study was designed to evaluate.

Methods

13 healthy, young volunteers (aged <30 years) and 11 elderly patients (aged >60 years) who were scheduled to undergo orthopaedic lower limb surgery were recruited. The settings of the ultrasound system were standardised and a high-frequency linear array transducer was used for the scan. A transverse scan of the median nerve (MN) and the flexor muscles (FMs) at the left mid-forearm was performed and three video loops of the ultrasound scan were recorded for each subject. Still images were captured from the video loops and normalised. Computer-assisted greyscale analysis was then performed on these images to determine the echo intensity of the MN and the FMs of the forearm.

Results

The echo intensity of the MN and FMs of the mid-forearm was significantly increased in the elderly (p<0.005). There was also a reduction in contrast between the MN and the adjoining FM in the elderly (p=0.04).

Conclusion

Under the conditions of this study, the MN and the FMs in the forearm appeared significantly brighter than those in the young, and there was a loss of contrast between these structures in sonograms of the elderly.Recently, there has been an increase in interest in the use of ultrasound to guide peripheral nerve blocks [1-3]. We have observed during such procedures that musculoskeletal structures often appear significantly brighter and that there is loss of contrast between the nerve and its adjoining muscles in the elderly, which often makes it difficult to accurately delineate a peripheral nerve using ultrasound in this age group. There are published data showing that the echo intensity (EI) of skeletal muscles is significantly increased in the elderly [4]. However, there are no data comparing the EI of a peripheral nerve in the young and the elderly, which this study was designed to evaluate.     

Sonography of the wrist and the hand

Sonographic examination of the hand requires high-frequency linear transducers. As the relevant structures are located very close to the surface, water stand-off pads are mandatory. Owing to the high sensitivity of sonography in the detection of fluid, exudative synovitis, tenosynovitis and ganglia can be easily diagnosed. Sonographic information on muscle atrophy and alterations of the shape and echogenicity of the median nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome may be useful in evaluating the extent of disease. Further indications for the sonographic examination of the hand include suspected tumors, foreign bodies and synovial proliferation. Osseous destruction can be visualized in patients with rheumatoid disease, but the precise extent is hard to determine.     

Aspects of the venous drainage of the pons and the mesencephalon

Summary After a brief resumé of the morphology of the pontomesencephalic veins, the authors demonstrate the drainage dynamics of these veins in normal and pathlogical vertebral angio-seriograms. The repercussions of drainage impairment are illustrated.

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Untersuchungen über die Venen-Drainage von Pons und Mesencephalon

Zusammenfassung Nach kurzer Beschreibung der Morphologie der pontomesencephalen Venen wird die Drainagedynamik dieser Venen anhand normaler und pathologischer Vertebralisangiogramme demonstriert. Die unterschiedlichen Mechanismen einer Drainagebehinderung werden erläutert.

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A propos du drainage veineux du pont et du mésencéphale

Résumé Après un bref résumé de la morphologie des veines ponto-mésencéphalques, les auteurs décrivent les modalités de drainage de ces veines en sérioangiographie vertébrale normale et pathologique. Ils illustrent les répercussions de drainage défectueux.

     

MR imaging of the major nerves about the elbow: cadaveric study examining the effect of flexion and extension of the elbow and pronation and supination of the forearm

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides useful information in the evaluation of peripheral nerves. Recent advances in MR imaging allow for detailed depiction of the soft tissue structures of the elbow joint. Three major nerves are present about the elbow. Six cadaveric elbows were imaged to depict the normal anatomy of these nerves and to determine the best plane and position of the elbow for optimal visualization of each nerve. Axial images of the elbow in full extension with the forearm in supination allow identification of all major nerves. Axial images with the elbow in full flexion allow accurate assessment of the cubital tunnel and the ulner nerve. Axial images of the elbow in full extension with the forearm in pronation are helpful for assessment of the median and radial nerves in the forearm.     

高原彝汉成年人血红蛋白、红细胞值调查分析

目的了解高原地区彝汉成年人血红蛋白、红细胞及相关指标的基础水平，探讨其与国家参考值指标是否存在差异。方法选择健康成人规范采集静脉血，用美国COULTERAC·Tdiff2血球分析仪检测，对数据进行统计学处理。结果川西南高原彝汉成人的血红蛋白、红细胞水平及相关指标与国家参考值比较差异有非常显著的意义，P〈0．001；当地彝汉民族比较差异无显著意义，P〉0．05。结论有必要制定高原地区成人血红蛋白、红细胞及相关指标的正常参考值，为临床提供更科学实际的参考依据。     

On the Importance of the Level of Glutathione and the Activity of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Heat Sensitivity and Thermotolerance

Summary

Heating of Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells and mouse fibroblast LM cells to 43 or 44°C respectively, results in an increased level of reduced gluthathione (GSH). The maximum elevation in GSH was to 140 per cent for LM cells and to 120 per cent for EAT cells. No increase of GSH in EAT cells was observed after heating at 44°C. LM cells were treated with diethylmaleate (DEM) and the EAT cells with buthionine-sulphoximine (BSO) at non-toxic doses to deplete the levels of GSH. No effect on thermosensitivity or on the development of thermotolerance was observed when the DEM and BSO treatments were chosen such that the lowering of GSH was just down to the level of detection (about 5 per cent of control). When higher concentrations of DEM were used, thermal sensitization was observed. The activity of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) was also investigated because of its importance in supplying NADPH for the regeneration of GSH from GSSG and for the endogenous production of polyols. Hyperthermia was found to enhance markedly the flux of glucose through the PPP. While the DEM treatment inhibited glucose oxidation through the PPP, BSO addition to the cells resulted in a slightly increased activity of the PPP. The PPP activity of thermotolerant cells was lower (fibroblasts) or hardly affected (EAT cells) compared to control cells. The extent of PPP activation by hyperthermia was comparable for thermotolerant and control cells. For the two cell lines studied neither a high level of GSH nor an active PPP is a prerequisite for the development of thermotolerance.