电热消解仪消解-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的汞

目的建立土壤中汞的电热消解仪消解-原子荧光光谱测定方法。方法用王水作为消解液,采用电热消解仪消解土壤样品后,用原子荧光光谱法测定汞的含量。结果该法的线性范围为0～50μg/L,相关系数为0.9994;方法检出限为0.005μg/L;相对标准差为1.55%～6.52%;对4个土壤质控样品进行测定,结果均在真值范围内。结论电热消解仪消解-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中汞灵敏度高,干扰少,线性范围宽,而且操作简便、快速。     

电热消解-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中的砷

[目的]建立电热消解仪消解-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中砷的方法.[方法]用王水作为消解液,采用电热消解土壤样品后,用原子荧光光谱法测定砷的含量.[结果]本法的线性范围为0～200μg/L,相关系数为0.9997;方法检出限为0.016μg/L;相对标准差为1.38%～7.55%;对土壤质控样品进行测定,结果均在参考值范围内.[结论]所建立的方法简便、快速,结果准确,适于土壤中砷的批量测定.     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定发汞

[目的]建立人发汞的微波消解-原子荧光光谱测定法. [方法]发样经微波消解后,原子荧光光谱法测定. [结果]方法检出限为0.026 μg/L,在0～ 1.000 μg/L范围内,标准曲线相关系数为0.9995,相对标准偏差为1.89％～3.23％,平均回收率为92.0％～98.7％. [结论]本实验选择的实验条件均较理想,由此建立的方法较传统方法更准确、灵敏、简便,适用于职业监测等大批样品的检测.     

食品中砷和汞的微波消解——原子荧光光谱测定法

目的建立微波消解原子荧光法同时测定食品中砷和汞的方法。方法采用微波消解处理样品。原子荧光法测定,并进行消解条件、精密度、回收率等试验。结果砷的检出限为0．50μg／L,汞的检出限为0．04μg／L。砷在0～100μg／L相关系数为0．9996;汞在0—50μg/L相关系数为0．9995;砷和汞的回收率,其范围分别为砷98．4％～104．1％,汞97．O％一104．3％。结论微波密闭消解样品,消化过程节约试剂,防止试样中待测元素的损失,干扰少,适用于食品中砷和汞的测定。     

干法消化-原子荧光光谱法同时测定化妆品中砷和铋

[目的]建立干法消化和氢化物发生一原子荧光光谱法同时测定化妆品中砷和铋的方法。[方法]样品先在灰化助剂保护下进行干法消化,再加入预还原剂,优化仪器条件,考察常见干扰离子对测定的影响,比较原子荧光光谱法同时测定和单独测定化妆品中砷和铋的统计学差异。[结果]采用本方法测定,砷的线性范围为0．26．10．00μg／L,相关系数y=O．9997,最低检测限=0．050μg／L,回收率为92．2％～105．0％,精密度为2．47％～5．07％;铋的线性范围为0．25～10．00μg／L,γ=0．9997,最低检测限=O．050μg/L,回收率为94．0％～107．O％,精密度为2．86％～5．11％。双元素同时测定法-9单元素分别测定法比较,差异无统计学意义。[结论]测定结果准确度高,精密度好。测定方法简单,虽然样品消化时间长,但对人员操控能力要求较低,且污染小,适用于化妆品中砷和铋的同时测定。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定空气和尿中锡的研究

[目的]建立氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法测定尿和作业场所空气中锡的方法,研究样品的前处理、载流种类及方法的检出限、线性关系。[方法]微波消解尿样,电热板消化滤膜,用原子荧光光谱法测定锡浓度。[结果]在0～100μg/ml该方法具有良好的线性关系,相关系数r﹥0.999,测定尿液的检出限为0.8μg/L,空气的检出限为0.000 04 mg/m3（以采样量50 L计）,方法相对标准偏差RSD为1.10%～1.85%。[结论]氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法的方法,灵敏度高,干扰少,线性范围宽,操作简单、快捷,可应用于作业场所空气中锡和尿样中锡的测定。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中砷

目的建立土壤中砷的氢化物发生一原子荧光光谱法。方法用硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸对样品在电热板上进行湿法消解,然后将消化液加盐酸、硫脲后用5％的盐酸作载流,5g／L氢氧化钾-20g／L硼氢化钾作还原剂,原子荧光光谱法测定砷含量。结果该法的线性范围为O～50μg／L,相关系数为0．9996,方法检出限为0．025μg／L,相对标准偏差2．21％～4．13％,回收率为90．60％～106．20%。结论原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中砷灵敏度高,准确、快捷。     

微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中铅、铬、镉

目的建立硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中铅、铬、镉的方法。方法将新鲜土壤样品晾晒过筛,混合酸微波消解定容后,选择钪、铟、铋为内标液,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICPMS)测定样品中铅、铬、镉三种元素的含量。结果三种元素的线性范围分别为:铅1.00～300.00μg/L,镉0.10～100.00μg/L,铬1.00～500.00μg/L,标准曲线r>0.999以上,检出限为0.010～0.200μg/L,精密度介于0.11%～2.00%,样品加标回收率为85.9%～105.6%。用已建立的方法测定安阳市周边两县耕地用土壤样品40份,测定结果满意。结论硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中铅、铬、镉的方法前处理简单快速,线性范围宽,分析重现性好,结果准确,可运用于大批量样品中痕量元素的同时测定。     

土壤和海洋沉积物中16种稀土元素电感耦合等离子体-质谱测定的酸消解体系选择与消除钪元素背景干扰研究

目的筛选适合于土壤和海洋沉积物中镧(La)、铈(Ce)、镨(Pr)、钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、铽(Tb)、镝(Dy)、钬(Ho)、铒(Er)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)、镥(Lu)、钇(Y)、钪(Sc)16种稀土元素含量测定的混合酸消解体系以及钪(Sc)背景干扰消除技术。方法采用微波消解技术,选取硝酸+氢氟酸(+硼酸)、王水+氢氟酸(+硼酸)、硝酸+双氧水+氢氟酸(+硼酸)三种混酸体系消解土壤和海洋沉积物有证参考物质,定容后采用ICP-MS直接测定16种稀土元素含量,与标示值比较计算回收率;调节仪器QP Bias与Oct P Bias的差值,消除~(45)Sc的背景干扰。结果王水+氢氟酸、硝酸+双氧水+氢氟酸适用于土壤样本消解,王水+氢氟酸适用于海洋沉积物的消解,改变QP Bias与Oct P Bias的差值为4 V,可以消除45Sc的背景干扰。结论采用微波消解技术+(4 ml王水+0.5 ml氢氟酸)混合酸体系结合ICP-MS技术,可以满足土壤和海洋沉积物类环境样本中16种稀土元素测定要求。     

微波消解氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定福建宁德大黄鱼中的硒

目的:建立宁德大黄鱼中硒的微波消解氢化物原子荧光光谱测定方法。方法:样品经微波消解,在铁氰化钾—盐酸体系中,用硼氢化钾作还原剂,采用氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定。结果:硒浓度在0~50μg/L的范围内线性良好,相关系数r=0.9998,方法检出限为0.15μg/L,样品检出限0.019 mg/kg,相对标准偏差0.91%~4.22%,回收率94%~104%。结论:方法灵敏度高,准确度好,精密度高,干扰少,简便适用,适合大黄鱼中硒的测定。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.