中医护理技术临床实践保障管理模式探讨

目的探索保障中医护理技术临床实践的有效管理模式。方法在护理部、质控办及护士长三级管理模式下,实施护士分层次培训,完善25项中医护理技术项目及其实践制度,动态督导,以保障中医护理技术的实施。连续实施6个月后评价效果。结果中医护理操作项目服务由实施第1个月的12 996例次上升到第6个月的17 329例次,经济收入从195 938元上升到262 798元,实施前后患者对中医护理技术的接受程度及护士的认可度比较,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）。结论本保障管理模式有利于中医护理技术在临床规范性的推广应用。     

扁平化管理在妇科优质护理服务中的实施

目的在优质护理服务过程中进一步提高护理管理及护理服务满意度。方法在妇科病区采用扁平化管理模式,即取消责任护士组长,按3个管床教授组将病区18名护士均分为3组,每组A班(7:30～17:00)2人,N班(17:00～8:00)1人,轮休3人;每人分管患者≤8例,另6名护理人员分别上辅助班、计算机操作班及主班等。每个月按护理部制定的标准进行护理质控,实施10个月后评价效果。结果患者对优质护理服务及责任护士知晓率≥95%,入院介绍、技术操作等10项满意度评分9.28～9.66分,均为满意和非常满意。结论扁平化管理模式的运用有利于护理人力资源的合理利用,从而提高护理质量和患者满意度。     

表格式专病辨证施护护理记录单的设计与应用

目的探讨表格式专病辨证施护护理记录单的设计和临床应用效果。方法按照临床路径及整体护理的思维梳理、优化护理工作流程,以专病中医护理方案为依据明确护理记录项目、内容及涉及范围,设计一系列表格式专病辨证施护护理记录单,并在脊柱骨病科、脑病科、针灸康复科腰椎间盘突出症、眩晕病(原发性高血压)、中风(脑梗死急性期)等20个病种中应用。结果应用6个月后,各病种执行中医护理方案的病例数在12~894例。各病种的辨证施护方法均得到有效实施。结论表格式专病辨证施护护理记录单引导护士全面实施辨证施护,解决护理难点,使中医护理方案持续优化。     

人文关怀模式在眼科病房的实践

目的探讨人文关怀模式在眼科病房护理服务活动中的实施效果。方法在眼科病房开展人文关怀管理模式,对患者实施温馨服务,对护士实行人性化管理。实施2年后评价效果。结果患者对关怀护理满意率和护士体验满意率分别为98.4%和95.5%;患者跌倒由开展人文关怀模式初期(2014年)的6例降低后期(2015年)1例;开展人文关怀模式24个月,收到患者锦旗126面,感谢信405封,点名表扬的护士45人429人次。结论人文关怀护理模式在眼科病房的实施彰显了护士对患者的关怀、护理管理者对护士的关怀,从而有效提高了患者满意度和护士满意度。     

基于互联网医院的医护上门多系统集成平台研发及应用

目的 基于互联网医院构建一站式医护上门多系统集成平台,并评价其应用效果。方法 设计开发“医护上门”服务平台,实施患者居家护理服务。统计应用前6个月(采用电话预约方式实施居家服务)与应用后6个月服务患者的情况,比较患者满意度及护士认可度。结果 应用前开展项目12项,接受服务63例;应用后开展项目28项,接受服务299例。应用后患者满意度评分及护士认可度评分显著高于应用前(均P<0.01)。结论 医护上门平台实现了多系统、多学科的有效融合,可为患者提供专业、高效、便捷的居家护理服务,促进了居家护理服务业态的持续发展。     

加速康复外科护理专业组管理模式构建及应用研究

目的评价基于多学科协作的加速康复外科(ERAS)护理专业组管理模式在临床实践中的效果。方法将接受常规ERAS方案的500例外科患者设为对照组,将接受ERAS护理专业组管理(在外科13个病区共设置6个专业小组,在常规ERAS方案的基础上,以专业组为依托,推动多学科协作,实现ERAS护理精准化)的750例患者作为干预组。比较干预前后护士的专业知识、职业认同水平以及两组患者ERAS相关指标。结果实施后护士专业知识水平及职业认同感均显著高于实施前(均P0.01);干预组术前禁食水时间、术中低体温发生率、早期下床时间、留置尿管时间以及术后中重度疼痛、营养不良和深静脉血栓发生率显著低于对照组,术后住院时间、住院费用显著少于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论多学科ERAS护理专业组管理模式可有效提升护士的专业能力,保障ERAS的实施,改善患者结局。     

感染内科护理亚专业组管理模式的实践

目的探讨护理亚专业组管理模式在提升感染内科病区护理质量中的应用效果。方法根据科室收治病种特点,建立4个护理亚专业组,构建感染内科护理亚专业组管理模式。比较实施前后护士核心能力、科室护理质量基础指标及专业指标的差异。结果护理亚专业组管理模式实施后,护士核心能力、科室护理质量基础指标及专业指标评分显著高于实施前(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对感染内科实施护理亚专业组管理模式,有利于护士核心能力的提升,以及感染内科护理质量的提高。     

四单合一表格式护理文件的设计与应用

目的探讨表格式护理文件在临床应用中的科学性、可行性以及对开展优质护理服务示范工程的促进作用。方法设计表格式护理文件,将护理评估单、术前评估单、高危评估单及护理记录单合并成一份表格,应用于临床6个月后评价效果。结果日班护理记录时间由实施前1～2h减少至10～30min,危重患者护理记录时间由实施前的10～20min减少至1～5min;护士满意度评分从实施前3.99±0.90上升至实施后4.55±0.87;患者满意度评分从实施前3.35±0.60上升到实施后4.75±0.50,实施前后比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论四单合一表格式护理文件可减少护士书写护理文件的时间,增加直接护理患者时间,从而提高护患满意度。     

Design and application of union-of-four-sheets-into-one tabular nursing record

目的 探讨表格式护理文件在临床应用中的科学性、可行性以及对开展优质护理服务示范工程的促进作用.方法 设计表格式护理文件,将护理评估单、术前评估单、高危评估单及护理记录单合并成一份表格,应用于临床6个月后评价效果.结果 日班护理记录时间由实施前1～2 h减少至10～30 min,危重患者护理记录时间由实施前的10～20min减少至1～5min；护士满意度评分从实施前3.99士0.90上升王实施后4.55士0.87；患者满意度评分从实施前3.35士0.60上升到实施后4.75±0.50,实施前后比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).结论 四单合一表格式护理文件可减少护士书写护理文件的时间,增加直接护理患者时间,从而提高护急满意度.     

卒中后睡眠障碍患者中医延续护理的效果评价

目的探讨中医延续护理对缺血性卒中后睡眠障碍患者睡眠质量及生活质量的改善作用。方法将缺血性卒中后睡眠障碍患者96例随机分为对照组(47例)和观察组(49例)。对照组出院当天由责任护士对患者行出院指导及睡眠卫生相关的健康教育,出院后由社区医护人员按计划随访和指导,观察组在对照组基础上实施中医延续护理,即出院后实施中医饮食调护、中药足浴、足底穴位按摩、耳穴埋籽等中医护理干预,6个月后测评两组患者睡眠质量和生活质量。结果干预6个月后,观察组睡眠障碍比例显著低于对照组(P0.01);观察组睡眠质量、药物使用因子得分和总分显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);观察组生理功能、精神健康、生理领域、心理领域得分和总分显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对缺血性卒中后睡眠障碍患者实施中医延续护理干预,有助于改善患者睡眠质量,提高其生存质量,促进康复。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.