贵阳市首例人禽流感病例的流行病学调查

目的对贵阳市首例人禽流感病例进行流行病学调查分析,为贵阳市今后更好地防控人间禽流感疫情提供依据。方法对患者、密切接触者和患者暴露的集贸市场开展现场流行病学调查,并采集密切接触者、集贸市场环境标本进行检测分析。结果病例经国家CDC检测结果为禽流感病毒(H5N1)核酸检测阳性,确定该病例为人感染高致病性禽流感患者。对患者居住地周围农贸市场进行采样检测,结果显示农贸市场外环境被H5N1污染,对密切接触者和市场禽类销售人员进行的追踪及医学观察并未发现阳性结果。为进一步调查贵阳市农贸市场污染状况,对贵阳市辖区内农贸市场、养殖场和活禽批发市场采集645份环境标本进行检测,结果农贸市场、养殖场等存在A(H5N1)污染,并以鸭的感染高于鸡,隐性感染或带H5N1大量存在,表明非疫区无症状带毒禽有可能作为禽流感传播。结论该市高致病性禽流感防控工作形势严峻,要认真贯彻卫生部提出的各项防控人间禽流感疫情的各种防控措施,防止禽流感疫情向人间扩散与传播。     

2例恶性疟死亡的调查分析

目的调查分析恶性疟病例感染来源和死亡原因。方法收集病例临床资料,调查病例疟疾病史、诊治经过,复核病人血片并计数疟原虫密度,了解病人原籍县疟疾流行和防控情况。结果患者有明确的非洲居住史,驻地为疟疾流行区,从国外返乡后发病,血检恶性疟原虫阳性;原籍资源县2000-2011年未发现本地感染疟疾病例,推测两例恶性疟均为国外感染在本地发病;患者耽误就诊时间和就诊后不能及时确诊治疗是死亡的重要原因之一。结论早期诊断和治疗是防止输入性疟疾死亡的重要措施。     

赣州市1例人感染H7N9禽流感病例调查分析

目的通过对1例人感染H7N9禽流感病例的调查分析,为以后防控工作提供科学依据。方法运用描述流行病学方法,调查病例的发病就诊经过、可能的暴露来源,医学观察密切接触者及对流感样病例进行强化监测,采集病例鼻咽拭子标本,暴露环境标本进行RT-PCR流感核酸检测。结果病例确诊为人感染H7N9禽流感,经治疗后连续两次核酸检测阴性,痊愈出院。患者有明确的暴露史,医学观察密切接触者39人,流感样病例强化监测22人均未发现H7N9核酸阳性病例。病例暴露农贸市场环境标本,检出5份H7N9核酸阳性标本,农贸市场活禽来源于外省疫区。结论活禽市场暴露是人感染H7N9禽流感病毒的主要因素,未发现人传人病例。     

乡镇婴幼儿营养不良状况调查

随着生活水平的提高 ,城市与乡村的差距正逐渐缩小。同以往相比 ,乡镇婴幼儿的营养不良发病率已明显下降。但由于母乳不足而添加辅食不当、双亲缺乏必要的合理喂养知识、偏食厌食、其他疾病等原因 ,乡镇婴幼儿营养不良的病例仍然存在。为了更好地防止乡镇婴幼儿营养不良病例的发生 ,并与城市婴幼儿营养不良病例的发生率进行比较 ,我们对本市乡镇的部分婴幼儿作了本病发病现状和原因调查 ,现将结果报告如下。对象与方法1　对象　本市乡镇 0～ 3岁婴幼儿作为调查对象 (1998年 11月～ 2 0 0 1年 11月出生 ) ,并按年龄段分成 2个组 ,分别为 0～…     

珠海市一起布鲁氏菌病聚集病例的调查

目的调查分析一起布鲁氏菌病聚集性疫情的流行病学特征,探讨珠海市农村地区布鲁氏菌病的发病原因和可能的传播途径。方法 采用统一的调查问卷以访谈形式结合现场调查,描述病例的发病过程及流行病学特征。对病例家属、农贸市场及肉联加工厂从业人员进行病例搜索,对近期出现持续数日至数周发热、多汗、乏力、肌肉和关节疼痛等症状的,进行采样和流行病学调查。结果根据卫生部《布鲁氏菌病诊断标准》（WS 269-2007）确诊病例2例,均为男性,平均年龄56.5岁,均为市场草药销售人员。结论由于草药销售档口和牛羊肉销售档口相邻,因此病例在销售草药时存在通过皮肤粘膜伤口直接接触受布鲁氏菌病感染的牛羊肉或其污染的环境导致感染的可能性较大。     

农村已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染及就诊情况调查

目的 了解农村已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染情况、最近一次出现生殖道感染症状后就诊情况及影响因素,为生殖健康干预提供依据.方法 采用方便整群抽样方法,抽取安徽省3个县3个乡镇12个村中1398名已婚育龄妇女,运用自行设计的调查表进行入户面访调查.结果 收集有效问卷1 221份,70.43%的调查对象自我报告近1年中出现≥1种生殖道感染症状,42.67%出现白带增多症状;最近一次出现症状后就诊者占36.74%.52.53%的调查对象前去乡镇卫生院就诊,就诊后遵医嘱复查者占51.63%;70.77%未就诊者认为没必要就诊;42.59%和47.66%就诊者认为医生的水平较高、服务态度较好及很好.影响农村妇女就诊的因素有年龄、文化程度等.结论 安徽省农村已婚育龄妇女生殖道感染症状发生率高,就诊率和遵医嘱复查率低.     

人感染H7N9禽流感死亡1例报告

目的查明桐乡市人感染H7N9禽流感发生的原因,为预防和控制人感染禽流感提供依据。方法通过病例个案调查、患者家属和其他关键人物访谈及发病地农贸市场调查,应用RT-time检测病毒核酸等方法,检测流行病学关联的环境、人员和禽类标本,对患者可能的感染来源进行追溯。结果经RT-time方法检测在死亡患者呼吸道样本和与患者相关活禽交易市场环境涂抹液标本中,均检出禽流感病毒H7N9核酸检测阳性,而患者的密切接触者、相关禽间及其他外环境采集的标本,检测均为阴性。结论该起人感染H7N9禽流感疫源可能来自农贸市场活禽。     

黄山市首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例流行病学调查

目的通过对人感染H7N9禽流感病例的流行病学调查,为进一步防控提供科学依据。方法运用描述流行病学方法对患者、密切接触者、患者暴露的农贸市场和周边活禽销售、批发市场开展现场流行病学调查,采集市场外环境标本进行检测分析,进行疑似病例排查和流感样病例强化监测。结果患者有禽类接触史,下呼吸道标本禽流感病毒H7N9核酸阳性。密切接触者中无不明原因肺炎病例,未发现人与人之间传播证据,农贸市场、批发市场环境标本H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测阳性率分别为44.4%、29.4%。结论黄山市首例人感染高致病性禽流感病例属本地感染、非人传人的病例,感染来源可能与农贸市场环境暴露有关。     

南昌县3例人感染H7N9禽流感病例的流行病学调查分析

目的对南昌县2013年确诊报告的3例人感染H7N9禽流感病例进行流行病学分析,为进一步科学防控人禽流感提供依据。方法对确诊病例和病例的密切接触者进行个案调查,对病例的呼吸道标本进行人感染H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测,对密切接触者进行双份血清学检测。结果 1例病例表现为重症肺炎并呈进行性加重,另2例病例重症肺炎进行性加重不明显,3例病例发病至首次就诊平均时间为1 d,首次住院为5 d,确诊时间为6.6 d。3病例呈高度散发,病例之间无流行病学关联,发病时间2例在春季,1例在初夏。3例病例均有禽类间接接触史。对病例采取隔离治疗、密切接触者进行医学观察、疫点终末消毒、农贸市场停止活禽交易等综合措施后,疫情得到有效控制。结论3例人感染H7N9禽流感病例发病与禽类间接接触史有关,暂未发现人传人的证据。早期发现和救治患者是提高患者预后的关键,要加强人感染H7N9禽流感疫情监测,及时科学处置疫情,以控制疫情扩散。     

人感染H7N9禽流感1例报告

目的调查1例人感染H7N9禽流感病例,总结疫情防控工作经验。方法对病例和密切接触者进行个案调查与分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测病例咽拭子H7N9禽流感病毒核酸作确诊。结果患者以发热为首发症状,继而出现咳嗽、咳痰和左下肺炎,伴有高血压、糖尿病等基础性疾病,实时荧光定量PCR检测病例咽拭子H7N9禽流感病毒核酸阳性。经达菲等抗病毒治疗,康复出院。患者发病前7 d内曾去过农贸市场。密切接触者50人,均未出现流感样症状,血清H7N9禽流感HI抗体均为阴性。结论该病例以发热肺炎为主要临床特征,感染来源未明,不能排除农贸市场禽类区暴露的可能,未发现人传人情况。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.