2004-2006年玉林市麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的评估2004--2006年玉林市麻疹疫苗局部强化免疫的实施对控制麻疹发病的效果，为加速控制麻疹工作提供对策依据。方法利用2004--2006年疫情网络直报资料、人群麻疹抗体监测资料、麻疹高危县麻疹疫苗强化免疫接种率，探讨麻疹疫苗强化免疫的效果。结果2004--2006年玉林市麻疹高危县的麻疹疫苗强化免疫接种率、快速评估接种率均〉90％。经过3a的局部地区强化免疫，人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率、保护率、几何平均滴度（GMT）均显著升高，与局部强化免疫前的2001—2003年相比，麻疹发病锐减。结论玉林市2004--2006年麻疹高危县麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果显著，已建立了麻疹免疫屏障，但强化免质量有待提高，在提高常规免疫覆盖率及服务质量的基础上，有计划地开展麻疹疫苗局部强化免疫是控制麻疹暴发流行的有效措施。     

荆门市1995-2004年麻疹疫情流行病学分析

麻疹是一种严重危害儿童身体健康的急性传染病，麻疹疫苗使用前。发病率和死亡率一直处于荆门市法定报告传染病的前3位。自麻疹疫苗的广泛使用，特别是1984年冷链下的计划免疫的开展，疫苗质量大幅度提高，全市麻疹流行得到有效控制，发病率大幅度降低。作者对近10年麻疹疫情进行流行病学分析，为制定进一步控制麻疹策略提供理论依据。现报告如下。     

无锡市适龄儿童麻疹疫苗强化免疫质量评价

目的通过对无锡市适龄儿童麻疹疫苗的强化免疫，对包括流动儿童在内的适龄儿童进行麻疹疫苗的查漏补种，消灭可能存在的免疫空白，使麻疹发病率处于可控制的稳定状态。方法根据江苏省消除麻疹行动计划（2007-2012年），有效控制并消除麻疹，于2007年11月份在全市范围内14周岁以下儿童开展了麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动。并对强化免疫活动进行评价。结果无锡市麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动结果评价表明，包括流动儿童在内的适龄儿童麻疹疫苗接种率达97．2％，无严重的不良反应和纠纷，确保了接种的安全性和接种效果。结论麻疹疫苗强化免疫活动为消灭该市流动儿童的麻疹疫苗免疫空白和进一步控制该市的麻疹发病率起到了积极作用，达到了麻疹疫苗强化免疫的预期效果。     

长沙市开福区2008-2009年疑似麻疹病例IgM抗体检测结果

麻疹是由麻疹病毒引起的出疹性急性呼吸道传染病，随着免疫规划的深入开展及麻疹疫苗的接种率和接种质量不断提高，麻疹得到了有效控制，发病率和死亡率明显下降，但相对采用接种疫苗控制发病的传染病中，麻疹发病率仍处于较高水平。为在长沙市开福区有效控制麻疹发病，2008—2009年在全区范围内免费开展了适龄儿童麻疹疫苗强化免疫工作，     

黑龙江省2004--2007年麻疹流行病学分析

麻疹是由麻疹病毒感染后引起的急性全身性出疹性疾病，他除出现全身皮疹外，尚可引起腹泻、脑炎，严重病例可导致死亡。在麻疹疫苗问世前，除婴儿短时期内受母传抗体保护外．人人易感，麻疹至今仍然是严重危害儿童健康，特别是发展中国家儿童健康的常见病。尽管20世纪60年代国内外成功研制了麻疹疫苗，但麻疹仍是疫苗可预防疾病中对儿童危害严重的疾病之一。特别是2005年我国所在的世界卫生组织西太平洋区所有国家承诺2012年消除麻疹。近几年，我省麻疹发病有上升趋势，防治形势不容乐观，现将我省2004--2007年麻疹流行病学情况进行分析，并提出防治建议。     

麻疹疫苗不同初免时间的调查

麻疹疫苗不同初免时间的调查江浦县卫生防疫站朱志伟，林其训为找出一个合适麻疹免疫程序，提高麻疹疫苗免疫成功率，从而为１９９５年消除麻疹作准备，于１９９３年分别在我县的石桥、永宁两乡、镇进行了麻疹疫苗６个月龄和１３个月龄初免成功率调查，现报告如下。１对象...     

天津市南开区2005-2008年麻疹疫情分析

目的分析天津市南开区2005—2008年麻疹疫情，探讨麻疹控制措施。方法利用国家疾病报告管理信息系统和免疫规划监测信息管理系统的麻疹病例专报网资料，分析麻疹流行特征。结果南开区2005—2007年麻疹发病率分别是7．42／10万、8．88／10万、5．07／10万。2008年截至到3月16日麻疹发病率已经达到9．93／10万。在8月龄-15岁麻疹病例中，2005—2008年的麻疹疫苗估算接种率分别为81．08％、89．89％、75．00％、87．91％。结论保证适龄儿童2针次麻疹疫苗的常规免疫，提高8月龄-1岁组麻疹疫苗首针接种及时率是控制麻疹疫情的关键。     

雨花台区麻疹疫苗强化免疫探讨

目的为有效消除麻疹制定预防控制策略,并为科学开展防控工作提供依据。方法分析雨花台区2006年至2010年麻疹疫苗强化免疫前后麻疹发病资料,进行描述性流行病学分析,麻疹强化免疫方法主要针对散居儿童和在校中小学生接种1剂麻疹疫苗,在园儿童接种1剂麻腮二联疫苗。结果雨花台区2009年麻疹疫苗强化免疫实际报告接种率为97.60%,实施麻疹疫苗强化免疫后麻疹发病率显著下降,2010年较2006年麻疹发病率下降了98.36%倍。结论对辖区重点人群实施麻疹疫苗强化免疫,能快速形成免疫保护屏障,有效阻断麻疹传播,是消除麻疹的重要手段。     

濮阳市1949－1994年麻疹流行特征

濮阳市１９４９－１９９４年麻疹流行特征梁桂华为了解我市麻疹的发病情况，掌握其流行规律，规将我市１９４９－１９９４年麻疹疫情资料加以整理，初步探讨其流行特征。以疫苗使用为界，将麻疹的流行情况分为疫苗前期（１９４９－１９６６年）、疫苗期（１９６７－１９８...     

105例麻疹分析

目的探讨麻疹的发病特征与计划免疫的关系。方法对我区2008年的105例麻疹患者的发病特征与计划免疫的关系进行分析。结果2例见口腔粘膜koplik’s斑，12例仅见口腔粘膜粗糙，34例未接种疫苗，市区病例59例，农区46例。结论麻疹患者中小儿和成年人多，儿童接种麻疹疫苗后抗体有随年龄增长下降趋势，提高麻疹疫苗的接种率是控制麻疹疫情的关键。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.