脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化病理形态观察

目的探讨脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化的临床病理表现及诊断、鉴别诊断。方法对4例脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化进行常规HE及免疫组织化学（EnVision法）观察并结合文献讨论。结果脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化的最大特征是在纤维硬化间质中形成多个血管瘤样结节。结节为单个或多个融合,周围为增生纤维组织包绕。结节中央可见裂隙样或不规则形或略为扩张的血管腔构成,内衬肿胀的内皮细胞。血管腔隙之间为梭形细胞和卵圆形细胞。免疫组织化学显示结节内为CD34阳性表达的小血管及少量CD8阳性表达的窦性腔隙,CD31阳性表达的内皮细胞数量多,并构成复杂的网状结构,局灶性内衬细胞CD68亦为阳性,平滑肌肌动蛋白阳性细胞成簇分布在血管腔隙之间,结节间梭形细胞局灶性肌动蛋白阳性,但结蛋白、CD21、CD35阴性。结论脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化是一种少见的良性病变,有其特征的临床病理表现,应注意与脾脏其他类型肿瘤及瘤样病变鉴别。     

脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化临床病理分析

目的 探讨脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化的病理形态特征、形成原因及鉴别诊断.方法 对10例脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化病例进行病理形态观察,EnVision法行免疫组织化学染色,并行网状纤维染色和PAS染色,1例行电子显微镜观察.结果 脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化有其特征性血管瘤样结节,免疫组织化学显示结节内内皮细胞异质性表达,即小叶状分布毛细血管免疫表型为CD34~+/CD31~+/CD8~-,窦岸样细胞免疫表型为CD8~+/CD31~+/CD34~-,小静脉样血管免疫表型为CD31~+/CD8~-/CD34~-,结节内梭形细胞混合表达CD31、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)和CD68,结节间梭形细胞混合表达SMA和CD68.网状纤维染色显示结节轮廓和结节内血管,PAS染色显示结节周围胶原沉积物.电镜显示淋巴窦扩大,胶原丰富等特征.结论 该病是一种少见的脾脏良性病变,可能是一种反应性病变,与血管瘤出血坏死机化关系密切.尤其需要与脾脏交界性或恶性肿瘤鉴别.     

小肠卡波西型血管内皮瘤临床病理特征

目的：探讨小肠卡波西型血管内皮瘤( kaposiform he-mangioendothelioma, KHE)的临床病理学特征、鉴别诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2例小肠KHE患儿的临床表现、组织学形态和免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果患儿以肠梗阻、肠套叠为主要表现,不伴有Kasabach-Merritt综合征。镜下可见肿瘤细胞呈多结节状或多小叶状排列,向肠壁浸润生长,可见梭形细胞区、毛细血管瘤样结构和特征性的肾小球样结构。免疫表型：肿瘤细胞中CD31、CD34均强阳性, SMA 灶阳性, GLUT1、D2-40、S-100、CKpan、CK5/6、CR、desmin、DOG1和CD117均阴性。结论小肠KHE是一种罕见的中间型血管肿瘤,好发于婴幼儿和儿童,应与婴幼儿毛细血管瘤、丛状血管瘤、卡波西肉瘤、胃肠道间质瘤和梭形细胞血管内皮瘤等鉴别,诊断依靠典型的组织学形态和免疫表型,完整切除是治疗小肠KHE的有效方法。     

血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤病理诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 探讨血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤(angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma)的临床病理特点、免疫表型、病理诊断与鉴别诊断要点.方法 收集5例血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤,分析其临床特点,观察病理组织学形态及免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献.结果 临床特点:5例患者中男性3例,女性2例,平均年龄21.4岁,平均病程约13个月.主要表现为真皮深层或皮下缓慢生长的无痛性肿块,3例位于头颈部,1例位于肘部,1例位于足部,均行完整切除,术后未予放疗和化疗等辅助治疗,随访10～29个月,无一例复发和转移.病理检查:5例均为单发肿块,瘤体最大径平均1.9 cm,周界清楚,切面呈灰褐色,质实,较硬,有不规则出血性囊腔.镜下观察:瘤细胞主要呈组织细胞样、梭形,略呈结节状分布,5例均有假血管样腔隙,3例有较厚纤维性假包膜及周围淋巴细胞浆细胞浸润.免疫组织化学:5例均表达波形蛋白,3例表达结蛋白,3例表达CD68,2例表达上皮细胞膜抗原,2例表达CD99,5例均不表达S-100蛋白、CKpan、CD34和CD31.结论 血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤是一种罕见的交界性肿瘤,其诊断主要依靠病理形态学特征,免疫组织化学标记有助于诊断和鉴别诊断;局部适当扩大切除,术后随访患者是主要处理原则.     

儿童脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化1例并文献复习

目的探讨儿童脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化(sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation,SANT)临床病理特征。方法对1例儿童SANT临床病理特征、免疫表型进行回顾性分析并复习相关文献。结果患者男童,3岁2个月,因车祸体检发现左上腹包快。手术所见:肿块与脾脏相连。肿块4 cm×5 cm×3 cm大小,肿块界限清楚,切面:紫红、灰白相间,呈结节状、分叶状。镜下见纤维组织将毛细血管样结构分隔成大小不等、形状不一结节状血管巢,结节间纤维组织疏松,无明显胶原化,其中可见厚壁的血管,并可见散在炎症细胞浸润。免疫表型:血管巢表达CD31、CD34,血管间隙表达SMA,间质纤维组织表达vimentin、灶状SMA,不表达desmin、NSE、S-100、ALK、CD21、EBV,散在表达CD68、CD8,Ki-67增殖指数常<5%。结论 SANT是儿童罕见的一种良性病变,常偶然发现,具有特征性的病理形态和免疫表型。     

黏液型血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤的临床病理学观察北大核心CSCD

目的探讨黏液型血管瘤样纤维组织细胞瘤（AFH）的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法收集2008-2017年就诊于南京医科大学第一附属医院的3例黏液型AFH患者资料,采用EnVision法检测免疫组织化学表型,采用荧光原位杂交（FISH）法检测EWSRl基因断裂重排情况。结果3例中男性2例,女性1例,年龄分别为13、31和42岁。临床表现主要为偶然发现或缓慢生长的无痛性肿块。肿瘤位于浅表软组织（皮下、黏膜下）2例,深部软组织（腹膜后）1例。大体上肿瘤最大径分别为1、7和2cm,切面灰白质实。组织学上,肿瘤均境界清楚,有纤维性包膜及淋巴细胞鞘。肿瘤呈模糊的多结节状分布,问质广泛黏液变性（≥60％）。黏液丰富区域瘤细胞相对稀疏,呈梭形或星芒状,条索状或丝网状排列,或杂乱无章的分布于间质中;瘤细胞相对丰富区域可见经典AFH的组织／树突样细胞合体样生长,排列呈小片状、短束状、交错状或局部旋涡状。瘤细胞轻．中度异型性,核分裂象可见（≤2／10HPF）。未见肿瘤性坏死。仅1例见裂隙状出血性腔隙。另有1例部分间质出现丰富的硬化性胶原。3例均表达CD68、CDl63,2例表达结蛋白、上皮细胞膜抗原和CD99,1例表达Calponin和平滑肌肌动蛋白。S-100蛋白、CD34、CD31、CD35、CD21、广谱细胞角蛋白均阴性。FISH检测示EWSRl均阳性。2例获随访结果,分别随访6个月和89个月,未见复发或转移。结论黏液型AFH的临床表现、免疫表型、分子遗传学改变及生物学行为与经典型AFH相同．但组织形态学特殊,需要与肌上皮瘤、神经源性肿瘤等富含间质黏液的肿瘤鉴别。     

肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的病理观察

目的对肾脏上皮样血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（epithelioid agiomyolipoma,EAML）的病理诊断、鉴别诊断和预后进行分析。方法2例肾脏EAML（其中1例为复发病例）,复习其临床资料,病理学检查包括常规病理学、免疫组织化学和超微结构,并进行随访。结果光镜下肿瘤均主要由具有多形性和不典型性的上皮样细胞组成,部分区域有明显的血管周上皮样排列;可见出血和坏死;并可见静脉内瘤栓;淋巴结内可见上皮样肿瘤细胞累及。免疫组织化学肿瘤细胞（包括淋巴结内肿瘤）HMB45、平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和波形蛋白弥漫阳性;S-100、melanpan和CD68散在阳性;而上皮细胞膜抗原（EMA）、AE1／AE3、CK7、CD117、肌肉特异性肌动蛋白（MSA）、结蛋白、白细胞共同抗原（LCA）、CD20、CIM5RO、CD30、CD15、嗜铬素（CgA）、突触素（Syn）、bcl-2、雌孕激素受体（ER、PR）和p53均为阴性。电镜检查可见一些肿瘤细胞内有黑色素小体样的致密颗粒、肌丝、密体,肿瘤细胞外可见不连续的基膜。2例患者手术后10个月状态良好,无肿瘤局部复发和转移征象。结论血管周上皮样排列、寻找经典血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的结构和肿瘤细胞表达HMIM5和SMA对于诊断和鉴别诊断至关重要。而细胞的不典型性、出血坏死和核分裂象可能只表明肿瘤的恶性潜能：淋巴结受累、肾静脉瘤栓不是恶性的诊断依据：只有远处转移才是恶性的证据。     

骨原发性巨细胞血管母细胞瘤临床病理学观察

目的探讨骨原发性巨细胞血管母细胞瘤(giant cell angioblastoma,GCAB)的临床特点、影像学表现、病理学形态、免疫表型及其鉴别诊断。方法对3例骨原发性GCAB的临床资料、影像学表现、病理学形态和免疫表型进行回顾性分析。结果2例为成年女性,1例为男童。病变分别位于第2腰椎、左股骨远端和左手第3~5掌骨。患者均以局部骨疼痛就诊,其中2例伴活动受限,2例伴周围软组织肿胀。影像学显示为骨质破坏,2例累及邻近软组织。低倍镜下见组织由丛状增生的不规则形血管瘤样结节组成,结节之间为纤维结缔组织。高倍镜下,血管瘤样结节由增生的小血管和周围的胖梭形周皮细胞组成,后者可呈同心圆状围绕小血管,结节内可见散在的破骨样巨细胞。免疫表型:结节内小血管内皮细胞表达CD31和CD34,其周围的周皮细胞表达α-SMA和vimentin,破骨样巨细胞表达KP-1。结论 GCAB属于局部侵袭性的中间型血管内皮瘤。除周围软组织外,少数病例可原发于骨内,并可发生于成人。GCAB需与慢性肉芽肿性炎症、丛状纤维组织细胞瘤、簇状血管瘤和卡波西型血管内皮瘤等鉴别。     

骨卡波西样血管内皮瘤临床病理特点

目的 探讨骨卡波西样血管内皮瘤（KHE）的临床病理特点、鉴别诊断及生物学特征。方法 对2例发生于儿童长骨的KHE进行组织病理学、免疫表型和电镜观察,结合临床资料进行分析并复习相关文献。结果 2例患儿临床以肢体持续性隐痛为主,1例伴局部皮温升高,病程较长（发病1年余就诊）,影像学示局限性骨密度减低或蜂窝状骨质破坏。临床未见血小板减少及低纤维蛋白血症（Kabasach-Merritt syndrome,卡梅综合征）。光镜下肿瘤呈多结节状或小叶状分布,浸润性生长,见特征性的肾小球样结构。部分瘤细胞梭形,呈束状排列并形成裂隙状血管腔,肾小球样结构区瘤细胞多为上皮样,见空泡形成及胞质内脂褐素沉积,部分区域见明显的毛细血管瘤样结构。免疫表型：瘤细胞呈CD31、CD34和Fli-1强阳性表达、SMA灶性阳性,GLUT1、CKpan和FⅧRAg均为阴性,Ki-67有少量散在阳性表达。结论 KHE是一种罕见的好发于儿童的潜在恶性肿瘤,诊断主要靠病理组织学及免疫组化确诊,须与幼年性毛细血管瘤、卡波西肉瘤、丛状血管瘤、梭形细胞血管内皮瘤等鉴别,病变切除干净是治疗KHE的最佳手段。     

脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化3例病理分析

目的 探讨脾脏硬化性血管瘤样结节性转化(sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation,SANT)的病理形态特征、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对3例脾脏SANT进行病理形态观察,免疫组化染色采用EnVision法,并对临床资料和术后随访情况进行分析讨论.结果 脾脏SANT具有特征性血管瘤样结节.病理学检查:(1)眼观病灶呈灰白色结节,边界清楚.(2)镜下见有其特征性血管瘤样结节.免疫组化显示结节内内皮细胞异质性表达,即小叶状分布毛细血管免疫表型为CD34、CD31均(+),CD8(-),窦岸样细胞免疫表型为CD34(-),CD31、CD8均(+);小静脉样血管免疫表型为CD34、CD8均(-),CD31(+);结节内梭形细胞混合表达CD31、SMA和CD68;结节间梭形细胞混合表达SMA和CD68.结节周围梭形细胞呈vimentin、SMA阳性反应,desmin和NSE均(-).术后随访,患者病变均复发和转移.结论 该病是一种罕见的脾脏良性病变,可能是一种增生性病变,与血管瘤出血坏死机化关系密切.需要与脾脏交界性或恶性肿瘤鉴别,鉴别诊断依靠病理组织学形态和免疫组化.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.