大学生营养健康状况调查分析

目的掌握大学生的营养健康状况,制定有效的促进营养健康对策,提高大学生健康水平。方法采用问卷调查方式,调查800名大学生的营养健康状况、不良饮食习惯和营养健康知识了解情况,并对数据进行统计分析。结果营养良好者占53.88%,营养不良者占33.37%,营养过剩者占12.73%;偏食挑食者占37.07%,不吃早餐者占25.98%;对营养健康知识基本了解者占13.25%,部分了解者占78.47%,缺乏了解者占8.28%。结论近半数大学生存在营养不良和营养过剩。主要原因为大学生营养健康意识不强,生活中存在不良饮食行为,应有针对性地进行健康知识宣传和预防。     

山东理工大学学生营养现状与相关知识行为相关性分析

目的 了解大学生营养知识、不良饮食行为、营养状况及其相关关系,为制定干预措施提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,在山东理工大学以班级为单位抽取818名非医学理工类二、四年级本科生为研究对象,进行营养知识和不良饮食行为现场问卷调查.结果 大学生营养知识平均得分为14.4分.11.1%的学生有5种以上的不良饮食行为,29.8%的学生有3-4种不良饮食行为,16.9%的学生无不良饮食行为.不重视早餐现象在大学生中普遍存在,5.6%的学生有时吃早餐,2.4%的学生很少吃早餐.大学生营养不良和营养过剩所占的比例分别为8.8%和9.8%.营养知识水平较高人群的不良饮食行为较少,食用早餐情况较好;不良饮食行为较多人群正常体重所占的比例较低,营养不良、营养过剩所占的比例较高.结论 大学生面临的主要营养问题是营养不良和营养过剩.在大学生中开展营养知识和饮食行为的健康教育是十分必要的.     

南京市大学生营养状况调查分析

目的通过了解南京市大学生营养现状以及对营养知识的了解情况,为指导学生科学饮食水平提供依据。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取南京市5所高校的在校大学生1 218名,通过问卷调查了解其营养现状、营养知识、营养态度和饮食行为,并对数据进行分析。结果营养状况良好者占59.11%,营养不良者占37.85%,营养过剩者占3.04%;但营养态度比较积极,在是否吃零食、是否经常吃水果、是否经常吃宵夜方面,男女差异有统计学意义。结论应尽快对大学生加强营养教育,改善大学生的饮食习惯和生活方式,提高大学生营养健康水平。     

大学生营养状况分析

[目的]了解大学生的膳食营养状况,为指导大学生的合理膳食提供依据. [方法]采用整群随机抽样的方法,随机抽取281名大学生,进行营养知识、营养行为和连续5 d的膳食调查. [结果]大学生营养不良者达45.90%,营养过剩者占1.78%;膳食蛋白质、能量、钙、维生素A、B2等摄入量与推荐的DRIs相比,都普遍不足.[结论]大学生营养状况较差,膳食结构不合理.应尽快加强对学生的营养知识教育,推广营养早餐,合理调配膳食,提高大学生营养健康水平.     

新疆某高校维吉尔族和汉族大学生营养状况研究

目的了解新疆医科大学汉族、维吾尔族大学生营养状况,建立学校大学生体质健康状况数据库。方法采用随机抽样法抽取989名18~24岁大学生,测量身高、体质量等指标。用体质量、BMI指数方法对抽样大学生的身体营养状况进行分析。结果汉族大学生营养不良159人,占22.17%;体质量超标、肥胖128人,占17.85%;男生营养不良62人,女生营养不良97人,男女营养不良率差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.56,P<0.01)。结论高校应重视大学生的营养健康状况,普及营养健康知识,提高膳食知识水平,促进学生整体素质。     

某部新兵营养健康状况基线水平调查与分析

目的了解某部新征入伍士兵的营养健康状况,掌握其营养基线水平及存在问题,为指导部队合理膳食提供依据。方法结合新兵体检对某部238名新兵进行体格检查、营养缺乏病临床体征检查、实验室检测以及营养卫生知识问卷调查。结果受调查新兵体重指数正常者占71.4%,超重者占19.7%,肥胖者占3.0%,体重过低者占5.9%;血红蛋白、空腹血糖、血清维生素A、血清维生素C、血清维生素E均达到正常标准;但血钙、血铁、血锌各有78.2%、15.1%、5.0%低于正常水平;问卷显示大部分战士对营养卫生知识掌握不够全面。结论该部新兵营养状况总体水平良好,但部分新兵存在营养不良或营养过剩的现象,且不同程度的存在血红蛋白偏低、维生素与矿物元素不足或缺乏等营养问题,应采用综合营养干预措施来改善该人群的营养健康状况。     

吴忠市中小学生健康状况调查

目的 了解吴忠市中小学生的健康状况,为开展学生常见病综合防治工作提供参考.方法 整群抽取吴忠市81所学校的中小学生4 320名进行测查,评价中小学生发育水平和健康状况.结果 中小学生营养不良检出率为21.83%,营养过剩检出率为8.33%,其中超重检出率为6.16%,肥胖检出率为2.18%;龋齿患病率为20.34%,沙眼患病率为31.55%,视力不良率为33.24%.结论 吴忠市中小学生营养不良和营养过剩并存,视力不良和沙眼检出率较高,应引起社会、学校和家长高度重视.     

内江师范学院学生营养与膳食行为状况

目的了解内江师范学院学生营养状况和膳食行为,为指导大学生的科学合理膳食提供依据。方法采用“中国学生7~22岁身高标准体重值”评定学生营养状况,采用问卷调查法对内江师范学院8 482名学生的一般状况、膳食状况、饮食习惯及营养知识、态度等进行调查。结果该院学生有较强的健康饮食意识,但普遍缺乏营养知识和存在不良的饮食习惯;学生营养不良率较高,占42.5%,超重和肥胖分别占2.8%和2.6%。结论学生体质健康的现状不容乐观,应开展营养健康知识教育,调整学生的膳食结构。     

杭州市上城区1997～2002年小学生营养状况调查

目的了解杭州市上城区小学生营养状况及动态变化.方法对本区1997～2002年6年间小学生营养状况进行分析.结果小学生6年的营养不良率平均为15.01%,以轻度营养不良为主,占86.43%,且呈逐年下降趋势;而营养过剩平均为22.92%,呈逐年上升趋势,小学生营养不良率和营养过剩率均随年龄的增加而升高.结论杭州市上城区小学生营养状况问题不容忽视,对小学生及家长进行营养知识的宣传教育,调整膳食结构,培养良好的饮食行为尤为重要.     

长宁区中小学生营养知识教育的效果评价

营养是影响中小学生身体发育的重要因素之一,学生营养是当今社会所普遍关心的问题.学生良好的营养状况是成人后健康的基础,营养不良和营养过剩都会影响学生的健康成长.研究表明,针对学生存在的问题制定相应的健康教育计划,采取多种形式对学生进行营养知识的健康教育,有助于改变他们不良的饮食习惯.为此,笔者在中小学生中开展了营养知识教育,并对其效果进行了评价.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.