急性髓系白血病细胞诱导分化生成树突状细胞的研究

目的　将急性髓系白血病 (AML)原代细胞诱导成树突状细胞 (DC) ,并探索白血病免疫治疗的新途径。方法　分离初诊AML患者 12例和正常人 6例的骨髓单个核细胞 ,用重组人粒单核细胞集落刺激因子 (rhGM CSF) 10 0 0U /ml、重组人白细胞介素 4(rhIL 4) 50 0U/ml和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α) 50U/ml联合培养 10d ;经形态学 (Wright染色、倒置显微镜、透射电镜 ) ,免疫学 (CD80 、CD86 、CD83 、CD1a、HLA DR)鉴定 ,荧光原位杂交 (FISH)进行细胞遗传学分析 ,混合淋巴细胞反应检测功能。结果　细胞因子联合诱导后 ,呈现DC的典型形态 ,CD80 、CD86 、CD83 、CD1a的表达与对照组比较明显上调 (P <0 0 5) ,具有刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力。经FISH证实来源于白血病细胞的这类DC与正常DC在形态和免疫学表达方面相似 (P >0 0 5) ,但功能较弱。结论　在体外可成功的将AML原代细胞诱导分化成DC ,可望用于AML的免疫治疗     

急性髓性白血病细胞体外诱导脐血细胞毒性T淋巴细胞增殖及抗白血病作用的研究

目的研究体外培养急性髓性白血病树突状细胞（AML-DC）,并利用该细胞联合细胞因子诱导脐血产生细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）,观察CTL对急性白血病细胞的杀伤效应,探讨从AML．DC体外诱导产生CTL的可行性。方法从急性髓性白血病细胞诱导AML—DC,联合细胞因子体外诱导脐血T细胞活化及增殖,流式细胞术检测培养前后的T淋巴细胞亚群变化,利用LDH试剂盒检测诱导后T细胞对相应急性白血病细胞的杀伤活性。结果可从人AML细胞中诱导出AML-DC,脐血T细胞在体外经过诱导培养后可获得增殖,T淋巴细胞比例较培养前明显增高,其中在AML—DC诱导组中,CD3^＋T淋巴细胞亚群比例达到（79．7±3．70）％,该T淋巴细胞对相应急性白血病细胞的杀伤效率最高达（48．35±12．75）％,与培养前及培养后无AML—DC刺激组相比,经过特异诱导培养的T细胞对相应白血病细胞杀伤作用大大加强（P〈0．05）。结论AML—DC联合细胞因子可以诱导活化脐血白血病细胞特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）,该细胞能对相应白血病细胞产生特异性杀伤效应。     

急性白血病RNA负载脐血来源树突状细胞诱导的细胞毒T细胞抗髓性白血病效应

急性白血病化疗后获得完全缓解的患者,仍有50%～70%因体内残留白血病病灶引起急性髓性白血病(AML)复发.我们利用细胞因子体外诱导脐血单个核细胞(MNC)产生树突状细胞(DC),提取白血病细胞RNA作为抗原冲击DC,诱导产生抗AML特异性免疫作用,为AML免疫治疗提供丰富的DC来源.     

树突状细胞和调节性T细胞在自身抗原所致小鼠免疫耐受模型中的作用

目的:探讨树突状细胞(DC)及CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞在胰岛素自身抗原sc所诱导的小鼠胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(IDDM)的免疫耐受中的重要作用．方法:低剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)(40 mg／kg)ip 连续5次在Balb／c小鼠体内建立IDDM模型,胰岛素(100 μg)与不完全弗氏佐剂(IFA,1:1)混合液sc 1次／wk,连续4 wk．模型建立后每周测定血糖,5 wk时处死动物,取胰腺进行病理组织学检查．分离骨髓DC前体及脾脏T淋巴细胞并进行体外培养．采用流式细胞术测定DC表型和CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞,以同种淋巴细胞刺激实验检测DC刺激淋巴细胞增殖功能．结果:胰岛素sc 4 wk后可明显降低小鼠的血糖,与模型对照组有极显著差异(13．79± 2．71 mmol/L vs 20．98±1．43 mmol／L,P<0．05), 胰岛内炎症细胞浸润减少,组织结构完整． IDDM模型建立后,小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞CD11c表达为26．4％,DC分化异常,而正常小鼠CD11c表达为47．5％;混合淋巴细胞反应中DC刺激能力减弱,刺激指数分别为1．47± 0．01和1．32±0．01(刺激细胞和反应细胞比例分别为1:10和1:20),与正常小鼠相比,差别具有极显著性意义(P值均小于0．01)．脾脏 CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞减少到1．43％,而正常小鼠为5．09％．与此相反,胰岛素自身抗原连续应用后,不仅使血糖得到控制,表达 CD11c的树突状细胞数量增加,CD86和MHC- Ⅱ表面分子表达降低到26．6％和28．8％,刺激淋巴细胞反应的能力弱于正常DC,但强于模型小鼠的DC,刺激指数分别为2．30±0．06(1: 10)和2．17±0．02(1:20),CD4 CD25 调节性T 细胞数量上升到7．15％．结论:胰岛素sc可预防STZ所致小鼠IDDM的发生,自身抗原可以通过改善功能异常的树突状细胞．诱导CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞分化在模型小鼠体内建立免疫耐受．     

TIM4对小鼠食物过敏模型中抗原特异性Th2细胞分化的影响

目的:研究微生物产物对树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)和TIM4的作用,探讨在微生物产物参与的食物过敏(food allergy,FA)中TIM4对CD4+T淋巴细胞分化的影响.方法:培养Balb/c小鼠骨髓来源的树突状细胞(bone marrow-derived DC,BMDC),培养的DC分为两组:...     

小鼠骨髓源性树突状细胞的体外扩增、鉴定及生物学特性研究

目的 为树突状细胞(DC)的研究和应用奠定基础.方法 以重组小鼠粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、白细胞介素(IL-4)和脂多糖(LPS)体外诱导小鼠骨髓细胞分化为DC,倒置显微镜动态观察细胞形态学变化,流式细胞术分析细胞表面分子,混合淋巴细胞反应检测其刺激T细胞增殖能力.结果 经体外诱导培养第2～8天可见大量细胞集落形成;获得的DC具有典型树突状形态,同时DC可显著刺激同种异体混合淋巴细胞增殖.结论 体外诱导培养可获得小鼠骨髓来源DC,可广泛应用于临床及实验研究.     

流式细胞仪双标法分析白血病相关复合物及预后价值

应用流式细胞仪免疫荧光双标法检测 1 8例急性白血病 ( AL ) ,对照 1 1例骨髓单个核细胞( MNC)或外周血干细胞移植术 ( PBSCT)时采集的外周血干细胞 ( PBSCS)的白血病相关复合物表达情况〔其中急性髓细胞白血病 ( AML)以 CD3 4/CD56复合物为标志 ,急性淋巴细胞白血病 ( ALL)及急性未分化细胞白血病 ( AUL )以 CD3 4/CD56,CD19/CD3 4,CD19/CD3 3 ,CD19/CD56复合物为标志探讨这些白血病相关复合物对 AL的预后价值。1　病例和方法1 .1 　 病例来源1 8例 AL患者包括 AML 1 5例 ( M2 8例 ,M3 7例 ) ,ALL- L2 2例 ,AUL1例…     

肺脏基质细胞培养上清液对成熟树突状细胞分化发育的影响

目的 观察小鼠肺脏基质细胞培养上清液对小鼠骨髓来源成熟树突状细胞(mDC)分化发育的影响,并探讨其影响机制.方法 小鼠肺脏基质细胞培养上清液与完全培养基以1:1的比例混合后用于培养小鼠骨髓来源mDC,1周后将mDC诱导成为调节性树突状细胞(rDC).瑞氏-吉姆萨染色后观察细胞形态特征,特异性夹心酶联免疫法检测培养上清液中细胞因子白介素(IL)-10和IL 12p70的含量,流式细胞术检测细胞表型表达水平,将上述检测结果与mDC进行比较,观察肺脏基质细胞培养上清液诱导前后树突状细胞(DC)的区别.结果 rDC分泌的细胞因子IL-10高于mDC组(P＜0.01),而IL-12p70低于DC组(P＜0.01);细胞表型与mDC比较,CD11b上调(P＜0.01),CD11c、Ia、CD86下调(P＜0.01).结论 肺脏基质细胞的培养上清液可诱导mDC分化发育为另一种生物学特性不同的DC亚群.     

体外诱导白血病源性树突状细胞及其对T细胞杀伤活性影响的研究

目的 :探讨体外培养白血病源性树突状细胞 (DC)及其对T细胞杀伤活性的影响。方法 :从慢性髓细胞性白血病 (CML)患者外周血中分离单个核细胞 ,加入 1× 10 6U/L粒 巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (GM CSF)、1×10 6U/L白细胞介素 (IL) 4和 5 0× 10 3 U/L肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF α) ,每 3～ 4天换液 1次 ,连续培养 14天 ,获得DC。取外周血单个核细胞加入 5 0 0× 10 3 U/LIL 2 ,培养至第 7天 ,把细胞分成两组 ,其中一组加入培养的DC ,两组细胞继续培养 3～ 4天 ,然后测定T细胞杀伤活性。结果 :DC具有典型的树状突起 ,高表达CD1a,具有慢粒特异性染色体t(9;2 2 ) ,能增强T细胞对白血病细胞的杀伤活性。结论 :在体外利用细胞因子可以把CML细胞诱导分化成具有刺激T细胞产生细胞毒性反应的白血病源性DC。     

氧化苦参碱对小鼠树突状细胞成熟和功能的影响

目的:研究氧化苦参碱(OXY)对小鼠树突状细胞(DC)成熟、表型及功能的影响。方法:流式细胞术检测DC表面分子CD40的表达;混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)检测DC对T淋巴细胞的刺激能力;ELISA法检测MLR上清中细胞因子IFN-γ的分泌。结果:第0天OXY处理组较对照组DC表面分子CD40的表达明显升高(P<0.01),刺激T细胞能力增强,分泌细胞因子IFN-γ明显升高(P<0.05),对LPS诱导的DC成熟,与DC LPS组对照显著升高(P<0.05)。结果:OXY对DC的成熟和功能有一定的促进作用。     

树突状细胞联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞对胃癌细胞杀伤作用

目的探讨树突状细胞联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞对胃癌细胞的杀伤作用。方法采用胃癌患者自身血液中单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC),经体外诱导分别扩增出DC和CIK细胞,二者共同培养后,利用MTT法检测DC细胞联合CIK细胞体外杀伤人胃癌细胞株(MNK-45、MNK-28、SG-7901)的活性。结果DC与CIK细胞共培养后得到的细胞群高表达CD3 CD56 ,平均值达到(56.74±7.63)%。通过彼此相互作用诱导出的细胞群体对胃癌细胞株MNK-45、MNK-28、SG-7901有杀伤作用,且杀伤活性随着效靶比的增加而增强。结论DC与CIK细胞共培养后有很强的增殖能力,对胃癌细胞具有杀伤活性,且其杀伤作用与胃癌细胞类型无相关性。     

DC与CIK或LAK联合对结肠癌细胞株SW480杀伤作用的研究

[目的]研究树突状细胞(DC)联合细胞因子诱导或未诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)或淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞(LAK)对结肠癌细胞株SW480的杀伤活性.提供DC联合CIK或LAK治疗结肠癌的实验依据.[方法]取人外周血分离出单个核细胞(PBMNC),诱导生成DC、CIK、LAK细胞;流式细胞仪检测DC经SW480肿瘤抗原冲击后的表型变化;以CIK+DC细胞、CIK细胞、LAK+DC细胞及LAK细胞作为效应细胞,SW480为靶细胞,以15∶1、30∶1、45∶1为效靶比,LDH释放法测定细胞杀伤试验活性;ELISA检测杀伤试验中干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、IL-12、IL-17的分泌水平.[结果]流式细胞仪检测DC经SW480肿瘤抗原冲击后,其表面分子HLA-DR、CD40、CD80和CD86表达分别平均为90.23％、73.68％、85.96％、57.55％,与未经肿瘤抗原冲击DC比较,DC成熟的表面标志分子表达明显增加(P＜0.01).相同效靶比下,CIK+DC细胞组对SW480的杀伤作用最强,明显高于其他细胞组(P＜0.01);CIK+ DC细胞组在效靶比为45∶1时,杀伤活性最强(P＜0.01);单独CIK细胞组的杀伤活性明显高于LAK+DC细胞组(P＜0.01);LAK+ DC细胞组的杀伤活性明显高于单独LAK细胞组(P＜0.01).效靶比为45∶1时,各杀伤试验细胞组上清液中IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12、IL-17的分泌量,CIK+DC细胞组的IFN-γ、IL-12的分泌量显著高于其他细胞组(P＜0.05);LAK+DC、单独LAK细胞组IL-2的分泌量明显高于CIK+DC、单独CIK细胞组(P＜0.05);单独CIK细胞组IFN-γ的分泌量明显高于LAK+DC、单独LAK细胞组(P＜0.05).[结论]CIK+DC细胞组对SW480的杀伤活性明显强于单独CIK、LAK+ DC组、单独LAK细胞组.其机制可能是,SW480抗原致敏的DC分泌IFN-γ、IL-12等刺激、诱导CIK细胞的活化和增殖,明显增强CIK细胞杀伤SW480的活性.     

Transdifferentiation of glioblastoma cells into vascular endothelial cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor and is highly resistant to intensive combination therapies and anti-VEGF therapies. To assess the resistance mechanism to anti-VEGF therapy, we examined the vessels of GBMs in tumors that were induced by the transduction of p53(+/-) heterozygous mice with lentiviral vectors containing oncogenes and the marker GFP in the hippocampus of GFAP-Cre recombinase (Cre) mice. We were surprised to observe GFP(+) vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Transplantation of mouse GBM cells revealed that the tumor-derived endothelial cells (TDECs) originated from tumor-initiating cells and did not result from cell fusion of ECs and tumor cells. An in vitro differentiation assay suggested that hypoxia is an important factor in the differentiation of tumor cells to ECs and is independent of VEGF. TDEC formation was not only resistant to an anti-VEGF receptor inhibitor in mouse GBMs but it led to an increase in their frequency. A xenograft model of human GBM spheres from clinical specimens and direct clinical samples from patients with GBM also showed the presence of TDECs. We suggest that the TDEC is an important player in the resistance to anti-VEGF therapy, and hence a potential target for GBM therapy.     

Development of hematopoietic cells from embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells that can differentiate into all somatic cell lineages and germ lineage cells in vivo. In vitro differentiation capacity of the cells is rather limited compared with the in vivo pluripotency. However, differentiation into hematopoietic lineages is easily obtained, and it is a powerful tool to investigate hematopoietic development and differentiation. In this article, we describe a differentiation induction method that we established, the OP9 system, a unique method using the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient stromal cell line OP9. The utility of the OP9 system includes hematopoietic development, differentiation, B-cell formation, osteoclast formation, and so on. The usefulness and limits of embryonic stem cell-derived hematopoietic cells in cell therapy are also discussed.     

Differentiation of mesodermal cells from pluripotent stem cells

The pluripotency of embryonic stem cells has been well demonstrated by a vast variety of studies showing the induction of differentiation into desired cell types that have the potential to be used not only in basic studies but also in medical applications. The induction of mesodermal cells, especially blood cells, from embryonic stem cells is notable from the point of view of transplantation, and the methods for this induction have improved over the last few years, with more defined culture conditions in place. Concurrently, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells opens the possibility of autologous transplantation. In fact, there are a growing number of reports demonstrating that several mesodermal cells can be differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells using the same methods used for embryonic stem cells. This review summarizes recent advances in the differentiation of mesodermal cells from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.     

B-lymphoid cells with attributes of dendritic cells regulate T cells via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

A discrete population of splenocytes with attributes of dendritic cells (DCs) and coexpressing the B-cell marker CD19 is uniquely competent to express the T-cell regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in mice treated with TLR9 ligands (CpGs). Here we show that IDO-competent cells express the B-lineage commitment factor Pax5 and surface immunoglobulins. CD19 ablation abrogated IDO-dependent T-cell suppression by DCs, even though cells with phenotypic attributes matching IDO-competent cells developed normally and expressed IDO in response to interferon γ. Consequently, DCs and regulatory T cells (Tregs) did not acquire T-cell regulatory functions after TLR9 ligation, providing an alternative perspective on the known T-cell regulatory defects of CD19-deficient mice. DCs from B-cell–deficient mice expressed IDO and mediated T-cell suppression after TLR9 ligation, indicating that B-cell attributes were not essential for B-lymphoid IDO-competent cells to regulate T cells. Thus, IDO-competent cells constitute a distinctive B-lymphoid cell type with quintessential T-cell regulatory attributes and phenotypic features of both B cells and DCs.     

Plasma cells induce apoptosis of pre-B cells by interacting with bone marrow stromal cells

By using two-color phenotypic analysis with fluorescein isothiocyanate- anti-CD38 and phycoerythrin-anti-CD19 antibodies, we found that pre-B cells (CD38+CD19+) signifcantly decreased depending on the number of plasma cells (CD38++CD19+) in the bone marrow (BM) in the cases with BM plasmacytosis, such as myelomas and even polyclonal gammopathy. To clarify how plasma cells suppress survival of pre-B cells, we examined the effect of plasma cells on the survival of pre-B cells with or without BM-derived stromal cells in vitro. Pre-B cells alone rapidly entered apoptosis, but interleukin-7 (IL-7), a BM stromal cell line (KM- 102), or culture supernatants of KM-102 cells could support pre-B cell survival. On the other hand, inhibitory factors such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and macrophage inflammatory protein- 1beta (MIP-1beta) could suppress survival of pre-B cells even in the presence of IL-7. Plasma cells alone could not suppress survival of pre- B cells in the presence of IL-7, but coculture of plasma cells with KM- 102 cells or primary BM stromal cells induced apoptosis of pre-B cells. Supernatants of coculture with KM-102 and myeloma cell lines (KMS-5) also could suppress survival of pre-B cells. Furthermore, we examined the expression of IL-7, TGF-beta1, and MIP-1beta mRNA in KM-102 cells and primary stromal cells cocultured with myeloma cell lines (KMS-5). In these cells, IL-7 mRNA was downregulated, but the expression of TGF- beta1 and MIP-1beta mRNA was augmented. Therefore, these results suggest that BM-derived stromal cells attached to plasma (myeloma) cells were modulated to secrete lesser levels of supporting factor (IL- 7) and higher levels of inhibitory factors (TGF-beta1 and MIP-1beta) for pre-B cell survival, which could explain why the increased number of plasma (myeloma) cells induced suppression of pre-B cells in the BM. This phenomenon may represent a feedback loop between pre-B cells and plasma cells via BM stromal cells in the BM.     

Glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells from stem cells

Recent success with immunosuppression following islet cell transplantation offers hope that a cell transplantation treatment for type 1 (juvenile) diabetes may be possible if sufficient quantities of safe and effective cells can be produced. For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, the two therapeutically essential functions are the ability to monitor blood glucose levels and the production of corresponding and sufficient levels of mature insulin to maintain glycemic control. Stem cells can replicate themselves and produce cells that take on more specialized functions. If a source of stem cells capable of yielding glucose-responsive insulin-producing (GRIP) cells can be identified, then transplantation-based treatment for type 1 diabetes may become widely available. Currently, stem cells from embryonic and adult sources are being investigated for their ability to proliferate and differentiate into cells with GRIP function. Human embryonic pluripotent stem cells, commonly referred to as embryonic stem (ES) cells and embryonic germ (EG) cells, have received significant attention owing to their broad capacity to differentiate and ability to proliferate well in culture. Their application to diabetes research is of particular promise, as it has been demonstrated that mouse ES cells are capable of producing cells able to normalize glucose levels of diabetic mice, and human ES cells can differentiate into cells capable of insulin production. Cells with GRIP function have also been derived from stem cells residing in adult organisms, here referred to as endogenous stem cell sources. Independent of source, stem cells capable of producing cells with GRIP function may provide a widely available cell transplantation treatment for type 1 diabetes.