癃闭舒胶囊联合非那雄胺治疗良性前列腺增生观察

目的:研究非那雄胺联合癃闭舒胶囊治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的疗效。方法:将前列腺体积>30mL、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)>15分的良性前列腺增生69例随机分为两组,治疗组给予非那雄胺及癃闭舒胶囊联合治疗,对照组单独予非那雄胺治疗。治疗3月后,观察两组治疗前后最大尿流率、IPSS、超声测量残余尿。结果:两组患者IPSS评分、残余尿量和最大尿流率在治疗3月后与治疗前对比均有显著性差异(P<0.05),治疗组优于对照组,两组比较在治疗各时段IPSS、残余尿量和最大尿流率对比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:对前列腺体积中度增大并合并下尿路症状(LUTS)的BPH患者,予非那雄胺和癃闭舒胶囊联合治疗,可获得满意疗效。     

盐酸坦洛新（坦索罗辛）缓释片治疗良性前列腺增生症的临床疗效观察

目的探讨盐酸坦洛新（坦索罗辛）缓释片对良性前列腺增生症的治疗效果。方法自2006年9月～2007年8月,选择良性前列腺增生症患者83例,给予高选择性a,受体阻断剂盐酸坦洛新（坦索罗辛）缓释片0．2mg,每晚1次,连服4周。记录治疗前后患者的国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、最大尿流率（MFR）、平均尿流率（AFR）、残余尿量（Ru）、前列腺体积、血压等变化,并进行比较。结果经过4周服药治疗,患者的IPSS评分及残余尿量明显下降（P〈0．01）,而MFR与AFR均明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。前列腺体积及血压治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论盐酸坦洛新（坦索罗辛）对良性前列腺增生症的症状改善、提高患者的生活质量等方面具有良好的临床实用价值,且副作用较小,值得临床广泛应用。     

高龄高危巨大前列腺增生症的腔内治疗

目的:探讨应用经尿道前列腺电切术治疗高龄高危巨大良性前列腺增生症的临床疗效及安全性。方法:在积极进行个体化围手术期处理的基础上,采用经尿道前列腺电切术治疗高龄高危巨大患者43例,观察平均手术时间、术中出血量、手术并发症,记录并计算手术前后国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)、剩余尿量及尿流率改变等指标的差异。结果:43例均安全渡过围手术期,平均手术时间94.8min,术中出血量105.4mL,IPSS及QOL评分由术前平均31.8及5.1分别下降至10.4及1.7,最大尿流率由术前4.7mL/s增加至术后14.9mL/s,残余尿量由术前172.0mL下降至术后44.6mL,手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:应用经尿道前列腺电切术治疗高龄高危巨大良性前列腺增生症,疗效确切,手术安全。     

红激光汽化术治疗良性前列腺增生症的临床应用研究

目的 探讨红激光汽化术在良性前列腺增生症患者中的应用效果.方法 2010年6月至2014年9月本院采用红激光汽化术治疗42例良性前列腺增生症患者,观察记录手术时间、出血量、手术并发症,记录并统计分析手术前和术后3个月国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)、最大尿流率(Qmax)及残余尿量(PVR)等指标的差异有无统计学意义.结果 42例患者均安全顺利完成手术治疗,平均手术时间(61.52±18.48) min,术后平均尿管留置时间(4.57±1.42)d.3个月后复查,IPSS评分由术前(27.33±3.95)分降至(9.05±1.45)分,QOL评分由术前(5.17±0.79)分降至(0.95±0.56)分,Qmax由术前(6.07±1.97) mL/s升至(19.05±1.93) mL/s,PVR由术前(107.76±66.99)mL下降至(17.05±6.74) mL,血红蛋白术前术后稳定.结论 红激光汽化术治疗良性前列腺增生症安全性高,疗效可靠.     

非那甾安与坦索罗辛治疗良性前列腺增生症疗效对比

目的比较坦索罗辛和非那甾安治疗良性前列腺增生症的临床疗效。方法良性前列腺增生症患者80例,平均年龄64．5岁,随机分为两研究组,两组患者治疗前I-PSS、最大尿流率、剩余尿量和前列腺体积的基线值差异比较无显著性意义,观察记录治疗12周前后I-PSS、最大尿流率、剩余尿量和前列腺体积的变化。结果坦索罗辛组治疗后I-PSS、Qmax和剩余尿最均有明显改善(P＜0．05),非那甾安组治疗后剩余尿量有明显改善(P＜0．05),坦索罗辛组比非那甾安组在改善I-PSS和Qmax方面有显著统计学差异(P＜0．01)。结论坦索罗辛较非那甾安治疗良性前列腺增生症起效快,改善临床症状效果显著,特别是在Qmax和IPSS方面较为明显。     

钬激光前列腺剜除术的临床评价（附320例报告）

目的探讨经尿道钬激光前列腺剜除术治疗前列腺增生症的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析320例前列腺增生症接受经尿道钬激光前列腺剜除术患者的临床资料,对比其术前与术后1、6、12个月的IPSS症状评分、最大尿流率、残余尿量的变化。结果患者平均年龄（74．2±9．1）岁,术前前列腺平均体积（106．8±23．1）mL,平均切除前列腺组织重量（82．6±27．3）g,留置尿管平均时间（62．8±31．6）h。术后1、6、12个月的IPSS症状评分分别为7．O±2．6、6．2±2．5、6．0±2．5、最大尿流率分别为（21．2±7．5、24．5±5．1、25．6±4．6）mL／s、残余尿量分别为（46．0±9．9、41．3±7。9、38．3士8。7）mL,均较术前改善明显（P〈0．05）。结论经尿道钬激光前列腺剜除术治疗前列腺增生彻底、安全、有效,患者恢复快,痛苦小,可作为当代治疗BPH的“白金”标准。     

坦洛新治疗前列腺增生的效果及安全性探讨

目的坦洛新治疗前列腺增生的效果及安全性探讨。方法选取自2013年6月-2014年1月于我院就诊的良性前列腺肥大患者60例,随机分为两组,分别给予特拉唑嗪与坦洛新治疗,记录治疗前后两组患者前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、尿流率、残余尿量、前列腺体积变化,并观察2组患者服药前后的头痛、胃肠道不适、胸闷心慌、皮疹及皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生情况。结果两组患者治疗前后前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、尿流率、残余尿量、前列腺体积变化均有改善,坦洛新治疗组治疗效果较对照组明显,且不良反应发生率相对较低。结论坦洛新作为高选择性α1Α受体阻断剂,在治疗良性前列腺增生中效果好、安全性高。     

等离子电切治疗前列腺增生症

目的探讨经尿道等离子双极电切治疗前列腺增生症(PKRP)的安全性和疗效。方法回顾分析经尿道等离子双极电切治疗前列腺增生112例,比较术前术后尿流率,前列腺症状评分,残余尿量;记录手术失血量,体重变化,切除前列腺组织重量。结果所有手术顺利完成,切除前列腺重量65±15.5g,手术时间40±7.5min,平均出血量150ml,最大尿流率(Qmax)术前7.4±2.6ml/s术后3个月为18.6±4.6ml/s;国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)术前生活质量评分22.6分,术后3个月为6.5;残余尿量(RUV)术前>60m1,术后<20ml。结论等离子双极电切治疗前列腺增生症具有安全,有效,经济,技术易于掌握等优点,适合基层医院开展。     

爱活尿通治疗100例良性前列腺增生症的临床研究

目的评估爱活尿通对良性前列腺增生症排尿困难等症状的有效性和安全性。方法进行为期12周的开放性、多中心、自身前后对照的临床研究。100例以国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS），最大尿流率（Qmax），经腹B超测定膀胱残余尿量（RU）以及经腹B超测定前列腺体积（V）为主要评价指标；生活质量评分（QoL），平均尿流率（Qave）或前列腺直肠指诊为次要评价指标。对每位患者随访12周后观察治疗效果和药物安全性。结果100例患者均完成临床观察。治疗12周后显效36例（36％），有效53例（53％），改善9例（9％），无效2例（2％），总有效率89％。只有1例患者服药后出现头晕、乏力、走路不稳，3天后自行缓解，其余患者未出现与药物有关的不良反应。结论爱活尿通治疗良性前列腺增生症安全、有效，患者依从性高。     

良性前列腺增生伴慢性前列腺炎中医证型与临床症状相关性分析

目的:分析良性前列腺增生(BPH)伴慢性前列腺炎(CP)中医证型与临床症状之间的相关性。方法:选取150例BPH伴CP患者进行研究,于治疗前将其分为7种中医证型,对各证型患者的年龄、病程、前列腺质量、残余尿量、PSA水平、尿流率和IPSS评分等临床症状之间的相关性进行单因素分析和多因素Logistics回归性分析。结果:经统计,肾阴不足证与前列腺质量呈正相关,与尿流量和IPSS呈负相关;肾阳亏虚证与年龄和前列腺质量呈正相关,与IPSS呈负相关;湿热下注证与PSA呈正相关,与病程、前列腺质量和尿流率呈负相关;脾气虚弱证与前列腺质量呈正相关,与病程呈负相关;肝郁气滞证与病程呈正相关,与年龄、前列腺质量和残余尿量呈负相关;气滞血瘀证与病程和IPSS呈正相关,与残余尿量呈负相关;肺热气闭证与年龄、尿流率和IPSS呈正相关,与病程呈负相关。结论:BPH伴CP的各种中医证型与其临床症状具有密切联系,通过分析临床客观指标能为准确鉴别中医证型提供可靠依据。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.