ADC图在诊断超急性脑梗死缺血半暗带中的价值

目的探讨表观弥散系数(ADC)图在诊断急性脑梗死缺血半暗带中的价值。方法对27例发病时间在1~6h的超急性脑梗死患者行常规MRI、磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)和磁共振灌注加权成像(PWI)确定缺血半暗带的范围,计算梗死中心区、IP区及对侧镜像区的ADC比值和相对ADC值(rADC)值并加以比较。结果在27例超急性脑梗死患者中,25例患者病灶区ADC值明显下降;21例患者PWI>DWI,其病灶中心rADC值与IP区相比显著下降。结论ADC图可以反映脑组织的损伤程度,通过测量脑梗死病灶中心区和边缘区rADC值可以判断缺血半暗带的存在。     

磁共振波谱联合表观弥散系数与灌注加权成像联合DWI评价急性脑梗死后缺血半暗带的比较研究

目的探讨磁共振波谱(MRS)联合表观弥散系数(ADC)发现急性脑梗死后缺血半暗带(IP)是否较灌注加权成像(PWI)联合DWI更为敏感且能带来更大获益。方法选取发病3~6 h的急性脑梗死患者20例于溶栓前分别行DWI、PWI及MRS检查,利用DWI图像重建出ADC图,并于溶栓前及发病后30 d分别行NIHSS评分。比较两种联合方法在发现脑梗死后IP的敏感性,并利用NIHSS评分比较不同方法定义的各组患者治疗前后获益的程度。结果 MRS联合ADC较之PWI联合DWI在发现IP上更为敏感(χ~2=9.286,P=0.002),且按此分组的患者溶栓后其NIHSS评分改善程度之间无显著差异(t=1.718,P=0.111)。结论MRS联合ADC的方法能够发现更多的IP,给更多的急性脑梗死患者带来获益。     

灌注及弥散磁共振成像在急性缺血性脑卒中的应用

目的　评估磁共振 (MRI)弥散加权成像 (DWI)及灌注加权成像 (PWI)在急性缺血性卒中指导溶栓治疗的应用价值。方法　对 44例急性 (≤ 6h)缺血性卒中患者行DWI、PWI扫描 ,DWI及PWI的不匹配区为缺血半暗带 ,根据半暗带是否存在确定患者是否适合溶栓治疗。结果　脑梗死患者 33例 ,其中 2 3例 (52 3 % )有明显半暗带存在 (PWI >DWI) ;1 0例 (2 2 7% )无明显半暗带 (PWI=DWI)。临床表现为短暂性缺血发作 (TIA)者 1 1例 (2 5 0 % )。结论　PWI及DWI对照研究有助于发现超早期脑梗死半暗带 ,指导溶栓治疗 ;临床表现结合DWI有助于除外TIA     

实验家兔超急性脑梗死可逆性损伤区和不可逆性损伤区的磁共振波谱分析

急性脑梗死可逆性损伤区(reversibly damaged region，RDR)和不可逆性损伤区(irreversibly damaged region，IDR)的识别及演变规律的研究，对于指导脑梗死超早期溶栓治疗及判断预后非常重要。功能磁共振成像——弥散加权成像(DWI)和灌注加权成像(PWI)的联合应用，已能从形态上将二者加以界定。     

DWI和PWI在脑梗死中的联合应用价值

目的应用弥散加权成像(DWI)与灌注成像(PWI)在脑梗死中的联合应用,探讨不同时期脑梗死的DWI信号表现特点与血管微循环变化,了解病变与血管微循环之间的关系及判断预后,辅助制定治疗方案。方法选取自2010-04-2011-11收入我院神经内科病房的不同时期脑梗死患者40例,男22例,女18例,除常规序列MRI检查,所有患者均行DWI和PWI检查,用西门子Trio3.0TMR机采集灌注原始数据,在工作站中进行数据后处理,获得MR伪彩灌注图像(包括rCBF图、rCBV图、MTT图、TTP图)进行分析;ADC值的定量测量。结果超急性期脑梗死4例,急性期脑梗死13例,亚急性期脑梗死17例,正常4例,慢性期脑梗死6例,超急性期到慢性期脑梗死DWI信号遵循从高到低,ADC信号遵循从低到高变化特点。DWIPWI 20例DWI=PWI。结论 DWI在超急性脑梗死的诊断中具有重要价值,根据DWI与ADC的信号变化,准确判断脑梗死的各个时期;PWI可以反映梗死区的微血管分布和血流再灌注情况,对脑缺血做出提前诊断,对临床治疗进行指导;DWI与PWI相结合,可以确定缺血半暗带,指导临床治疗     

急性卒中的磁共振成像流程探讨

目的：探讨急性卒中发生后影像学诊断的最佳流程。方法：67例发病1～72h的急性卒中患者在CT检查后行T1加权成像（T1 WI）、T2加权成像（T2 WI）、梯度回波T2^＊加权成像（GRE-T2^＊WI）和弥散加权成像（DWI）检查，39例缺血性卒中患者均行灌注加权成像（PWI）检查。结果：28例急性脑出血的出血病灶在GRE-T2^＊WI上全部清楚显影。16例TIA患者T1 WI、T2 WI和GRE-T2^＊WI以及DWI均正常，9例PWI检查灌注降低，7例正常。23例脑梗死患者中，7例发病6h内者GRE-T2^＊WI均正常，6例PWI〉DWI，1例PWI=DWI；16例发病6～72h内的患者GRE-T2^＊WI呈高信号，DWI均可见与体征相对应的高信号病灶，14例PWI=DWI，2例PWI正常。本组14例患者GRE-T2^＊WI像上在基底节区、丘脑、脑干和皮质下发现有1～18个微出血。结论：急性卒中后通过T1 WI、T2 WI、GRE-T2^＊WI、DWI和PWI检查流程可在较短时间内一站式鉴别脑出血、梗死和TIA患者，确定缺血半暗带，帮助溶栓治疗的选择。     

核磁共振脑灌注成像及DWI联合应用在诊断早期脑梗死缺血半暗带中的临床价值

目的 探讨核磁共振脑部灌注加权成像(PWI)及脑部弥散加权成像(DWI)联合应用在诊断早期脑梗死缺血半暗带中的临床价值。方法 本研究中的受试对象均来自2016年1月-2017年4月来本院就诊的脑梗死患者,选出符合纳入标准的100例作为研究对象,并根据脑梗死发生时间分成超急性期、急性期、亚急性期和慢性期,分别观察PWI和DWI表现,以表观弥散系数(ADC)为DWI的检测评价指标,以局部脑血容量(rCBV)、局部脑血流量(rCBF)、平均通过时间(MTT)和达峰时间(TTP)为PWI的检测评价指标,并比较不同时期脑梗死的PWI和DWI表现。结果 随着脑梗死患者发病时间的延长,T₂WI显示信号随之增高,DWI信号随之降低,ADC信号随之增高。随着梗死时间延长,梗死区ADC值随之增加,健侧对应区随着梗死时间的变化,ADC值无明显变化; 在每个不同分期中健侧对应区的ADC值均高于梗死区(P均<0.05); 超急性期rCBV和rCBF值均为降低信号,MTT和TTP均为升高信号; 急性期rCBV、rCBF、MTT和TTP值在三种信号上均有表现,但rCBV和rCBF值均以降低信号为主,MTT和TTP均以升高信号为主; 亚急性期中rCBV和rCBF为正常和降低信号,其中以正常信号为主,MTT和TTP均为降低和升高信号,并以升高信号为主; 慢性期rCBV和rCBF均表现为降低信号,MTT和TTP均为降低和升高信号,并以降低信号为主; 超急性期DWIPWI均有表现,并以DWIPWI均有表现,并以DWIPWI为主; 亚急性期DWI=PWI和DWI>PWI均有表现,并以DWI=PWI为主; 慢性期均为DWI=PWI。结论 PWI联合DWI对脑梗死早期的诊断价值较高,PWI对缺血半暗带有较好的诊断,其与DWI相结合可更准确地判定缺血半暗带。     

表观弥散系数对确定急性缺血性卒中缺血半暗带的潜在价值

目的 探讨表观弥散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC）对确定急性缺血性卒中缺血半暗带的潜在价值。 方法 选择发病9 h内完成多模式磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）检查的前循环急性缺血性卒中患者49例。应用自制软件进行灌注加权像（perfusion-weighted imaging,PWI）和弥散加权像（diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI）异常区域的体积测量。缺血半暗带以PWI/DWI错配表示。同时采用全自动图像分析系统,以DWI图像计算得到的ADC图作为输入数据,来判断缺血半暗带的存在（以下简称为ADC方法）,然后比较这两种方法在判断缺血半暗带方面的差异。 结果 入选的49例患者中,存在PWI/DWI错配者为43例,符合ADC方法判断缺血半暗带标准者有41例。这两种方法在判断是否存在缺血半暗带的结果中有41例相符,对判断缺血半暗带的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。ADC方法判断缺血半暗带的敏感度为88.4%、特异度为50.0%。 结论 由于不需做PWI检查,ADC方法对确定缺血半暗带具有潜在的临床实用价值,有可能成为一种简便易行的确定缺血半暗带的方法。     

脑功能成像在急性脑梗死降纤治疗中的应用价值

目的了解脑功能成像的弥散加权成像(DWI)、灌注加权成像(PWI)在急性脑梗死降纤治疗中的应用价值。方法对80例发病2~72h的脑梗死患者行MR常规及DWI、PWI检查,并将检测的结果分型。结果PWI>DWI 48例,有半暗带存在,降纤效果最佳;PWI=DWI 12例,不宜降纤治疗;PWI相似文献   

磁共振成像技术在缺血性脑血管病临床实践中的意义

目的:评估磁共振成像(MRI)弥散加权成像(DWI)、灌注加权成像(PWI)及磁共振血管造影术(MRA)在缺血性脑血管病临床实践中的意义。方法:对78例发病在10d内的急性缺血性脑血管病患者进行DWI、PWI及MRA检查,对不同发病时期患者的临床与影像改变进行对照研究。结果:急性/亚急性脑梗死灶,相对脑血容量(rCBV)下降,平均通过时间(MTT)延长。62例脑梗死中,41.9％有缺血半暗带,部分患者复查MRI,可发现梗死的进展;58.1％无半暗带存在。急性/亚急性梗死灶DWI表现为高信号,7例患者不同血管分布区有多发新鲜脑梗死灶,陈旧梗死灶表现为低信号。71.8％的患者MBA所显示的血管狭窄或闭塞与DWI病变一致。结论:MBA可提供大的动脉的供血状态;PWI在缺血区提供最早、最直接的血流下降情况;DWI反映脑细胞功能状态。PWI与DWI的研究可确定缺血半暗带,动态观察缺血性损害的进展,判断缺血的预后。     

Characterizing the diffusion/perfusion mismatch in experimental focal cerebral ischemia

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) can rapidly detect lesions in acute ischemic stroke patients. The PWI volume is typically substantially larger than the DWI volume shortly after onset, that is, a diffusion/ perfusion mismatch. The aims of this study were to follow the evolution of the diffusion/ perfusion mismatch in permanent and 60- minute temporary focal experimental ischemia models in Sprague-Dawley rats using the intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. DWI and arterial spin-labeled PWI were performed at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after occlusion and lesion volumes (mm(3)) calculated At 24 hours after MCAO, and infarct volume was determined using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. In the permanent MCAO group, the lesion volume on the ADC maps was significantly smaller than that on the cerebral blood flow maps through the first 60 minutes after MCAO; but not after 90 minutes of occlusion. With 60 minutes of transient ischemia, the diffusion/perfusion mismatch was similar, but after reperfusion, the lesion volumes on ADC and cerebral blood flow maps became much smaller. There was a significant difference in 24- hour infarct volumes between the permanent and temporary occlusion groups.     

Metabolic penumbra of acute brain infarction: a correlation with infarct growth

Volume expansion associated with brain infarction occurs in perfusion-diffusion mismatch of magnetic resonance imaging. We aimed at elucidating the metabolic impairment of this phenomenon with (15)O positron emission tomography and perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Eleven patients with acute unilateral embolic occlusion of the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery were studied within 6 hours of onset. Regional cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) were compared with those in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. The relative apparent diffusion coefficient of water was estimated as a marker of cytotoxic edema. Relative cerebral blood flow and relative CMRO(2) in an evolving infarct (normal diffusion initially, but abnormal on day 3) were significantly (p < 0.05) less than those in the periinfarct area (normal diffusion initially and on day 3). The relative apparent diffusion coefficient between the evolving infarct and periinfarct showed no significant difference. These findings indicated that the initial 3-day volume expansion of an embolic brain infarction was associated with disturbed CMRD(2) but not with cytotoxic edema as early as 6 hours after onset. The "metabolic penumbra" defined as normal water diffusion with depressed CMRO(2) is a target to reduce the volume expansion of brain infarction.     

Thrombolytic reversal of acute human cerebral ischemic injury shown by diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging provides an early marker of acute cerebral ischemic injury. Thrombolytic reversal of diffusion abnormalities has not previously been demonstrated in humans. Serial diffusion and perfusion imaging studies were acquired in patients experiencing acute hemispheric cerebral ischemia treated with intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy within 6 hours of symptom onset. Seven patients met inclusion criteria of prethrombolysis and postthrombolysis magnetic resonance studies, presence of large artery anterior circulation occlusion at angiography, and achievement of vessel recanalization. Mean diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume at baseline was 23 cm3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 8-38 cm3) and decreased to 10 cm3 (95% CI, 3-17 cm3) 2.5 to 9.5 hours after thrombolysis. Mean apparent diffusion coefficient lesion volume decreased from 9 cm3 (95% CI, 2-16 cm3) at baseline to 1 cm3 (95% CI, 0.4-2 cm3) early after thrombolysis. A secondary increase in diffusion volumes was seen in 3 of 6 patients at day 7. In all 4 patients in whom perfusion imaging was obtained before and after treatment, complete resolution of the perfusion deficit was shown. Diffusion magnetic resonance signatures of early tissue ischemic injury can be reversed in humans by prompt thrombolytic vessel recanalization. The ischemic penumbra includes not only the region of diffusion/perfusion mismatch, but also portions of the region of initial diffusion abnormality.     

Cerebral hemodynamics in human acute ischemic stroke: a study with diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and SPECT.

Nineteen patients with acute ischemic stroke (<24 hours) underwent diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted (PWI) magnetic resonance imaging at the acute stage and 1 week later. Eleven patients also underwent technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) at the acute stage. Relative (ischemic vs. contralateral control) cerebral blood flow (relCBF), relative cerebral blood volume, and relative mean transit time were measured in the ischemic core, in the area of infarct growth, and in the eventually viable ischemic tissue on PWI maps. The relCBF was also measured from SPECT. There was a curvilinear relationship between the relCBF measured from PWI and SPECT (r = 0.854; P < 0.001). The tissue proceeding to infarction during the follow-up had significantly lower initial CBF and cerebral blood volume values on PWI maps (P < 0.001) than the eventually viable ischemic tissue had. The best value for discriminating the area of infarct growth from the eventually viable ischemic tissue was 48% for PWI relCBF and 87% for PWI relative cerebral blood volume. Combined diffusion and perfusion-weighted imaging enables one to detect hemodynamically different subregions inside the initial perfusion abnormality. Tissue survival may be different in these subregions and may be predicted.     

Penumbra detection using PWI/DWI mismatch MRI in a rat stroke model with and without comorbidity: comparison of methods

Perfusion-diffusion (perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI)/diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)) mismatch is used to identify penumbra in acute stroke. However, limitations in penumbra detection with mismatch are recognized, with a lack of consensus on thresholds, quantification and validation of mismatch. We determined perfusion and diffusion thresholds from final infarct in the clinically relevant spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rat and its normotensive control strain, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and compared three methods for penumbra calculation. After permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) (WKY n=12, SHRSP n=15), diffusion-weighted (DWI) and perfusion-weighted (PWI) images were obtained for 4 hours post stroke and final infarct determined at 24 hours on T₂ scans. The PWI/DWI mismatch was calculated from volumetric assessment (perfusion deficit volume minus apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)-defined lesion volume) or spatial assessment of mismatch area on each coronal slice. The ADC-derived lesion growth provided the third, retrospective measure of penumbra. At 1 hour after MCAO, volumetric mismatch detected smaller volumes of penumbra in both strains (SHRSP: 31±50 mm³, WKY: 22±59 mm³, mean±s.d.) compared with spatial assessment (SHRSP: 36±15 mm³, WKY: 43±43 mm³) and ADC lesion expansion (SHRSP: 41±45 mm³, WKY: 65±41 mm³), although these differences were not statistically significant. Spatial assessment appears most informative, using both diffusion and perfusion data, eliminating the influence of negative mismatch and allowing the anatomical location of penumbra to be assessed at given time points after stroke.     

Clinical and radiological correlates of reduced cerebral blood flow measured using magnetic resonance imaging

BACKGROUND: Methods for determining cerebral blood flow (CBF) using bolus-tracking magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have recently become available. Reduced apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of brain tissue are associated with reductions in regional CBF in animal stroke models. OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical and radiological features of patients with severe reductions in CBF on MRI and to analyze the relationship between reduced CBF and ADCs in acute ischemic stroke. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Referral center. METHODS: We studied 17 patients with nonlacunar acute ischemic stroke in whom perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) were performed within 7 hours of symptom onset. A PWI-DWI mismatch of more than 20% was required. We compared patients with ischemic lesions that had CBF of less than 50% relative to the contralateral hemisphere with patients with lesions that had relative CBF greater than 50%. Characteristics analyzed included age, time to MRI, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, mean ADC, DWI and PWI lesion volumes, and 1-month Barthel Index score. RESULTS: Patients with low CBF (n = 5) had lower ADC values (median, 430 x 10 (-6) mm(2)/s vs. 506 x 10 (-6) mm(2)/s; P =.04), larger DWI volumes (median, 41.8 cm(3) vs. 14.5 cm(3); P =.001) and larger PWI lesions as defined by the mean transit time volume (median, 194.6 cm(3) vs. 69.3 cm(3); P =.01), and more severe baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores (median, 15 vs. 9; P =.02). CONCLUSION: Ischemic lesions with severe CBF reductions, measured using bolus-tracking MRI, are associated with lower mean ADCs, larger DWI and PWI volumes, and higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores.     

Sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging has potential for improving penumbra detection but not for estimating stroke onset time

Tissue sodium concentration increases in irreversibly damaged (core) tissue following ischemic stroke and can potentially help to differentiate the core from the adjacent hypoperfused but viable penumbra. To test this, multinuclear hydrogen-1/sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure the changing sodium signal and hydrogen-apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the ischemic core and penumbra after rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Penumbra and core were defined from perfusion imaging and histologically defined irreversibly damaged tissue. The sodium signal in the core increased linearly with time, whereas the ADC rapidly decreased by >30% within 20 minutes of stroke onset, with very little change thereafter (0.5–6 hours after MCAO). Previous reports suggest that the time point at which tissue sodium signal starts to rise above normal (onset of elevated tissue sodium, OETS) represents stroke onset time (SOT). However, extrapolating core data back in time resulted in a delay of 72±24 minutes in OETS compared with actual SOT. At the OETS in the core, penumbra sodium signal was significantly decreased (88±6%, P=0.0008), whereas penumbra ADC was not significantly different (92±18%, P=0.2) from contralateral tissue. In conclusion, reduced sodium-MRI signal may serve as a viability marker for penumbra detection and can complement hydrogen ADC and perfusion MRI in the time-independent assessment of tissue fate in acute stroke patients.