胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗不稳定性Pilon骨折的生物力学研究

目的：从生物力学角度探讨新型胫骨远端解剖铜板的力学性能。方法：将12具新鲜湿润成人踝关节标本,随机区组分为4组（每组3具）,3具正常胫骨作为对照（正常N组）,9具造成胫骨远端不稳定性Pilon骨折,分别采用新型胫骨远端解剖钢板固定（A组）、重建铜板固定（B组）、三叶草钢板固定（C组）,B、C两组为对照组,测试各组的远端轴向抗压强度、远端轴向刚度、扭转生物力学性能、胫距关节面接触特征。结果：A组在胫骨远端不稳定性Pilon骨折的远端轴向抗压强度、远端轴向刚度、扭转生物力学性能以及胫距关节面接触特征上接近正常N组（P〉0．05）,优于B、C组（P〈0．05）。结论：新型胫骨远端解剖钢板固定后比较牢固,能达到胫骨远端不稳定性Pilon骨折稳定、可靠的固定目的。     

负重 X 线侧位片在踝关节骨折畸形愈合复位评估中的价值

 目的 探讨踝关节负重 X 线侧位片在踝关节骨折畸形愈合复位评估中的意义。方法 回顾性分析 2010 年3 月至 2012 年 10 月踝关节骨折畸形愈合接受重建手术治疗的 17 例患者资料,男 9 例,女 8 例;年龄 17～64 岁,平均 40.2岁。Takakura 踝关节炎退变分级:1 级 7 例,2 级 4 例,3 级 6 例。接受单纯切开复位内固定术 5 例,踝上胫骨截骨术 5 例,踝上腓骨截骨延长术 2 例,踝上胫腓骨截骨术 5 例。比较患者手术前、后负重 X 线正位片胫腓间隙,踝穴位 X 线片内踝间隙、胫腓间隙和胫腓重叠距离,X 线侧位片胫骨侧面角、胫骨轴线与距骨顶关节面中心的位移差（x 值）和胫距关节面圆心位移差（d 值）。应用美国足踝外科协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS）踝与后足评分对患者手术前、后踝关节功能进行评估。结果 17 例患者均获 9～32 个月随访,骨折均愈合,愈合时间 11～14 周;未见踝关节退变等级加重。手术前、后负重 X 线正位片上胫腓间隙、踝穴位 X 线片上内踝间隙、胫腓间隙和胫腓重叠距离比较无差异;胫骨侧面角[术前（76.9°±4.1°）与术后（80.9°±5.2°）]、x 值[术前（10.8±2.1）mm 与术后（2.0±0.5）mm]、d 值[术前（4.5±1.5）mm 与术后（2.2±1.0）mm]比较均有差异。术前 AOFAS 踝与后足评分为（45.7±15.9）分,末次随访时为（82.0±9.9）分。结论 负重 X 线侧位片可以辅助判断踝关节复位情况,即使负重正位及踝穴位 X 线片示测量数据均在正常范围内,X 线侧位片示相关指标仍可出现明显畸形;X 线侧位片示踝关节解剖复位的标准是胫骨轴线通过距骨顶关节面中心、胫距关节面平行。     

腓骨移植与儿童踝关节生长紊乱

为探讨儿童腓骨移植后对供区踝关节发育有无影响。对４例吻合血管的腓骨移植儿童进行了临床及Ｘ线片随访观察，随访时间９～１２年，平均１０年。结果，自述供侧肢体无不适，整体生长情况正常，步态正常。Ｘ线片示：胫骨远端骨骺呈内高外低的“楔样变”，骨骺线与胫骨纵轴线角度正常，胫距关节间隙向外倾斜，关节间隙正常。距骨呈外高内低改变，均有踝穴外翻。内外踝发育较小，胫骨外侧骨皮质较内侧皮质厚。其中１例骨骺外侧半出现坏死改变，踝穴外翻、变浅。认为，破坏儿童腓骨的结构完整性——无论切取多长腓骨，必然引起踝关节生长紊乱。强调临床上应严格掌握儿童腓骨移植的适应证。     

踝关节X线片分析与临床应用

目的测量正常成人踝关节X线片的有关数据,提高踝关节损伤诊断的准确率,以利于早期治疗、提高疗效。方法40例正常踝关节X线片,测量踝关节间隙内侧宽度、上方胫距关节间隙宽度、距骨外侧与外踝胫侧骨重叠影宽度、侧位片距骨与胫骨之间的宽度、下胫腓联合的宽度、胫骨外侧与腓骨胫侧构成重叠的宽度共六组数据。结果踝穴内侧宽度平均(3.8±0.5)mm,正位距胫关节宽度为(3.0±0.5)mm,距骨外侧与外踝的重叠影为(4.1±2.2)mm,侧位片中距骨与胫骨的间隙为(2.8±0.5)mm,下胫腓联合宽为(3.2±0.7)mm,胫骨外侧与腓骨胫侧重叠影宽平均为(7.7±1.9)mm。结论综合分析各组正常值,结合其它骨折改变,超过正常值范围是距骨脱位移位下胫腓联合分离的依据。多组数据改变可提高早期诊断准确率。     

腓骨远端双钩锁定接骨板内固定治疗Danis-Weber A、B型外踝骨折

目的探讨腓骨双钩锁定接骨板内固定治疗Danis-Weber A、B型外踝骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2015-03—2017-01切开复位内固定治疗的32例Danis-Weber A、B型外踝骨折,选用合适的腓骨远端双钩锁定接骨板,将双钩尖端钩住外踝尖,近端贴伏于腓骨远端外侧,经滑动孔置入合适的螺钉固定。合并的后踝骨折用1或2枚空心钉固定。合并的内踝骨折采用克氏针、空心钉固定。合并下胫腓联合损伤者置入1枚皮质骨螺钉穿透3层皮质固定。结果32例均获得随访,随访时间平均17.3(11~20)个月。骨折均解剖复位,无骨折复位丢失及再移位,外踝未见短缩、外侧移位,未断钉、断板,未出现创伤性关节炎。骨折愈合时间9~13周,平均12周。末次随访时采用Baird-Jackson评分标准评价踝关节功能:优16例,良13例,可3例。末次随访时测量腓踝角为51.3°~52.7°,平均52.2°;t角为7.9°~14.7°,平均13.3°;外踝与内踝长度差值为9.5~10.2 mm,平均9.8 mm。结论腓骨双钩锁定接骨板内固定是Danis-Weber A、B型外踝骨折的有效手术治疗方法,通过三维立体固定可有效维持外踝长度,控制外踝旋转及外侧移位。     

胫骨新型隐球菌性骨髓炎1例

正患者,男,73岁,因右踝肿痛20 d入院。20 d前无明显诱因出现右踝肿痛,疼痛持续,右踝活动受限。既往房性早搏10年,无饲养宠物史。查体:右踝肿胀,局部压痛,皮肤发红不明显,皮温略升高,浅表静脉无怒张,关节活动受限。X线片显示:右胫骨远端溶骨性病灶,无死骨,无明显骨膜反应(见图1A)。CT显示:胫骨远端骨质破坏(见图1B)。实验室检查:血常规正常,白蛋白31. 6     

成人非典型大骨节病距骨坏死踝关节X线改变特点及ROC曲线分析

目的探讨成人非典型大骨节病(KBD)距骨坏死X线改变特点以及和缺血性距骨坏死鉴别诊断的有效指标。方法对35例(35踝)距骨坏死患者进行研究,根据距骨坏死诊断分为成人非典型KBD距骨坏死组(KTN组,16踝)和缺血性距骨坏死组(ATN组,19踝)。调取患者病历及影像学资料(dicom格式),采用Radi Ant 1.1.8软件(评估版)进行踝关节X线测量并对比分析;具有统计学差异的检查指标进行ROC分析确定其特异度和灵敏度。结果踝关节X线检查表明跟骨Bhler角、Gissane角、跟骨长高比值以及跟距骨长度比值对两种距骨坏死的鉴别诊断无明显意义(P0.05)。KTN患者跟骨长度、跟骨高度、距骨长度均明显低于ATN患者,踝关节远端膨大率明显高于ATN患者(P0.05)。ROC曲线表明踝关节远端膨大率可作为KTN诊断的有效指标,cut off值为1.324时对应灵敏度为0.750,特异度为0.842;单纯跟骨、距骨长度不能作为KTN诊断的有效指标。结论成人非典型KBD距骨坏死单纯依赖跟骨短、扁特点不能和缺血性距骨坏死有效鉴别,踝关节远端膨大率(cut off值1.324)可做为鉴别诊断的有效指标,1.324可基本确定为KTN。     

关于温哥华C型股骨假体周围骨折采用不同长度锁定钢板固定的生物力学研究

目的通过比较四种不同长度的锁定钢板在治疗温哥华C型股骨假体周围骨折的生物力学实验中的表现，来分析锁定钢板相对于股骨假体柄远端的位置与产生的刚度和应力集中情况的关系。 方法选取10对成人新鲜股骨标本，随机均分为四组，制作温哥华C型股骨假体周围骨折模型，以四种不同长度的锁定钢板固定：A组，钢板最近端双皮质锁定螺钉距离假体尖端1个股骨直径；B组，钢板最近端双皮质锁定螺钉与假体尖端平齐；C组，钢板最近端单皮质锁钉与假体尖端重叠1个股骨直径；D组，钢板最近端单皮质锁钉与假体尖端重叠2个股骨直径。分别进行轴向压载实验、扭转实验、内外四点侧弯实验及前后四点侧弯实验，记录各组数据并进行统计学分析；最后进行循环负载实验，记录骨折情况。 结果各组在各实验中表现出的刚度值有显著差异，D组刚度值最大（P<0.05）；在循环负载实验中，D组骨折线分布于股骨假体尖端、近端锁钉以及钢板远端附近，A、C组的骨折线集中在近端锁钉与股骨假体尖端之间，B组骨折线集中在股骨假体尖端与钢板顶端的线性区域内，结果显示D组应力集中程度比A、B、C三组低（P<0.05）。 结论在使用锁定钢板治疗温哥华C型股骨假体周围骨折时，随着钢板长度增加，内固定稳定性提高；锁定钢板与股骨假体柄尖端重叠固定不会增加应力集中，反而随着钢板与股骨假体重叠区域增加，应力显著分散。     

下胫腓联合损伤的X线诊断研究

目的 通过对正常国人下胫腓联合及踝关节内侧间隙的数字化X线图像测量,探讨性别、年龄、身高、体质量对它们的影响,明确数字化X线检查在下胫腓联合损伤诊断中的意义. 方法选取492例正常踝关节,应用直接数字X线摄影术拍摄标准踝关节正、侧位片及踝穴位片,图像数据传送至影像工作站,在灰度显示器上对图像进行"软阅读",并利用PACS系统自带软件对下胫腓联合间隙、下胫腓联合重叠影、踝关节内侧间隙、腓骨宽度及腓前距进行模拟测量,对所得数据进行统计学处理,说明其与性别、年龄、身高及体质世的关系.结果正常成人下胫腓联合间隙参考值范围为(3.98±0.78)mm、 踝穴位为(3.67±0.68)mm, 下胫腓联合重叠影参考值范围为(7.06±1.98)mm、 踝穴位为(2.34±0.84)mm,踝关节内侧间隙参考值范围为(4.04±0.50)mm,腓骨宽度的参考值范围为(14.39±1.86)mm,腓前距参考值范围为(4.99±4.04)mm.下胫腓联合间隙、下胫腓联合重叠影、腓前距及内踝间隙与性别、年龄、身高、体质量间的决定系数及P值分别为R2a=0.229,P<0.01;R2a=0.066, P<0.01; R2a=0.032, P<0.01; R2a=0.059,P<0.01. 结论下胫腓联合间隙与身高、体质量、性别、年龄存在强相关性,不适合作为下胫腓联合损伤的评估指标;下胫腓重叠影、内踝间隙、腓前距与身高、体质量、性别、年龄存在弱相关性,可作为评估下胫腓联合早期损伤的重要指标.     

青少年Tillaux骨折一例报告

患者女，１４岁，因骑自行车时不慎跌倒致右踝部扭伤，右踝肿痛、活动受限而来我院就诊。患者踝部肿胀、压痛明显、活动障碍，可扪及足背动脉搏动，足趾活动正常，趾端血供好。侧位X线片显示：右胫骨远端骨骺骨折，骨块累及关节面，分离并旋转移位（图１）。诊断：右胫骨远端骨     

The effect of glucocorticoids on tendon cell viability in human tendon explants

Background and purpose Previous studies on the culture of human tenocytes have shown that dexamethasone and triamcino-lone reduce cell viability, suppress cell proliferation, and reduce collagen synthesis. However, such cell cultures lack the extracellular matrix and three-dimensional structure of normal tendons, which affects their response to stimuli. We established a human tendon explant culture system and tested the effects of dexamethasone and triamcinolone on cell viability.

Methods Primary human tendon explant cultures were prepared from healthy hamstring tendons. Tendon strips were harvested from hamstring tendons and cultured in 24-well plates in Dulbecco’s modification of Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. The tendon explants were treated with 0 μM (control), 10 μM, or 100 μM dexamethasone sodium phosphate or 0 μM (control), 10 μM, or 100 μM triamcinolone acetonide in DMEM for 96 h. Cell viability was measured by Alamar blue assay before and after glucocorticoid treatment.

Results Incubation with 10 μM and 100 μM dexamethasone reduced cell viability in human tendon explants by 35% and 45%, respectively, as compared to a 6% increase in the controls (p = 0.01, mixed-effects ANOVA). Triamcinolone at 10 μM and 100 μM reduced cell viability by 33% and 36%, respectively, as compared to a 9% increase in the controls (p = 0.07, mixed-effects ANOVA).

Interpretation Human tendon explant cultures can be used to study the effects of glucocorticoids on human tendon. Dexamethasone and triamcinolone suppress the cell viability of human tendon in its natural 3-dimensional environment with matrix anchorage. Human tendon explant cultures provide a species-specific model for further investigation of the effects of glucocorticoids on the metabolism of the extracellular matrix of human tendon, and on its mechanical properties.     

Proceedings of the Danish Orthopaedic Society

Forty-four ankle joint fusions performed in the period 1950–1972 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Malmö General Hospital, were evaluated. Thirty-one patients were re-examined. The mean follow-up time was 12.3 years (6.4–28 years). Two-thirds of the patients were much better or better than before operation, but still a lot of problems existed. Two-thirds of the patients had some kind of pain localized to the subtalar region. Three out of four patients had to use special footwear. The rate of forefoot deformities was not increased. In conclusion, patients with ankle fusion often have persistent trouble; therefore technical and clinical development of total ankle joint replacement seems to be indicated.     

Lateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Ankle with a Modified Watson-Jones Operation

A modified Watson-Jones technique, using only half of the peroneus brevis tendon, was applied as an operative procedure for lateral ankle instability. Twenty-nine patients with 30 operated ankles were examined with an average follow-up period of 7 years and 6 months. Functional stability was achieved in all but one of the operated ankles. In 15 cases there were periodic pains and swelling on activity, while the remaining 14 ankles were without symptoms. Supination of the foot was slightly decreased in 4 cases.     

透明质酸钠(施沛特)在踝关节骨性关节炎治疗中的应用

踝关节骨性关节炎的发病率不如膝关节、髋关节多见，且踝关节骨性关节炎多为继发性。2001年3月～2006年3月，我们对28例38踝骨性关节炎患者进行踝关节腔内注射透明质酸钠（施沛特）注射液治疗，经观察疗效显著。     

Radiographic Instability of the Ankle Joint After Evans' Repair

Forty-two unstable ankle joints were treated surgically by Evans' operation. the clinical postoperative results were correlated with the objective radiological stress examinations. the mean age of the patients was 29 years (15-60 years). the clinical and radiological follow-up examinations were performed 6 months after the operation. in the stress X-ray examinations a modified stress frame was used. Clinical instability was noted in four patients. in the radiological examination one patient had a pathological finding in the talar tilt test and 18 patients in the anterior drawer sign test. the radiological instability correlated poorly with the subjective end results. Six patients were estimated to have a poor result of the operation. Five of these patients had a positive anterior drawer sign in the stress X-ray examination and one had degenerative changes in the ankle. Although Evans' repair is a simple and reliable method of reconstructing ruptures of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint, it is associated with a relatively high frequency of positive anterior subluxation on radiological stress examination. This finding can be explained by the anatomical and geometrical factors on the lateral side of the ankle joint.     

Radiographic Instability of the Ankle Joint After Evans' Repair

Forty-two unstable ankle joints were treated surgically by Evans' operation. the clinical postoperative results were correlated with the objective radiological stress examinations. the mean age of the patients was 29 years (15-60 years). the clinical and radiological follow-up examinations were performed 6 months after the operation. in the stress X-ray examinations a modified stress frame was used. Clinical instability was noted in four patients. in the radiological examination one patient had a pathological finding in the talar tilt test and 18 patients in the anterior drawer sign test. the radiological instability correlated poorly with the subjective end results. Six patients were estimated to have a poor result of the operation. Five of these patients had a positive anterior drawer sign in the stress X-ray examination and one had degenerative changes in the ankle. Although Evans' repair is a simple and reliable method of reconstructing ruptures of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint, it is associated with a relatively high frequency of positive anterior subluxation on radiological stress examination. This finding can be explained by the anatomical and geometrical factors on the lateral side of the ankle joint.     

Kinematics of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis

In 11 healthy volunteers, the normal kinematics of the tibiofibular syndesmosis of the ankle during weight bearing and external rotation stress were compared to a nonweight-bearing neutral position by radiostereometry. We found very small rotations and displacements in this “normal” group, which indicated that the fibula is closely attached to the tibia, thereby preventing larger movements at the level of the ankle. We found no common kinematic pattern during weight bearing in the neutral position.

Application of a 7.5 Nm external rotation moment on the foot caused external rotation of the fibula between 2 and 5 degrees, medial translation between 0 and 2.5 mm and posterior displacement between 1.0 and 3.1 mm. These data can be used as normal reference values for studies of patients with suspected syndesmotic injuries.     

Elbow-Wrist-Thumb Immobilisation in the Treatment of Fractures of the Carpal Scaphoid

Background and purpose Length of stay (LOS) following total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA) has been reduced to about 3 days in fast-track setups with functional discharge criteria. Earlier studies have identified patient characteristics predicting LOS, but little is known about specific reasons for being hospitalized following fast-track THA and TKA.

Patients and methods To determine clinical and logistical factors that keep patients in hospital for the first postoperative 24–72 hours, we performed a cohort study of consecutive, unselected patients undergoing unilateral primary THA (n = 98) or TKA (n = 109). Median length of stay was 2 days. Patients were operated with spinal anesthesia and received multimodal analgesia with paracetamol, a COX-2 inhibitor, and gabapentin—with opioid only on request. Fulfillment of functional discharge criteria was assessed twice daily and specified reasons for not allowing discharge were registered.

Results Pain, dizziness, and general weakness were the main clinical reasons for being hospitalized at 24 and 48 hours postoperatively while nausea, vomiting, confusion, and sedation delayed discharge to a minimal extent. Waiting for blood transfusion (when needed), for start of physiotherapy, and for postoperative radiographic examination delayed discharge in one fifth of the patients.

Interpretation Future efforts to enhance recovery and reduce length of stay after THA and TKA should focus on analgesia, prevention of orthostatism, and rapid recovery of muscle function.     

Evans' Repair of Lateral Instability of the Ankle Joint

A follow-up study is presented of 26 ankle joints with recurrent lateral instability, treated with surgical repair by the Evans method. The median follow-up period was 3.1 (range 1.1-6.9) years. Normal stability was achieved in 73 per cent of the ankles, and another 12 per cent were improved. Similar results are obtained with other methods of surgical repair. Preoperatively 82 per cent of the joints had a positive anterior drawer symptom. This was only found in 12 per cent postoperatively, and these ankles were all classified as having poor results, indicating the importance of reconstruction of the anterior talofibular ligament.