HPLC法测定水飞蓟素滴丸的含量

目的 建立水飞蓟素滴丸中的水飞蓟宾的HPLC含量测定法。方法 采用HPLC法,以Shimadzu VP-ODS C₁₈为色谱柱,以甲醇-水-0.5 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(260 ml∶240 ml∶25 ml)为流动相,用0.2 mol·L^-1磷酸调节pH至5.3,流速为1 ml·min^-1。检测波长为288 nm。结果 水飞蓟宾的量在0.152～0.912μg范围内线性良好,回收率为102.0%,RSD为0.72%。结论 该方法简便、可靠,适用水飞蓟素滴丸的质量控制。     

水飞蓟果实、果皮及其提取物质量评价法的研究

目的建立水飞蓟果实、果皮及其提取物综合质量评价方法。方法用UV法在 2 87nm下测定水飞蓟素的含量 ;并以HPLC法测定指标成分水飞蓟宾的含量 :采用HypersilC1 8(2 5 0mm×4 6mm ,5 μm)色谱柱 ;以甲醇 乙腈 磷酸二氢铵缓冲液 (2 4∶2 4∶5 0 ,pH =5 )为流动相 ;流速为1 0mL min ;柱温为 4 0℃ ;检测波长为 2 87nm。结果UV法和HPLC法线性分别在 8 0 4～4 0 2 μmol L和 0 2 76～ 1 3 8μg;加样回收率 :UV法 98 5 % ,HPLC法 97 3 % ;水飞蓟果实、果皮中水飞蓟素和水飞蓟宾含量分别为 3 88%和 1 3 2 %、8 0 1 %和 2 77% ;3种水飞蓟提取物中水飞蓟素含量均在 80 %以上 ,但水飞蓟宾含量在 2 8 7%～ 3 2 8% ,有明显差异。结论 2法合用可用于水飞蓟原料药材及提取物的质量综合评价和控制     

HPLC法同时测定水飞蓟果实不同部位及其提取物中水飞蓟亭等7种黄酮类成分的含量

目的建立水飞蓟果实、果皮、果仁及其提取物中花旗松素、水飞蓟亭、水飞蓟宁、水飞蓟宾A、水飞蓟宾B、异水飞蓟宾A和异水飞蓟宾B等7种黄酮类成分的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)柱,以甲醇-水-甲酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长为288 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为20μL。结果花旗松素、水飞蓟亭、水飞蓟宁、水飞蓟宾A、水飞蓟宾B、异水飞蓟宾A和异水飞蓟宾B的质量浓度分别在1.00~25.0、3.96~99.0、1.96~49.0、4.00~100、4.08~102、2.00~50.0和1.04~26.0 mg·L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 0),平均加样回收率为96.4%~103.3%,RSD均小于3.1%。不同水飞蓟果实、果皮、果仁及提取物中7种成分含量及总水飞蓟素含量均显示出一定差异。结论本法可为水飞蓟药材及其提取物质量的综合评价提供准确的定量方法。     

水飞蓟素胶丸的制备及其含量测定

目的　制备水飞蓟素胶丸 ,建立测定胶丸中水飞蓟宾含量的方法。方法　水飞蓟素原料制成微粉 ,研磨乳化后制丸 ,并用HPLC测定主要成分水飞蓟宾的含量。结果　胶丸符合中国药典标准 ;胶丸中水飞蓟宾的含量为 6 2 .7mg·g-1,平均回收率为 97.5 % ,RSD =0 .80 % (n =6 )。结论　所制制剂工艺简单 ,有效成分的检测方法准确可靠。     

水飞蓟宾非对映异构体的HPLC分离测定

目的建立一种水飞蓟宾两个非对映异构体的分离和水飞蓟宾含量测定的HPLC方法。方法色谱柱采用C18,流动相为甲醇:0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钠缓冲液(1:1),检测波长为288nm,进样量为20μl。结果水飞蓟宾的两个非对映异构体水飞蓟宾A和水飞蓟宾B得到较好分离,以其两者峰面积之和计,水飞蓟宾的浓度在5～100μg/ml范围内,与峰面积呈良好线性关系,回归方程为:Y=105412X 28170(r=0.9996);平均回收率为100.7%;RSD为0.57%。结论该含量测定方法操作简便,测定快速,结果准确可靠,可用于分离水飞蓟宾的含量测定和两个非对映异构体比例考察。     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定水飞蓟素及其制剂中主要有效成分含量

目的　建立一种胶束电动毛细管色谱分离测定水飞蓟素及其制剂Legalon胶囊、益肝灵片中水飞蓟宾、异水飞蓟宾、水飞蓟亭、水飞蓟宁含量的方法。方法　选用缓冲液为30 mmol.L^-1硼砂-50 mmol.L^-1去氧牛磺胆酸-20 mmol.L^-1 β-环糊精,pH为9.2,运行电压20 kV,压差进样,进样时间3 s,检测波长为288 nm,温度为室温。内标为芦丁。结果　样品中各组分的平均回收率分别为水飞蓟亭99.9％,水飞蓟宁98.3％,水飞蓟宾99.0％,异水飞蓟宾98.2％。结论　此法准确、灵敏,且能分离水飞蓟宾、异水飞蓟宾的非对映异构体。     

LC/MS法测定犬血浆中的水飞蓟宾浓度

目的建立犬血浆中水飞蓟宾浓度的LC-MS测定方法。方法取犬血浆400μl,加200μl磷酸氢二钠(0.1mol.L-1)和50μl内标萘酚(10mg·mL-1),3ml乙醚萃取后取上清液挥干,100μl甲醇复溶,离心并取10μl进行LC-MS测定。色谱条件:色谱柱为ODS-C18柱(2.1mm×150mm,5μm,Phenomenex,USA),流动相为甲醇:2%乙酸水=55∶45,流速为0.2ml.min-1;质谱条件:电喷雾离子化(ESI)方式,以选择性负离子方式检测,水飞蓟宾和内标萘酚的选择检测离子质荷比分别为m/z481.00([M-H]-)和m/z142.92([M-H]-)。结果水飞蓟宾的线性范围为25～8000μg.L-1,定量下限(LOQ)为25μg.L-1。准确度、精密度及回收率均符合有关要求。结论本方法专属性强,检测限低,灵敏度高,线性关系良好,方法简便快捷、经济,适用于水飞蓟宾药代及毒代动力学研究。     

水飞蓟素羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的生物利用度

目的:研究水飞蓟素的羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的相对生物利用度。方法:给大鼠口服单剂量水飞蓟素羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物(受试样品)和水飞蓟宾胶囊剂(参比样品),用反相高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中水飞蓟宾的浓度,并采用3P97程序进行统计学分析。结果:口服水飞蓟素后大鼠血浆药物浓度-时间曲线符合二室模型。受试样品中水飞蓟宾的Cm ax,tm ax,t1/2,AUC0-∞分别为(0.9±0.3)mg.L-1,(0.50±0.21)h,(12.6±3.7)h,(4.2±0.9)h.mg.L-1,参比样品中水飞蓟宾的Cm ax,tm ax,t1/2,AUC0-∞分别为(0.4±0.3)mg.L-1,(1.0±0.6)h,(31.2±15.0)h,(3.0±0.8)h.mg.L-1。受试样品中水飞蓟宾的相对生物利用度为(142.0±38.4)%。结论:与参比样品相比,受试样品的生物利用度较高。     

水飞蓟宾胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内的药代动力学研究

目的研究健康志愿者单剂量口服水飞蓟宾胶囊后水飞蓟宾的药代动力学。方法9名健康男性志愿者按拉丁方设计分别口服3种剂量水飞蓟宾胶囊(2粒、4粒和8粒,相当于水飞蓟宾70mg、140mg和280mg)。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定人血浆中水飞蓟宾的含量。应用Topfit2.0软件计算主要药代动力学参数。结果在所建的方法下,水飞蓟宾在3.125～10000μg.L-1的血浆浓度范围内线性关系良好,最低定量浓度为3.125μg.L-1。在3个给药剂量下水飞蓟宾的主要药代动力学参数分别为:T12为2.44、2.38、2.47h;Cmax为;1135.6、2841.1、3946.9μg.L-1;Tmax为1.35、1.26、1.39h;AUC0～11h为1287.2、3337.8、5398.5μg.h.L-1;AUC0-∞为1300.7、3377.1、5453.9μg.h.L-1;CL/F为1062.1、824.7、943.2ml.min-1;Vd为219.9、167.1、212.0L。结论所建的方法具有灵敏度高、准确性好、操作简便等优点,能够满足水飞蓟宾在人体内的药代动力学研究要求。3个剂量下水飞蓟宾在人体内的T12差异无统计学意义,Cmax、AUC0-11h与AUC0-∞3个药动学参数随给药剂量的增加呈非比例上升趋势。     

高效液相色谱法测定水飞蓟提取物中水飞蓟宾的含量

目的建立一种用反相高效液相色谱测定水飞蓟提取物中水飞蓟宾含量的方法。方法以Shim-packVP-ODS(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为分析柱;以甲醇-水-乙腈-磷酸(45∶50∶5∶0.5,体积比)为流动相。结果测得平均回收率为102.3%,RSD为0.75%。结论方法准确可靠、简便,适用于水飞蓟提取物中水飞蓟宾的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.