迷迭香精油和肉桂精油抗菌活性研究

目的:探讨迷迭香和肉桂精油的抗菌效果。方法:采用琼脂扩散法测定迷迭香精油和肉桂精油的抑菌直径;采用微量肉汤稀释法,分别测定迷迭香精油和肉桂精油单独使用及联合使用时的MIC和MBC。结果:肉桂精油对黑曲霉抗菌活性最强,其MIC值为0.062%v/v,对绿脓杆菌抗菌活性最弱,MIC值为0.500%v/v。迷迭香精油除对绿脓杆菌和黑曲霉的抗菌活性较弱之外,对其它菌具有较好的抗菌活性,MIC值的范围为0.125%v/v-0.25%v/v。混合精油对供试细菌表现出叠加作用,对白色念珠菌表现出协同增效作用,当肉桂精油与迷迭香精油以1:7和1:9比例混合时,对黑曲霉表现出拮抗作用。结论:肉桂精油和迷迭香精油单独和以一定比例混合使用时,具有广谱抗菌活性。     

迷迭香精油及其主要成分对HepG2细胞毒性研究

迷迭香(Rosmarimus officinalis L.)别名艾菊,系唇形科迷迭香属植物,为多年生常绿灌木.迷迭香叶富含精油,具有很好的抗菌消炎之功效,有很高的药用价值和应用前景.本研究旨在通过MTT法检测迷迭香精油及其主要成份对肝癌HepG2细胞的毒性作用,为进一步研究迷迭香精油抗肝癌作用提供理论基础,为其在医药和香料工业的开发利用提供科学依据.……     

迷迭香精油通过嗅觉通路改善小鼠学习记忆的研究

目的探讨迷迭香精油通过嗅觉通路改善C57BL/6小鼠学习记忆能力及其可能的机制。方法通过鼻吸入迷迭香精油的方法 ,以毁损嗅上皮模型作对照,分组进行Lashley-III水迷宫和嗅觉辨识记忆实验,并进行免疫组化,观察各组小鼠海马CA1区乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷氨酸的表达情况。结果迷迭香精油组小鼠的水迷宫实验和嗅觉辨别记忆实验潜伏期低于其他组(P<0.05),免疫组化结果显示该组小鼠海马CA1区乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷氨酸的表达增强。结论迷迭香精油能够通过嗅觉通路改善小鼠的学习记忆功能,其机制可能与嗅觉通路中神经递质的改变有关。     

精油对全麻大鼠促醒效应的实验研究

目的研究精油对全麻的促醒效果。方法该研究选用了PM、迷迭香、薰衣草精油及三种全麻药戊巴比妥钠、丙泊酚和氯胺酮,通过吸嗅器械分别观察了:吸嗅PM、迷迭香(RM)、薰衣草(LA)精油对戊巴比妥钠全麻大鼠睡眠时间的影响;不同吸嗅浓度的薰衣草精油是否改变戊巴比妥钠(PTB)全麻大鼠的睡眠时间以及吸嗅PM精油分别对丙泊酚(PRO)和氯胺酮(KET)全麻大鼠睡眠时间的影响。结果 PM精油可明显降低戊巴比妥钠和丙泊酚诱导的睡眠时间,而对氯胺酮则无明显效果;薰衣草精油在给定吸嗅浓度下也存在促醒效果。结论吸嗅PM精油和特定浓度的薰衣草精油对全麻大鼠具有促醒效应。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定迷迭香中鼠尾草酚、鼠尾草酸和熊果酸含量

迷迭香（Rosmarinus officinalis L．）系唇形科迷迭香属多年生草本植物,原产于欧洲及北非地中海沿岸,现在我国云南、湖南、四川、贵州等地也有种植。迷迭香是一种多用途的经济作物,从中可提取抗氧化剂、迷迭香精油和医药中间体。抗氧化剂是从迷迭香植物中提取得到的粉末状物质,主要成分是具有抗氧化功能的酚、酸、黄酮类成分,结构明确的活性成分有鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酚等;迷迭香提取物具有高效、无毒的抗氧化效果,可广泛应用于食品、功能食品、香料、调味品和日用化工等行业中。     

迷迭香中二萜酚化合物的抗氧化作用

目的：研究迷迭香中二萜酚化合物鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酚和表迷伫香酚对人低密度脂蛋白氧化的抑制作用及其对自由基和超氧阴离子的清除作用。方法：以细胞膜和LDL为靶,用TBARS方法和ESR方法研究了抗氧化活性。用荧光方法研究对铜诱导的LDL中apo B蛋白氧化的抑制。结果：鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酚和表迷迭香酚对人血LDL中的脂质过氧化和apo B蛋白的氧化均有抑制作用,IC50值在7－10μmol/L。抗氧化机理与其对脂自由基清除活性有关。结论：鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酚和表迷迭香酚能抑制LDL氧化。     

超临界CO_2萃取法提取迷迭香油工艺及其化学组分研究

目的:优化超临界CO2萃取迷迭香油工艺,并分析其主要化学组分。方法:采用正交试验优化超临界CO2萃取迷迭香油工艺的参数,将提取物的化学成分经气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行分离鉴定,并计算各组分的相对百分含量。结果:优化的最佳工艺为萃取压力20MPa,萃取温度45℃,分离压力6MPa,萃取时间120min。迷迭香油中鉴定出21种化学组分,占挥发油总量的97.99%。迷迭香挥发油中含量较高的成分是1,8-桉叶素(27.23%)、α-蒎烯(19.43%)、樟脑(14.26%)、莰烯(11.52%)等。结论:超临界CO2萃取迷迭香油具有提取时间短、提取率高等优点;浙江产迷迭香与西班牙型较为接近。     

迷迭香精油吸嗅对PSD大鼠的神经行为学影响

目的探讨迷迭香吸入对脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)大鼠行为学的影响。方法采用线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血大鼠模型后予以孤养、应激处理复合制备PSD大鼠模型,随机分为迷迭香组、文拉法辛组和对照组,观察PSD大鼠蔗糖水消耗量、旷野试验等行为学指标。结果与对照组相比,迷迭香组和文拉法辛组PSD大鼠蔗糖水消耗量、旷野实验水平和垂直运动次数均有所增加(P<0.01);而两组效果亦有差异(P<0.01),文拉法辛组更为明显。结论迷迭香吸入对PSD大鼠神经行为学变化有一定的改善。     

迷迭香二萜酚类成分鼠尾草酸的研究进展

迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)系唇形科迷迭香属多年草本植物,研究表明迷迭香中主要的二萜酚类成分鼠尾草酸(carnosic acid)除了具有抗氧化作用,还具有抗癌、神经保护、抗炎、减肥、抑菌等多种药理活性,表现出较高的药用价值,并且可以广泛应用于药品、保健品、化妆品、食品添加剂及食用油等行业,为了促进鼠尾草酸的新药研究和开发利用,本文对其近年来的研究进展进行综述。     

SFE-CO_2和水蒸汽蒸馏提取胡柚皮精油的抗菌活性比较与GC-MS分析

目的考察用SFE-CO2萃取(SFE-CO2)和水蒸汽蒸馏法(HD)提取的胡柚皮精油的体外抗菌活性,比较二者化学成分的差异。方法采用琼脂扩散法和试管连续稀释法检测SFE-CO2和HD胡柚皮精油对八种菌的抗菌活性,采用GC-MS技术对其进行化学成分分析。结果两种提取法得到的精油对所测试的菌种均有不同程度抗菌作用,SFE-CO2萃取物抗菌作用较HD精油强。GC-MS法分别鉴定出SFE-CO2和HD精油的15种和10种化合物,二者成分差异大,可作为胡柚皮精油提取的互补方法。结论 SFE-CO2和HD胡柚皮精油均对实验菌株有抗菌活性,SFE-CO2法提取的胡柚皮精油抗菌活性较强。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.