2010—2012年中国老年人能量及宏量营养素摄入状况

目的分析2010—2012年中国老年人能量及宏量营养素摄入状况。方法利用"中国居民营养与健康状况监测(2010—2012年)"16 612名60岁及以上老年人的连续3天24小时膳食回顾调查和家庭食用油及调味品称重数据,按照2004年和2009年《中国食物成分表》计算老年人每日能量和三大宏量营养素摄入量及供能比,根据2013年中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)对老年人宏量营养素摄入状况进行评价。结果中国老年人能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量分别为(1840. 9±636. 7) kcal/d、(255. 9±106. 8) g/d、(55. 6±22. 7) g/d和(66. 8±35. 0) g/d,碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪供能比分别为(55. 7%±12. 1%)、(12. 3%±3. 4%)和(32. 5%±11. 7%)。城市老年人能量、碳水化合物摄入量及碳水化合物供能比均低于农村,而蛋白质和脂肪摄入量、蛋白质和脂肪供能比均高于农村。无论城乡、地区和性别,能量及各宏量营养素摄入量均随年龄增长呈下降趋势(P<0. 01)。蛋白质摄入不足率男性和女性分别达57. 0%和53. 8%,脂肪供能比高于30%者分别占56. 7%和56. 8%。60～69岁、70～79岁、80岁及以上老年人的蛋白质摄入不足率分别为51. 0%、61. 2%和68. 6%,脂肪供能比超过30%的比例分别为56. 9%、56. 3%和57. 1%。结论 2010—2012年中国60岁及以上老年人宏量营养素摄入模式不合理,蛋白质摄入水平低,脂肪摄入水平较高。     

1991—2015年中国九省(自治区)老年居民膳食能量及宏量营养素摄入状况

目的分析中国九省(自治区) 60岁及以上老年人能量及宏量营养素摄入的变化趋势。方法利用"中国健康与营养调查"1991—2015年九轮随访调查中的膳食数据,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取60岁及以上的老年人作为研究对象。采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法和家庭称重记账法(食用油和调味品)收集膳食资料,借助食物成分表将食物消费量转换成能量及各类营养素摄入量。结果2015年中国九省(自治区)老年人能量摄入量为1706. 8 kcal/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的平均摄入量分别为52. 2、61. 4和219. 3 g/d,其供能比分别为12. 3%、33. 3%和53. 0%。与1991年相比,能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物摄入量分别下降了352. 3 kcal/d、11. 5 g/d和89. 8 g/d。脂肪供能比上升了9. 0%,碳水化合物的供能比下降了8. 7%,蛋白质供能比无明显变化趋势。2015年,老年人蛋白质、碳水化合物摄入量均存在城乡差异,高收入老年人的蛋白质和脂肪摄入量较高,碳水化合物摄入量则较低。谷类食物、其他食物、食用油分别为能量、蛋白质、脂肪的主要来源。结论中国九省(自治区)老年人需要适当增加能量摄入,降低脂肪摄入。通过食物替代的方法,指导农村及低收入的老年人选择更加经济和可及性更好的食物,满足自身营养需求,并应关注城市和高收入老年人动物性食物摄入过多可能导致的血脂变化。     

2018年中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)18～64岁成年人膳食结构现状的地域差异研究

目的 分析中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)不同地域的18～64岁成年人能量及宏量营养素摄入情况。方法 利用2018年“中国健康与营养调查”数据，选取9481名具有完整膳食数据和人口学特征的18～64岁成年居民作为研究对象。采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法和家庭称重记账法(食用油和调味品)收集膳食资料，借助食物成分表将食物消费量转换成能量及各类营养素摄入量。结果 2018年中国15个省(自治区、直辖市)城乡居民每日能量摄入中位数水平分别为1942.28 kcal和1951.14 kcal,西北、西南、东南和北方地区人群分别为1796.94、1972.89、1989.61和1908.98 kcal/d;城市蛋白质、脂肪供能比分别为13.61%和35.85%,高于农村的12.31%和34.45%,碳水化合物供能比城市(49.62%)低于农村(52.18%);西南和东南地区脂肪供能比分别为38.90%和36.80%,碳水化合物供能比为47.70%和47.93%。不同地区能量、蛋白质、脂肪的主要食物来源不同。随着年龄的升高，膳食中动物性食物来源的能量、蛋白质和脂肪比例减少；低收入人群碳水化合物摄入量...     

2010—2012年中国不同工作强度在职人员能量和宏量营养素摄入状况

目的分析中国不同工作强度的在职人员能量和宏量营养素摄入状况。方法利用2010—2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测的数据,以职业人群作为研究对象,分析不同工作强度的在职人员能量、宏量营养素摄入状况及其食物来源。结果 2010—2012年中国在职人员日均能量摄入为1952.7 kcal,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物日均摄入分别为62.7、76.6和254.0 g,其供能比分别为13.1%、34.9%和52.4%。从能量的食物来源看,谷类食物和动物性食物提供的能量占总能量百分比分别为47.7%和18.2%。蛋白质来源于谷类食物、大豆类食物、动物性食物百分比分别为39.8%、6.7%和37.5%,脂肪来源于动物性食物占比为34.8%。从年龄和工作强度分组看,低年龄组和轻工作强度在职人员能量摄入较低;高年龄组重度工作强度组蛋白质和脂肪摄入最低,蛋白质和脂肪的供能比在轻度工作强度组最高;重度工作强度组谷类食物供能最高,低年龄组和轻度工作强度组动物性食物供能最高;优质蛋白摄入和动物性食物脂肪摄入随年龄增长呈下降趋势,随工作强度呈下降趋势。结论中国在职人群能量摄入相比中国居民膳食营养素群体的能量推荐摄入量偏低,脂肪供能比例偏高,高年龄重度工作强度在职人员蛋白质摄入不足,膳食结构不合理尤为突出。     

中国寄宿与走读中小学生宏量营养素摄入比较

了解中国寄宿与走读中小学生宏量营养素的摄入差异,为相应政策和干预措施的制定提供科学依据.方法 使用“中国健康与营养调查”数据,并以《中国居民膳食营养素摄入量速查手册(2013版)》为参照,采用多水平模型探讨宏量营养素在寄宿与走读生间的差异.结果 学生日均能量、碳水化合物、总脂肪和蛋白质摄入量分别为(1 597.59±557.15)kcal(1 kcal=4.18 kJ),(216.2±84.66)g,(57.88±31.96)g,(52.69±21.2)g.能量、碳水化合物和蛋白质摄入达标率分别为17.32%,84.17%和50.30%.寄宿生能量、碳水化合物摄入绝对量高于走读生,但摄入达标率组间(15.09%,87.28%;17.54%,83.86%)差异无统计学意义(x2值分别为0.85,1.19,P值均>0.05);寄宿生脂肪和蛋白质摄入绝对量与走读生差异无统计学意义,但蛋白质摄入达标率低于走读生(34.91%,51.82%) (x2=4.45,P<0.01).结论 寄宿与走读中小学生膳食常量营养素摄入不均衡,能量摄入不足和寄宿生蛋白质摄入达标率过低的问题更为突出.应特别加强针对寄宿生的营养教育.     

食物频率问卷法评估1-3岁幼儿营养素摄入量准确性及重现性研究

目的食物频率问卷法(FFQ)问卷评估1³岁幼儿膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性及重现性进行验证。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方式在中国北京分别选取2个社区卫生服务中心,随机抽取60名13岁幼儿膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性及重现性进行验证。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方式在中国北京分别选取2个社区卫生服务中心,随机抽取60名1²岁幼儿和60名22岁幼儿和60名2³岁幼儿,使用24h膳食回顾(24HDR)和FFQ收集其食物摄入资料,调查共两轮,间隔时间2个月,通过两轮24HDR和FFQ的均值间的比较进行FFQ准确性研究,首轮FFQ1结果与二轮FFQ2结果之间的比较进行FFQ重现性研究。结果由24 HDR计算得到的对象能量摄入为4.64kJ(1108kcal)/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入分别为41.4、44.7和146.9g/d。由FFQ得到的能量摄入量为4.76kJ(1138 kcal)/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入量分别为46.2、63.9和136 g/d,两种方法调查所得的膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量(高估42.9%)。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于24HDR,但低估了钠和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,只有能量、碳水化合物及其供能比、膳食纤维、维生素A、B2、钙和磷在能量调整后与24HDR呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.33岁幼儿,使用24h膳食回顾(24HDR)和FFQ收集其食物摄入资料,调查共两轮,间隔时间2个月,通过两轮24HDR和FFQ的均值间的比较进行FFQ准确性研究,首轮FFQ1结果与二轮FFQ2结果之间的比较进行FFQ重现性研究。结果由24 HDR计算得到的对象能量摄入为4.64kJ(1108kcal)/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入分别为41.4、44.7和146.9g/d。由FFQ得到的能量摄入量为4.76kJ(1138 kcal)/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入量分别为46.2、63.9和136 g/d,两种方法调查所得的膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量(高估42.9%)。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于24HDR,但低估了钠和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,只有能量、碳水化合物及其供能比、膳食纤维、维生素A、B2、钙和磷在能量调整后与24HDR呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.3⁰.5之间。能量和营养素摄入在两轮FFQ间的Spearman相关系数在0.208(胡萝卜素)0.5之间。能量和营养素摄入在两轮FFQ间的Spearman相关系数在0.208(胡萝卜素)⁰.593(脂肪)之间,且均呈显著性相关。结论 FFQ可以用于评估10.593(脂肪)之间,且均呈显著性相关。结论 FFQ可以用于评估1³岁幼儿膳食能量、碳水化物、膳食纤维、维生素A、维生素B2、钙和磷的摄入量,但FFQ不适于评估膳食脂肪、蛋白质及其他微量元素的摄入量。[营养学报,2014,36(1):45-48]     

2016—2017年中国6～11岁儿童能量和宏量营养素摄入情况

目的了解2016—2017年中国6～11岁人群能量和宏量营养素的摄入情况。方法数据来自2016—2017年中国儿童与乳母营养健康监测,采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,在全国31个省份抽取275个监测点开展调查。膳食调查采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法,依据《中国食物成分表》计算能量、蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的摄入量,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》对蛋白质的摄入量进行评价。结果本次调查共纳入6～11岁儿童8777名,年龄(9.2±1.6)岁,其中男童4364名,女童4413名。调查对象总体的能量摄入量为1591.7 kcal,其中男童为1624.1 kcal,女童为1559.7 kcal。城市儿童的能量摄入量高于农村。东部地区的能量摄入量最高,中部最低。总体的蛋白质摄入量为50.0 g,其中男童为50.9 g,女童为49.1 g。城市儿童蛋白质摄入量高于农村。东部地区的蛋白质摄入量高于中部和西部地区。蛋白质的摄入量总体满足推荐摄入量(RNI)的率为52.4%,其中城市满足率为63.0%,农村满足率为42.9%。总体脂肪摄入量为69.6 g,其中男童为71.4 g,女童为67.8 g。城市的脂肪摄入量高于农村,但西部农村地区高于东部农村地区。碳水化合物的摄入量总体为196.3 g,其中男童199.5 g,女童193.2 g。城市碳水化合物摄入量高于农村,西部地区高于东部地区,但是农村的碳水化合物摄入量是西部高于东部。结论与2010—2013年相比,2016—2017年中国6～11岁儿童能量和宏量营养素的摄入情况发生明显变化。农村儿童的蛋白质不足问题依然存在。脂肪摄入量增长幅度较大且西部地区更为显著。     

食物频率问卷法评估1-3岁幼儿营养素摄入量准确性及重现性研究北大核心CSCD

目的食物频率问卷法（FFO）问卷评估1～3岁幼儿膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性及重现性进行验证。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方式在中国北京分别选取2个社区卫生服务中心,随机抽取60名1～2岁幼儿和60名2～3岁幼儿,使用24h膳食回顾（24HDR）和FFQ收集其食物摄入资料,调查共两轮,间隔时间2个月,通过两轮24HDR和FFQ的均值间的比较进行FFQ准确性研究,首轮FF01结果与二轮FFQ2~果之间的比较进行FFQ重现性研究。结果由24HDR计算得到的对象能量摄入为4．64kJ（1108kcal）／d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入分别为41．4、44．7和146．9g／d。由FFO得到的能量摄入量为4．76kJ（1138kcal）／d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物摄入量分别为46．2、63．9和136g／d,两种方法调查所得的膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量（高估42．9％）。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于24HDR,但低估了钠和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,只有能量、碳水化合物及其供能比、膳食纤维、维生素A、B2、钙和磷在能量调整后与24HDR呈显著正相关,相关系数在0.3～0．5之间。能量和营养素摄入在两轮FFQ间的Spearman相关系数在0．208（胡萝卜素）～0．593（脂肪）之间,且均呈显著性相关。结论FFQ可以用于评估1～3岁幼儿膳食能量、碳水化物、膳食纤维、维生素A、维生素B2、钙和磷的摄入量,但FFQ不适于评估膳食脂肪、蛋白质及其他微量元素的摄入量。     

中国成年居民营养素摄入状况的评价

目的使用ISU方法计算营养素的日常摄入量(UI),评估中国成年居民的营养素摄入状况。方法使用"2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"数据,采用美国爱荷华州立大学(Iowa State Unirersity,ISU)方法计算43 672名成年居民的碳水化合物、蛋白质、钙、铁、锌、硒、镁、维生素B1和维生素B2的UI,并将UI与平均需要量(EAR)比较,评估这些营养素摄入不足的比例;将宏量营养素供能比的UI与可接受宏量营养素分布范围(AMDRs)或适宜摄入量(AI)比较,评估宏量营养素摄入是否合理。结果我国成年居民碳水化合物和蛋白质供能比UI均值均在推荐范围之内,脂肪供能比UI均值稍高于AI上限;碳水化合物供能比低于AI下限的比例约为40%,蛋白质供能比低于AMDRs下限的比例约为20%,脂肪供能比高于AI上限比例约为50%。我国成年居民钙、锌、硒、镁、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入不足比例均较高,其中钙摄入不足的比例超过95%,维生素B1和维生素B2摄入不足的比例均达到了80%以上。结论我国成年居民宏量营养素供能比例不合理,膳食钙、锌、硒、镁、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入不足状况较为严重。     

青岛市农村老年人群膳食营养摄入状况调查

目的 了解山东省青岛市农村老年人群的膳食营养状况.方法 采用24h膳食回顾法调查农村500名老年人的食物消费、营养素摄入和膳食构成的情况.结果 男、女老年人平均每人日摄入能量分别为推荐摄入量(RNI)的91.8%和85.2%.蛋白质摄入量达到RNI的91.4%和87.1%,维生素A的摄入量为RNI的64.0%和583%.维生素C的摄入量为RNI的63.9%和56.2%,维生素E的摄入量为适宜摄入量(AI)的60.7%和53.9%;老年人膳食能量的60%以上来自植物性食品,其中谷类食品占56.5%;蛋白质的食物来源中,谷类食品占39.7%,动物性食物占38.7%;男、女老年人膳食中碳水化合物提供的能量分别占总能量的66.2%和69.0%,脂肪占17.5%和15.8%,蛋白质占16.3%和15.2%.结论 老年人膳食中蛋类和水产品的摄入充足;水果、蔬菜、谷类的摄入量较低;摄入的能量基本能够满足机体的需要,蛋白质的食物来源较好;维生素E、C和A等抗氧化维生素摄入不足;三大营养素的供能比中脂肪提供的能量偏低.     

The Status of Dietary Energy and Nutrients Intakes among Chinese Elderly Aged 80 and Above: Data from the CACDNS 2015

This study analyzed the status of dietary energy and nutrients intakes among the oldest-old in China. Data was obtained from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in 2015 (CACDNS 2015). We enrolled 1929 Chinese elderly people aged 80 and above who participated in both 3-day 24-h dietary recalls and household condiments weighing. The dietary intakes were calculated based on Chinese Food Composition Tables and assessed using Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The dietary intakes of energy and most nutrients were all below the EAR or AI, except for fat, vitamin E, niacin, iron and sodium. As a result, daily dietary intakes of energy and most nutrients were inadequate in the oldest-old in China, especially vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, folate and calcium, with the prevalence of deficiency more than 90%. Furthermore, the prevalence of inadequacy of vitamin C, zinc, selenium and magnesium was also high with the proportion below the EAR more than 60%. Approximately 30% of the subjects with dietary vitamin E intake did not reach AI, and more than 90% of subjects have reached AI in the intake of sodium, while more than 90% did not reach AI in potassium. The mean intakes of niacin and iron have reached EAR, but around 15% were still faced with the risk of deficiency. In addition, although the dietary energy intake was below EER, the energy contribution from fat in total population and all subgroups (region, age, gender, education level, material status, household income level groups) all exceeded the recommended proportion of 30% from the DRIs and close to or over 35%, is a significant concern. For the majority of nutrients, higher daily dietary intakes and lower prevalence of deficiencies were found in the oldest-old living in urban areas, aged 80–84 years, with high school and above education level, living with spouse and from high household income family. These findings indicates that the dietary intakes of energy and nutrients were inadequate, while the energy contribution from fat and dietary sodium intake were too high among the oldest-old in China. Most oldest-old were at high risk of nutritional deficiency, particularly for those who living in rural areas, with lower education level and from low household income.     

Dietary intakes among Turkish adolescent girls

The aim of this study was to obtain data about the nutritional intake of adolescent girls from Edirne, Turkey. In a sample of 940 healthy adolescent girls aged between 12 and 17 years, intake of macronutrients and micronutrients was assessed from 3-day self-reported food records. In general, macronutrient intake was found to be adequate whereas micronutrient intake was lower than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The percentage of energy distribution of the subjects derived from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats was 53.6%, 10.9%, and 35.5%, respectively. Compared with the RDA, reported intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and fiber were most likely to be inadequate; those of folic acid and potassium were adequate; and those of vitamins A and C were well above. Adolescent girls living in the rural area consumed lower amounts of energy, carbohydrate, protein, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C, and sodium and higher amounts of thiamin compared with those living in the urban area. Based on the findings of this study, a preventive nutritional concept for Turkish adolescent girls was proposed.     

Dietary intake, exercise, obesity and noncommunicable disease in rural and urban populations of three Pacific Island countries.

Dietary intake surveys of rural and urban communities in three Pacific Island countries were conducted using an adjusted 24-hour dietary recall method. Dietary survey samples were drawn from noncommunicable disease surveys of Melanesians and Indians in Fiji, Micronesians in Kiribati and Melanesians in Vanuatu. Comparisons of total energy and macronutrient intakes and of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum cholesterol and physical activity levels revealed similar rural/urban trends. Urban subjects were more obese than rural ones, had higher prevalence rates of diabetes and hypertension, and generally had higher cholesterol levels. Rural subjects were leaner, suffered less from diabetes and hypertension, and had greater total energy intakes than urban dwellers. Rural people ate a greater proportion of carbohydrates, while urban subjects ate proportionally more protein and fat, apart from the outer Kiribati atolls with high coconut intakes. Rural subjects in all three studies had higher levels of physical activity. These studies provide persuasive evidence that exercise as well as diet has a significant effect on rural/urban differentials in obesity and noncommunicable disease, and that energy intake reflects energy expenditure.     

Dietary intake,exercise, obesity and noncommunicable disease in rural and urban populations of three Pacific Island countries.

Dietary intake surveys of rural and urban communities in three Pacific Island countries were conducted using an adjusted 24-hour dietary recall method. Dietary survey samples were drawn from noncommunicable disease surveys of Melanesians and Indians in Fiji, Micronesians in Kiribati and Melanesians in Vanuatu. Comparisons of total energy and macronutrient intakes and of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum cholesterol and physical activity levels revealed similar rural/urban trends. Urban subjects were more obese than rural ones, had higher prevalence rates of diabetes and hypertension, and generally had higher cholesterol levels. Rural subjects were leaner, suffered less from diabetes and hypertension, and had greater total energy intakes than urban dwellers. Rural people ate a greater proportion of carbohydrates, while urban subjects ate proportionally more protein and fat, apart from the outer Kiribati atolls with high coconut intakes. Rural subjects in all three studies had higher levels of physical activity. These studies provide persuasive evidence that exercise as well as diet has a significant effect on rural/urban differentials in obesity and noncommunicable disease, and that energy intake reflects energy expenditure.     

Comparison of Energy and Macronutrients Between a Mobile Application and a Conventional Dietary Assessment Method in Korea

BackgroundThe use of mobile apps for dietary evaluation avoids some of the disadvantages of costly and time-consuming traditional diet assessment. However, few studies have compared dietary intake data in smartphone apps with a conventional diet assessment.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the dietary data collected on energy and macronutrients (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) consumed for 3 nonconsecutive days using both a mobile application (Noom) and a conventional dietary assessment tool (CAN Pro).DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.Participants/settingA total of 119 healthy adults (68 males and 51 females) aged 19 to 65 years were recruited from the National Cancer Center in Korea between May and September 2019.Main outcome measuresThe mean daily energy and macronutrient intake data were obtained for the dietary intakes consumed for 3 nonconsecutive days using Noom and CAN Pro.Statistical analysis performedThe estimates of energy and macronutrient intake between the two tools were compared using correlation coefficients and cross-classification.ResultsAlthough mean daily fat intake and percent total energy from carbohydrate estimated by Noom were comparable with values provided by CAN Pro, mean daily estimated energy intake (kcal), protein (g, percent total energy), and carbohydrate (g) were significantly higher with Noom than with CAN Pro. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 for crude intake and from 0.77 to 0.88 for energy-adjusted values of intake after adjustment for sex and age. The percentages of participants classified into quartiles of “exact agreement and plus adjacent” varied between 95% and 99% for crude intake and between 93% and 97% for energy-adjusted values of intake.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that Noom may be useful for monitoring the dietary intake of energy and macronutrients and reducing workload compared with a traditional dietary assessment in Korea. However, further research is needed to assess the validity and usability of Noom for estimating intake of micronutrients and other dietary components.     

Dietary intake in a representative sample of the population of Val-de Marne: II. Supply of macronutrients

This paper describes an assessment of the nutritional value (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) of food intake studied in a population residing in the Val-de-Marne district of the Paris region. Data were collected from 1,108 subjects, aged 6 months to 97 years, randomly selected from the public telephone directories of 12 of the 47 towns and cities in the district. Dietary intake was evaluated from individual home interviews by specialized dietitians, using the dietary history method. Age was shown to be a major determinant of macro nutrient intake (expressed in absolute value) in both sexes. The amount of food consumed differed between men and women. Expressed as a relative value of energy intake (after exclusion of alcohol-related calories), the proportion of different macronutrients was similar in all age groups, for both sexes, and was not in agreement with recommended dietary allowances: too high levels of fats and insufficient levels of carbohydrates, especially starch.     

Food consumption and nutrient intake in a sample of Italian secondary school students: results from the INRAN-RM-2001 food survey

The present study was designed to estimate the average food and nutrient intake in a sample of Italian students living in the District of Rome. In the school year 1999-2000 all students belonging to the first, second or third year of nine randomly selected secondary public schools were contacted for filling in a food frequency questionnaire (3982 subjects). The next year, 233 of them (125 males and 108 females), randomly extracted, participated in a detailed food survey. Food intake was assessed on the basis of 12 (four consecutive days in three different periods) 24-h dietary records. The average daily intakes of fruit (107 +/- 100 g/day), vegetables (186 +/- 74 g/day) and legumes (16 +/- 29 g/day) were lower than recommended. The percentage of energy intake from fat (39%) and that from saturated fats (12%) were high. On the other hand, the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates was low (45%) even if that from sugar (14%) was rather high. The students' diet was characterized by low intakes of fibre (16 +/- 6 g/day) and calcium (710 +/- 247 mg/day) in both males and females. Iron intakes were lower than 12 mg/day in a very high percentage of females (80%), suggesting that iron deficiency may be present in this population group. Results indicate that the diet of these students is both unbalanced in terms of macronutrients and deficient for some micronutrients, suggesting the need for intervention.     

Anthropometric and dietary survey of elderly Chinese.

The study was conducted to provide reference values of anthropometry and dietary intakes of elderly Chinese aged greater than or equal to 70 years and to investigate differences between urban and rural groups. A total of 441 subjects comprising 260 urban elderly (126 men and 134 women) and 181 rural elderly (83 men and 98 women) participated in the anthropometric study. One hundred subjects (50 men and 50 women) from both urban and rural locations were selected randomly from the anthropometric cohort for dietary survey using the method of diet recall. For both men and women, the urban elderly had significantly higher intakes of protein, fat, calcium, iron, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid than did the rural elderly. Significant sexual differences were also observed: men had higher intakes of total energy and three macronutrients than women. Both regional and sexual differences in anthropometry (but not blood pressure) seemed to be consistent with the results of the dietary survey. Positive correlations were found between systolic blood pressure and the ratio waist:hip circumference for both men and women. As a marker of adipose tissue distribution, it seemed that this ratio was more predictive of high blood pressure than body-weight.     

Food consumption and nutrient intake in Italian school children: results of the ZOOM8 study

Abstract

The food consumption and food habits of Italian third-class-primary-school children were assessed and their energy and nutrient intakes were compared with requirements. The study involved 1740 subjects (900 males and 840 females) aged 8–9 years, from the north, centre and south of Italy. Body weight and height were measured. Parents filled in a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for their child. The results showed that the diet of Italian children is unbalanced in terms of macronutrients and deficient in fiber. The average daily intakes of fruit (234?g/d), vegetables (134?g/d) and legumes (17?g/d), were lower than the nationally recommended ones. The percentages of energy intake from fats (41%) and from carbohydrates (45%) were higher and lower respectively than recommended. Low intakes of fiber (13.5?g/d) were reported. A national nutrition policy in Italy should focus on nutrition education programs in schools and for parents.