经鼻高流量湿化氧疗在重症肺炎患者呼吸道管理中的效果探讨

目的 通过评估经鼻高流量湿化氧疗在肺部感染患者中的临床疗效,为肺部感染尤其是重症肺炎的患者呼吸道管理策略提供一定的参考依据。方法 2015年9月至2017年9月,采用方便抽样法选取收治于复旦大学附属华山医院感染科的375例肺部感染患者作为研究对象。依据入组时间将其分为对照组和观察组,对照组接受常规治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上根据病情接受经鼻高流量湿化氧疗。比较两组患者的气管插管例数及预后转归,并比较有无接受经鼻高流量湿化氧疗重症肺炎患者的预后情况。结果 两组患者住院期间插管率、出院后28 d内死亡率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组入院时重症肺炎率大于对照组(P<0.05);观察组入院时重症肺炎患者出院后28 d内死亡率小于对照组(P<0.05);观察组接受HHFNC的重症肺炎患者治疗后的呼吸频率、心率、氧饱和度、氧分压均较治疗前有所改善(P<0.05)。结论 肺部感染患者例数增多且病情加重,经鼻高流量湿化氧疗能有效改善重症肺炎患者临床症状,值得临床推广使用。     

加温湿化高流量鼻导管氧疗和无创正压通气治疗急性Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者的效果比较

目的比较加温湿化高流量鼻导管氧疗(HFNC)和无创呼吸机正压通气(NIPPV)治疗急性Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者的效果。方法选择56例Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为HFNC组(n=28)和NIPPV组(n=28)。HFNC组采用加温湿化高流量鼻导管氧疗,NIPV组采用无创正压通气疗法。比较2组患者气管插管率、30 d死亡率、总住院时间、总氧疗时间等指标。结果HFNC组患者气管插管率、30 d死亡率、总住院时间显著低于、短于NIPPV组(P0.05);2组不带呼吸机时间无显著差异(P0.05)。结论Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者应用加温湿化高流量鼻导管氧疗(HFNC)较无创呼吸机正压通气(NIPPV)可以降低气管插管率、30 d死亡率,缩短住院时间。     

高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗治疗新生儿重症肺炎临床效果观察

观察高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗治疗新生儿重症肺炎临床效果。选取我院收治的79例重症肺炎患儿,随机分组,对照组39例,观察组40例,对照组予以常规湿化吸氧治疗,观察组予以高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗治疗,比较两组患儿心率恢复正常时间、三凹征消失时间、肺啰音消失时间、血氧分压(Pa O2)、二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)及临床疗效。观察组心率恢复正常、三凹征消失及肺啰音消失时间均低于对照组,Pa O2高于对照组,Pa CO2低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组有效率为90.00%,高于对照组69.23%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗治疗新生儿重症肺炎,疗效显著,可有效改善患儿血氧分压及二氧化碳分压,缩短心率恢复正常、三凹征消失及肺啰音消失时间。     

低流量鼻导管氧疗患者非湿化给氧的效果及舒适度观察

目的 比较采用非湿化给氧与普通气泡湿化给氧对低流量鼻导管氧疗患者氧疗舒适度及氧疗效果的影响.方法 将150例在呼吸科住院且接受低流量鼻导管氧疗的患者按照入院时间随机分为观察组72例和对照组78例,观察组患者用干燥的湿化瓶直接吸氧,对照组患者常规用无菌蒸馏水湿化吸氧,分别比较两组患者实施氧疗第3、第5天氧疗舒适度(氧气气味、氧气湿润度、鼻咽部感觉)及氧疗效果(咳嗽程度、咳痰难度、痰量、痰液性状及经皮血氧饱和度)的差异.结果 氧疗第3、第5天两组患者在氧疗舒适度和氧疗效果方面差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 采用非湿化给氧对低流量鼻导管氧疗患者的氧疗舒适度及氧疗效果不产生影响,且有利于降低吸氧患者医源性感染的发生率和减少护理工作量.     

高流量湿化氧气治疗在建立人工气道患者脱机后的应用

目的观察建立人工气道的患者脱机后使用高流量湿化氧气治疗后的效果。方法选择28例建立人工气道脱机后的患者为实验组,采用高流量湿化氧气治疗进行气道湿化;同期27例建立人工气道脱机后的患者为对照组,采用湿化瓶鼻导管吸氧、定时间断气道湿化。结果实验组在痰液黏稠度、呼吸道刺激、肺部感染等方面低于对照组,气道湿化效果优于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论高流量湿化氧气治疗在建立人工气道脱机后的患者中湿化效果满意,肺部感染率较低,氧疗效果好。     

经鼻高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗治疗中老年重症顽固性肺炎合并呼吸衰竭的疗效

目的研究分析经鼻高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗治疗中老年重症顽固性肺炎合并呼吸衰竭的疗效及对患者生存质量的影响。方法选取本院接受诊治的100例重症顽固性肺炎合并呼吸衰竭中老年患者作为研究对象,根据随机数表法分为对照组、研究组,各50例。对照组患者接受经鼻持续正压通气疗法治疗,研究组患者接受经鼻高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗治疗。比较2组患者治疗后临床症状消失时间、住院时间及治疗效果、生存质量。结果研究组患者发绀、肺部啰音、气促、三凹征消失时间及住院时间均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组治疗总有效率(92.0%)高于对照组的(74.0%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,研究组患者社会关系、环境、心理、生理评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经鼻高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗治疗中老年重症顽固性肺炎合并呼吸衰竭效果显著,能有效缓解临床症状及体征,改善患者生存质量。     

有创-无创序贯通气撤机后高流量湿化氧疗对重症肺炎患者呼吸功能的保护作用

目的 探讨有创-无创序贯通气撤机后高流量湿化氧疗对重症肺炎患者呼吸功能的保护作用。方法 选取2017年1月～2019年10月我院收治的重症肺炎患者64例,随机分为观察组和对照组各32例。两组患者均接受气管插管有创机械通气治疗,采用有创-无创序贯通气方式撤机。在此基础上,观察组给予经鼻高流量湿化氧疗,持续3天。比较两组的血气指标、呼吸频率、痰液黏稠度变化情况。结果 治疗后,观察组PaO2和SaO2水平均高于对照组,PaCO2水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组呼吸频率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后观察组痰液黏稠度轻于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 重症肺炎患者在有创-无创序贯通气撤机后,配合高流量湿化氧疗能有效改善氧合,减轻痰液黏稠,保护患者呼吸功能,值得临床推广。     

有创通气与经鼻高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗序贯治疗肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果

目的 探讨有创通气与经鼻高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗序贯治疗肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床效果.方法 选取2020年10月至2021年10月我院收治的50例肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者为研究对象,将其随机分为对照组(25例,有创通气+无创正压通气)与观察组(25例,有创通气+经鼻高流量鼻导管湿化氧疗).比较两组患者的治疗效果.结果 观察组...     

经鼻高流量湿化氧疗系统对急性脑外伤术后气管插管拔管后再插管率的影响

目的观察经鼻高流量湿化氧疗系统对急性脑外伤术后患者气管插管拔管后再插管率的影响。方法选择急性脑外伤手术后撤离呼吸机拔除气管导管的患者68例,按随机数字表分为对照组和观察组各34例,对照组患者在脱机拔管后采用常规面罩吸氧方式,观察组采用经鼻高流量湿化氧疗系统;比较两组患者的RR、SpO_2、PaO_2、PaCO_2等指标及再插管率。结果两组患者脱机拔管接受氧疗后不同时间RR、SpO_2、PaO_2、PaCO_2比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);观察组的再插管率0%(0/34),对照组为8.82%(3/34),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于急性脑外伤术后气管插管脱机拔管后的氧疗,经鼻高流量湿化氧疗系统相比于传统的面罩氧疗效果更佳,在一定程度上能降低再插管率。     

经鼻高流量氧疗与面罩给氧治疗糖尿病合并重症肺炎的临床效果对比分析

目的 对比经鼻高流量氧疗与面罩给氧治疗对糖尿病合并重症肺炎患者临床指标的影响。方法 将首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院2020年1月至2023年1月收治的2型糖尿病合并重症肺炎患者为研究对象,根据给氧治疗方式不同,选取46例面罩式给氧的患者纳入面罩组,另选取同期采用经鼻高流量加温湿化氧疗（HFNC）的46例患者纳入氧疗组。对比两组患者临床指标、血气分析指标、肺功能指标、氧化与炎性反应指标的变化情况。结果 氧疗组患者各项临床指标均低于面罩组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后氧疗组患者呼吸频率、血氧分压均低于面罩组,氢离子浓度指数值、氧合指数、血氧分压均高于面罩组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 与面罩给氧对比,经鼻高流量氧疗治疗糖尿病合并重症肺炎能够更快改善患者的临床症状,减轻应激反应。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.