重度颅脑外伤患者肺部感染的影响因素分析

目的探讨重度颅脑外伤患者肺部感染的危险因素及预防措施,为临床资料提供参考依据。方法 2008年1月-2012年12月入住ICU 71例重度颅脑外伤患者按是否发生感染分为两组,其中发生肺部感染患者36例作为观察组,无肺部感染患者35例作为对照组,比较两组临床资料,分析与肺部感染相关的危险因素;行呼吸道分泌物细菌培养,分析病原菌分布,数据采用SPSS 19.0软件进行分析。结果重度颅脑外伤患者肺部感染率为49.3%;重度颅脑外伤患者年龄、GCS计分、使用脱水剂天数、使用糖皮质激素及抗菌药物天数、昏迷>24h、合并基础疾病、侵入性操作所占比例均高于对照组,是重度颅脑外伤患者发生肺部感染的危险因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重度颅脑外伤患者肺部感染发生率高,感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌,治疗中应加强对相关危险因素的控制和预防。     

重度颅脑损伤患者肺部感染的危险因素分析

目的分析重度颅脑外伤患者肺部感染的影响因素,探讨预防策略。方法选择2011年1月-2013年6月ICU 160例重度颅脑外伤患者作为研究对象,回顾性分析上述病例的临床资料,将其分为感染组和未感染组,分析并发肺部感染的影响因素,并探讨预防并发症的相关策略,采用SPSS17.0软件进行数据统计分析。结果 160例患者发生肺部感染76例,感染率为47.5%,感染组共分离出病原菌76株,其中革兰阳性菌占23.69%,革兰阴性菌占71.05%,真菌占5.26%,分析发现两组的年龄、昏迷时间、药物使用时间、基础疾病和侵入性操作差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),是诱发肺部感染的潜在因素。结论重度颅脑外伤患者肺部感染的影响因素较多,临床上应该制定针对性预防措施来降低肺部感染的发生率。     

重型颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的危险因素与控制对策

目的 探讨重型颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的危险因素,为肺部医院感染的预防与控制提供有效依据.方法 选择医院2011年1-12月收治的135例重型颅脑外伤患者并发肺部医院感染的危险因素分析,并寻找控制对策.结果 135例重型颅脑外伤患者发生肺部感染49例,感染率为36.3％;49例患者送检痰标本154份,经细菌学检验共分离病原菌124株,引起重型颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的病原菌为革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌、真菌,分别占66.94％、14.52％、18.54％;发生肺部感染危险因素为年龄、激素及抗菌药物应用、呼吸机应用、住院时间、昏迷、气管切开等.结论 加强对危险因素的控制,可有效降低重型颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染率.     

颅脑外伤患者发生肺部医院感染的危险因素与预防对策

目的 分析颅脑外伤患者发生肺部医院感染的感染发生率、病原菌特点以及危险因素,并探讨其相对应的预防对策,以便为其肺部医院感染的管理与控制提供依据.方法 选择2010年1月-2011年12月医院收治的颅脑外伤患者108例为研究对象,采用回顾性与前瞻性相结合的调查方法对其发生肺部医院感染及危险因素进行分析.结果 颅脑外伤患者发生医院感染32例,感染率29.63％,检出病原菌30株,检出率为93.75％,以革兰阴性菌为主,占63.33％,其中铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌分别占30.00％、10.00％、10.00％,革兰阳性菌占30.00％,粪肠球菌和表皮葡萄球菌分别占13.33％和10.00％,真菌占6.67％；通过对肺部医院感染危险因素分析,其中年龄、GCS评分、住院时间、受伤方式、意识障碍、呼吸机应用、气管切开、手术史、合并基础疾病、休克、抗菌药物预防性应用和病房入住条件等因素与引起颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的发生,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 颅脑外伤患者肺部医院感染的发生率高,应针对相关危险因素采取应对措施,以有效预防其肺部医院感染的发生,促进患者早日康复,从而提高患者的生活质量.     

26例重型颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的临床分析

目的探讨分析重型颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染相关危险因素及性质,寻找合理、有效的预防及治疗方法。方法在医院住院接受治疗的26例重度颅脑损伤并发肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性调查分析。结果重型颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染的发生率为63.41%;26例感染患者中共培养出病原菌26株,其中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占69.23%,革兰阳性球菌占19.23%,真菌占11.54%;经单因素分析发现,气管切开、呼吸机应用、基础疾病、肺部损伤及并发症、休克、持续昏迷、广谱抗菌药物的不合理应用、住院天数≥20 d、留置胃管等是重度颅脑损伤并发肺部感染的主要相关危险因素;经积极的治疗后17例患者痊愈,治愈率65.38%,5例患者好转,4例患者死亡,死亡率为15.38%。结论重型颅脑损伤患者并发肺部感染发生率较高,病死率高;病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主;与多种临床因素密切相关,原发病的危重程度是致死最主要的原因。     

颅脑外伤患者术后肺部感染危险因素及病原菌药敏情况研究

目的调查颅脑外伤患者术后肺部感染危险因素及病原菌药敏性,为临床治疗提供指导。方法选取医院2015年1月-2016年1月收治的颅脑外伤患者168例,针对患者的肺部感染情况进行调查,对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对感染病原菌及耐药性进行检测。结果 168例颅脑外伤患者中,术后肺部感染63例,感染率为37.50%;经对患者相关临床资料进行对比分析后发现,年龄、合并疾病种类、抗菌药物应用、昏迷情况、呼吸机应用、气管切开、住院时间、受伤方式均是颅脑外伤患者发生术后肺部感染的影响因素,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);63例颅脑外伤术后肺部感染患者共检出病原菌88株,以革兰阴性菌为主,共检出66株占75.00%;检出的革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0,对氨苄西林和哌拉西林的耐药性率为100.00%;革兰阳性菌对环丙沙星的耐药率为0,对克拉维酸、红霉素的耐药率为100.00%。结论年龄、昏迷情况、呼吸机应用、气管切开情况和住院时间是导致患者术后肺部感染的独立危险因素,临床应结合患者的自身情况、病原菌培养结果以及药敏试验结果,给予针对性的治疗措施。     

老年耐多药肺结核患者肺部感染的病原菌分布及感染危险因素分析

目的 分析老年耐多药肺结核病患者肺部感染病原菌分布及感染危险因素,指导控制预防老年耐多药肺结核病发生肺部感染的临床治疗,降低感染率。方法 选取2009-2013年老年耐多药肺结核患者合并肺部感染230例,分离培养病原菌并进行药敏试验,研究老年耐多药肺结核病患者合并肺部感染的危险因素,采用SPSS13.0进行统计处理。结果 共发生肺部感染的患者72例,感染率为31.30%,共分离得77株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌29株占37.66%,革兰阴性菌40株占51.95%,真菌8株占10.39%;合并肺部感染的危险因素主要包括:患者年龄大、住院时间长、肺结核病程长、合并有其他疾病、进行侵入性操作以及为预防性应用抗菌药物。结论 老年耐多药肺结核患者肺部感染的发生率高,临床应采取措施控制老年耐多药肺结核患者肺部感染的发生。     

重度颅脑外伤患者气管切开术后肺部感染分析

目的了解重度颅脑外伤患者气管切开术后继发肺部感染的病原菌分布及其药敏性,为预防与控制神经外科病房医院感染提供试验依据。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2012年12月收治的204例重度颅脑外伤气管切开术患者临床资料,探讨肺部感染相关因素,并对病原菌分布及其药敏性进行分析,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-32型全自动微生物鉴定与药敏分析仪鉴定病原菌种类,药敏试验采用K-B琼脂纸片扩散法进行检测。结果 204例重度颅脑外伤患者造成肺部感染的因素主要为气管切开、昏迷时间>7d、颅脑手术、误吸呕吐物,分别占31.4%、28.9%、16.7%、13.2%;共检出病原菌281株,其中革兰阴性菌208株占74.0%,革兰阳性菌56株占19.9%,真菌17株占6.1%;革兰阴性菌中鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的敏感率均为100.0%;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢唑肟、左氧氟沙星的敏感率分别为96.7%、78.0%、75.8%、42.9%。结论重度颅脑外伤患者发生肺部感染的主要因素有气管切开、昏迷时间>7d、颅脑手术、误吸呕吐物,通过监测病原菌的分布、变化及其药敏特点,可确立合理的抗菌药物应用方案,有利于控制医院感染。     

老年脑卒中患者并发肺部感染病原学及危险因素分析

目的探讨分析老年脑卒中患者并发肺部感染的病原学及危险因素,为有效降低老年脑卒中患者发生院内肺部感染提供参考。方法选择2006年7月-2013年7月医院收治的急性脑卒中老年患者325例,采用单因素以及多因素logistic回归分析,对可能影响患者并发肺部感染的各因素进行分析。结果 325例患者中,并发肺部感染患者80例,肺部感染率为24.62%;80例合并肺部感染患者共检出病原菌106株,其中革兰阴性菌75株占70.75%、革兰阳性菌24株占22.64%、真菌7株占6.61%;单因素分析结果显示,年龄、卒中类型、合并基础疾病、意识障碍、吞咽障碍、长期吸烟史、侵入性操作、卧床时间≥14d与老年脑卒中患者肺部感染的发生具有相关性(P<0.05);logistic回归分析显示,合并基础疾病、年龄大、侵入性操作、卧床时间≥14d及意识障碍为影响老年脑卒中患者肺部感染的独立危险因素。结论合并基础性疾病、高龄、侵入性操作、长期卧床以及合并意识障碍是老年脑卒中患者并发肺部感染的独立危险因素,需要引起临床工作者的重视。     

老年脑卒中偏瘫患者肺部感染的病原学特点及相关因素

目的探讨老年脑卒中偏瘫患者肺部感染的临床病原学特点、危险因素,为临床治疗老年脑卒中偏瘫合并肺部感染患者提供依据。方法选取2013年7月至2014年6月在浙江省宁海县中医医院接受治疗的老年脑卒中偏瘫合并肺部感染患者120例,分析感染患者病原菌分布情况,对造成感染的因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 120例老年脑卒中偏瘫合并肺部感染20例,感染率16.67%;20例感染患者痰培养分离出56株病原菌。其中以革兰阴性菌为主,占53.57%,主要为鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷白菌;革兰阳性菌居第二,占32.14%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌第三,占14.29%,以白色假丝酵母菌为主。对导致老年脑卒中偏瘫患者发生肺部感染的多因素进行分析结果显示,住院时间、机械通气、使用抗菌药物、意识障碍、肾功能不全、侵入性操作为偏瘫患者发生肺部感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论革兰阴性菌是导致老年脑卒中偏瘫患者发生肺部感染的主要病原菌,住院时间、意识障碍、机械通气、使用抗菌药物、肾功能不全、侵入性操作等是导致患者肺部发生感染的独立危险因素,临床对此应加以重视和予以针对性预防。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.