人参总皂甙对小鼠四氧嘧啶糖尿病的影响

我国很早就知道人参能治“消渴”。国内曾有人报道用人参复方治疗糖尿病取得较好疗效。我国学者也报告过人参对动物四氧嘧啶糖尿病的作用,但所用制剂或为生药或系水酒粗提取物。近年来,对于人参的研究有很大进展,已证明人参皂甙有多种药理作用,可能是人参的主要有效成分,因此我们观察了人参总皂甙对小鼠四氧嘧啶糖尿病的影响。所用人参总皂甙系我所分析室从中国人参(Panax ginseng,C A May)提取的淡黄色粉末。     

几种药物制备糖尿病小鼠模型效果的比较

目的观察地塞米松、氢化可的松、四氧嘧啶和链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病模型血糖及胰岛素水平变化,比较这几种药物制备糖尿病模型的效果。方法昆明小鼠分别使用地塞米松、氢化可的松、四氧嘧啶和链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病模型,通过检测血糖、胰岛素水平、计算胰岛素抵抗指数评价这几种药物造模的效果。结果与空白对照组相比,地塞米松组、氢化可的松组、四氧嘧啶组和链脲佐菌素组血糖水平有显著升高,胰岛素分泌、胰岛素抵抗指数显著升高,胰岛素敏感指标显著降低。胰岛素敏感指标数据显示,各组制备糖尿病模型的有效效果依次分别为链脲佐菌素、地塞米松、四氧嘧啶和氢化可的松。结论地塞米松、氢化可的松、四氧嘧啶和链脲佐菌素制备糖尿病模型的有效程度依次为链脲佐菌素、地塞米松、四氧嘧啶和氢化可的松。     

糖糠平降糖机制研究

目的:研究糖糠平的降糖机制。方法:观察糖糠平(YG-1)对四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠血糖、甘油三酯降低的影响;对蔗糖负荷四氧嘧啶糖尿病模型小鼠血糖升高的影响;对ip葡萄糖负荷大鼠胰岛素释放的影响。结果:YG-1对四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠血糖、甘油三酯有显著降低作用(P<0.05);对蔗糖负荷四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠血糖升高有显著抑制作用(P<0.05);对ip葡萄糖负荷大鼠胰岛素释放有显著增加作用(P<0.05)。结论:YG-1的降糖机制可能为类胰岛素作用,以及改变了靶细胞对内原性胰岛素敏感性的增强。     

病因型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗动物模型的复制

目的复制糖尿病胰岛素抵抗动物模型．方法用小剂量四氧嘧啶和葡萄糖并用创建糖尿病胰岛素抵抗小鼠模型,结果小剂量四氧嘧啶加葡萄糖组使小鼠血糖升高．小剂量四氧嘧啶加葡萄糖组胰岛素抵抗指数显著升高,而胰岛素的敏感指数显著下降（P〈0．01）,同时胰岛B细胞的功能也明显下降（P〈0．05）、结论小剂量四氧嘧啶加葡萄糖组既存在胰岛素抵抗,又存在胰岛功能的损伤,是较为理想的2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗模型。     

rExendin-4在3种糖尿病动物模型的体内药效学研究

目的考察基因工程肽类rExendin-4在MSG胰岛素抵抗小鼠、自发性2型糖尿病KKAy小鼠以及四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠的药效学作用特征。方法分别选用3种动物模型,考察rExendin-4对动物空腹血糖、糖负荷后血糖的变化、胰岛素水平以及长期给药血糖血脂等的影响。结果 rExendin-4可以明显降低3种糖尿病动物模型的血糖水平,并增加四氧嘧啶糖尿病小鼠胰腺中胰岛素含量。结论不同糖尿病模型动物的病理状态存在差异,rExendin-4仍可以发挥较好的降血糖作用,其治疗糖尿病有普遍适应性。     

黄连降糖片治疗糖尿病的药理作用研究

目的 研究黄连降糖片治疗糖尿病的药理作用。方法 用正常葡萄糖钳夹技术评价黄连降糖片对改善高脂+链脲佐菌素致大鼠胰岛素抵抗动物模型的胰岛素抵抗作用;用四氧嘧啶致大、小鼠糖尿病模型观察黄连降糖片的降血糖、降血脂作用和对白内障发生率的影响;用小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞法和氧化钙法观察黄连降糖片对吞噬指数和耐缺氧的效果。结果 黄连降糖片对胰岛素抵抗动物模型的胰岛素抵抗有明显改善作用;对四氧嘧啶所致高血糖大、小鼠均有降血糖和降血脂作用,可明显降低糖尿病大鼠白内障发生率;明显延长小鼠的常压耐缺氧时间和提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬指数。结论 黄连降糖片对糖尿病及其并发症有较好的治疗作用。     

南瓜多糖对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病大鼠降糖作用研究

目的 观察南瓜多糖对四氧嘧啶型糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用.方法 选用雄性Wistar大鼠（190～240 g）,且在日照时间10 h以上的阳光充足的条件下饲养,对大鼠采用两次给药法腹腔注射四氧嘧啶,给药剂量分别为第1天120mg/kg,第2天100mg/kg,建立四氧嘧啶型糖尿病模型,用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测血糖值,用放射免疫分析法测定胰岛素、胰高血糖素,观察各组的降糖效果.结果 南瓜多糖两种剂量均可降低四氧嘧啶型糖尿病大鼠的血糖（包括禁食空腹和进食以后,P＜0.05）,且能明显提高血中胰岛素水平,降低血胰高血糖素浓度.结论 南瓜多糖对糖尿病大鼠有降糖作用.     

治疗糖尿病高频中药的降血糖作用研究

目的 研究治疗糖尿病高频中药的降血糖作用。方法收集和统计出治疗糖尿病的前二十味高频中药和它们的平均处方量,用四氧嘧啶致糖尿病大、小鼠模型观察它们的降血糖效果,剂量相关性及有无相互协同作用。结果二十味高频中药中黄连、五味子、葛根、黄芪对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病小鼠模型的降血糖作用较显著,葛根、黄芪的降血糖作用在临床常用剂量附近没有剂量相关性,对四氧嘧啶致糖尿病大鼠的降血糖无相互协同作用,但对升高模型动物的血清胰岛素、降低尿微量白蛋白和肾脏系数则各有特色。结论治疗糖尿病高频中药中黄连、五味子、葛根、黄芪的降血糖效果较好。     

中药桑枝提取物对大鼠糖尿病并发症的实验治疗作用

目的 研究从中药桑枝中提取的α－葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂，对四氧嘧啶大鼠的高血糖综合症及其糖尿病并发症的实验治疗作用。方法 给四氧嘧啶高血糖大鼠连续口服桑枝水提物（SZ）15d，观察其对高血糖综合症、血脂及糖尿病肾病的影响。结果 连续口服桑枝水提物的四氧嘧啶高血糖大鼠，其食和水摄取量、空腹和非禁食血糖、血果糖氨及尿糖等高血糖综合症指标均明显降低，血脂得到调节，糖尿病肾病得到改善。结论 SZ可能对糖尿病及其并发症有一定的治疗作用。     

中药桑枝提取物对大鼠糖尿病并发症的实验治疗作用

目的研究从中药桑枝中提取的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂，对四氧嘧啶大鼠的高血糖综合症及其糖尿病并发症的实验治疗作用。方法给四氧嘧啶高血糖大鼠连续口服桑枝水提物(SZ) 15 d，观察其对高血糖综合症、血脂及糖尿病肾病的影响。结果连续口服桑枝水提物的四氧嘧啶高血糖大鼠，其食和水摄取量、空腹和非禁食血糖、血果糖氨及尿糖等高血糖综合症指标均明显降低，血脂得到调节，糖尿病肾病得到改善。结论SZ可能对糖尿病及其并发症有一定的治疗作用。     

人参对于鼠四氧嘧啶糖尿病的影响

人参降低血糖的作用已有不少文献报告。斋藤系平报告人参的乙醚、酒精或水浸膏对注射肾上腺素、葡萄糖或利尿素在兔所引起的高血糖都具有抑制作用。阿部胜马与斋藤系平、近藤治三郎、金夏植、山田昌之等亦观察到人参乙醇浸膏、甲醇浸膏或人参配糖体对兔的肾上腺素高血糖具有抑制作用。金夏植报告人参皂硷体、人参酸与人参萜(panacene)都具有降低兔正常血糖的作用。王振纲与雷海鹏的研究指出人参在正     

Effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on neurocognitive function: an acute, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study

Rationale  

Over the last decade, Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been shown to improve aspects of human cognitive function. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has a distinct ginsenoside profile from P. ginseng, promising cognitive enhancing properties in preclinical studies and benefits processes linked to human cognition.     

Red ginseng powder fermented with probiotics exerts antidiabetic effects in the streptozotocin-induced mouse diabetes model

Context: Red ginseng (heat-processed Panax ginseng) is a well-known alternative medicine with pharmacological antidiabetic activity. It exerts pharmacological effects through the transformation of saponin into metabolites by the intestinal microbiota. Given that intestinal conditions and intestinal microflora vary among individuals, the pharmacological effects of orally administered red ginseng likely may vary among individuals.

Objective: To overcome this variation and produce homogeneously effective red ginseng, we evaluated the antidiabetic effects of probiotic-fermented red ginseng in a mouse model.

Materials and methods: The antidiabetic efficacy of orally administered probiotic-fermented red ginseng was assessed in ICR mice after induction of diabetes using streptozotocin (170?mg/kg body weight). Samples were given orally for 8 weeks, and indicators involved in diabetic disorders such as body weight change, water intake, blood glucose, glucose tolerance and various biochemical parameters were determined.

Results: Oral administration of probiotic-fermented red ginseng significantly decreased the level of blood glucose of about 62.5% in the fasting state and induced a significant increase in glucose tolerance of about 10.2% compared to the control diabetic mice. Additionally, various indicators of diabetes and biochemical data (e.g., blood glycosylated haemoglobin level, serum concentrations of insulin, and α-amylase activity) showed a significant improvement in the diabetic conditions of the mice treated with probiotic-fermented red ginseng in comparison with those of control diabetic mice.

Discussion and conclusion: Our results demonstrate the antidiabetic effects of probiotic-fermented red ginseng in the streptozotocin-induced mouse diabetes model and suggest that probiotic-fermented red ginseng may be a uniformly effective red ginseng product.     

人参多肽降血糖作用

人参多肽按50,100和200mg/kg的剂量给大鼠一次ⅳ或小鼠多次sc给药,能降低正常血糖和肝糖原,但对总血脂无明显影响。同时表明,对肾上腺、四氧密啶及葡萄糖所引起的高血糖均有抑制作用,并能增强肾上腺素对肝糖原的分解。     

Stabilization of β-D-galactosidase from heat and chemical inactivation with the extract ofPanax ginseng C.A. Meyer

Staiblization effect ofPanax ginseng C. A. Meyer on β-D-galactosidase inactivation was pro ved by kinetic studies of thermal inactivation of the enzyme. The water extractPanax ginseng C.A. Meyer showed stabilization activity at minimal concentration of 10ppm. The methanolic extract was purified to obtain ginseng saponins, and two groups of the ginsenosides,i.e., protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol were isolated. They also showed a protective effect against the thermal and chemical inactivation of the enzyme;p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and hydroxylamine known as protein modifier greatly inactivated the enzyme but inactivation was significantly blocked by the ginseng component. Mg²⁺. known as a cofactor, stabilized the enzyme and the poor stabilization effect by it was potentiated by ginseng components.     

The effect of ginseng on heart contraction and sarcoplasmic reticulum function(II)

It was reported from our laboratory that the rate of deterioration of the force of contraction was slower in heart fromPanax ginseng extract treated rats. Present investigation was designed to elucidate the mechanism of the slow deterioration of contractility of ginseng treated hearts. Therefore,⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) isolated from ginseng treated rats and control rats was studied. Rats weighing 150–250g were administered orally with ginseng ethanol extract (100mg/kg) for 10 days. Cardiac SR was isolated by differential centrifugation and⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake was assessed by the Millipore method. Freshly isolated SR from treated as well as control animals did not show any differences, but after incubation for 30 and 60 min at 37°C,⁴⁵Ca²⁺ uptake of control animal SR was found to be greatly depressed. The SR of treated animal possessed a greater degree of resistance to incubation. Thus it can be concluded that ginseng may have an ability to sustain the normal function of the heart by sustaining-Ca accumulation by SR involved with the excitationcontraction coupling processes.     

A comparative study on anticoagulant activities of three Chinese herbal medicines from the genus Panax and anticoagulant activities of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2

Abstract

Context: Chemical compositions of three herbal plants from the family Araliaceae genus Panax [Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, P. quinquefolius L. and P. notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen] are quite similar; however, their medicinal natures vary greatly. The reason for differences has been explained in traditional Chinese medicine theory and partially verified by modern pharmacological investigations, such as antiplatelet aggregation. Aside from platelet aggregation, a variety of plasma coagulation factors are also involved in blood coagulation. The anticoagulation profiles of three herbs have not been investigated.

Objective: The current research compared the inhibitory effects of three herbal extracts from Panax spp. and the purified ginsenosides from P. ginseng on blood coagulation.

Materials and methods: Human plasma was mixed with the water extracts (0.05 and 0.1?mg/mL) from roots of P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng and ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 (0.05 and 0.1?mg/mL), the blood clotting time of activated partial thromboplastin, prothrombin and thrombin were measured by a biochemical analyzer.

Results: The water extracts (0.05?mg/mL) of P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng could significantly extend blood clotting time as compared to the control group. Among three herbal medicines, 0.05?mg/mL of water extract from P. ginseng exhibited the strongest anticoagulation effects, followed by P. notoginseng, while P. quinquefolius presented the weakest effects. Both ginsenosides Rg1 and Rg2 could significantly extend blood clotting time in all three tests; ginsenoside Rg2 exhibited relative stronger anticoagulation effects as compared to ginsenoside Rg1.

Discussion and conclusion: Among three herbs tested, P. ginseng as well as its active component ginsenoside Rg2 shows the strongest anticoagulation activity; current results indicate that P. ginseng and ginsenoside Rg2 have great potential to be an anticoagulation drug.     

基于网络药理学的人参治疗非酒精性脂肪肝病靶点研究

目的 基于网络药理学研究人参对非酒精性脂肪肝病（NAFLD）的治疗靶点。方法 利用网络药理学分析平台BATMAN-TCM获取人参活性成分及其对应靶点,使用Cytoscape软件对功能组-靶点基因-人参药物成分网络进行构建。对靶基因通过STRING平台构建出靶点群蛋白互作网络（protein protein interaction network,PPI）,通过在线工具metascape对靶基因进行通路富集分析。从高通量基因表达数据库（Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO）下载人NAFLD转录组表达数据GSE89632,表达量进行标准化处理,使用双侧非配对t检验来检测表达差异的显著性。结果 人参药物成分对脂肪代谢有显著影响,特别是脂肪酸降解。通过蛋白相互作用分析和通路富集分析,发现了31个人参药物成分的关键靶基因（ACADM、SCD、ACACA、ACSL1、NR1H3、LEP、PPARA、ADIPOQ、NR1H4、CEBPA、HMGCR、SREBF1、TNF、SREBF2、ESR1、ABCA1、INS、AKT1、AVP、RXRA、HSD17B6、SRD5A2、UGT1A1、CYP19A1、PTGS2、CYP2E1、HTR2A、HSD17B1、EDN1、CCL5、AGTR1）和NAFLD发病过程紧密相关。其中胰岛素（insulin,INS）的节点数量远高于其他靶基因,INS的mRNA表达量在NAFLD组织中显著上调（P<0.000 1）。结论 INS可能是人参治疗NAFLD的关键核心靶点之一。     

Effects of long term feeding of acetone extract of Momordica charantia (whole fruit powder) on alloxan diabetic albino rats

Acetone extract of whole fruit powder of Momordica charantia a given orally daily lowered the blood sugar and serum cholesterol levels to normal range after 15 to 30 days in alloxan diabetic rats. The blood sugar once lowered after 30 days treatment did not increase even after 15 days of discontinuation of the treatment.