上颌前磨牙区种植单端桥及骨组织的三维有限元分析

目的 分析上颌前磨牙区种植单端桥基牙及其周围支持骨组织在静态加载方式下的应力分布状况。方法 采用三维有限元分析方法，研究分别在分散垂直和斜向加载条件下，单端固定桥中基牙种植体及其周围骨组织的应力分布情况。结果 上颌前磨牙区两类骨质中种植单端桥在不同加载方式下，种植体-基台复合体所受应力均集中于对应颈部皮质骨部位的种植体远中部位；周围骨组织中皮质骨应力高于松质骨，均以颈部皮质骨远中部位最大，各向加载时D3模型皮质骨的最大应力值均小于D4模型；与垂直加载比较，颊舌向加载时两类模型最大位移均增大，各向加载时D3模型的种植体-基台复合体最大位移均小于D4模型。结论 从生物力学角度分析上颌前磨牙区种植单端桥的设计具有合理性；高密度松质骨（D3）更有利于上颌前磨牙区种植单端桥的应力分布。     

上部结构材料对无牙下颌种植固定修复影响的三维有限元分析

目的通过三维有限元方法探讨上部结构材料对无牙下颌种植固定修复生物力学的影响,为无牙颌修复治疗提供参考。方法构建无牙下颌种植固定修复三维有限元模型,用6种牙科材料(纯钛、钴铬合金、金合金、氧化锆、聚醚醚酮及碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮)分别对种植上部结构进行赋值,得到6种模型,模拟斜向加载,对种植体、周围骨组织及上部结构进行应力分析。结果无论采用何种材料,斜向加载下模型应力均集中于后牙区种植体远中颊侧颈部及周围骨皮质,骨松质受力远小于骨皮质。6种模型种植体及骨皮质的应力由小到大分别为氧化锆、钴铬合金、纯钛、金合金、碳纤维增强聚醚醚酮、聚醚醚酮。聚醚醚酮模型磨牙区种植体及骨皮质von Mises应力最大值分别为44.96和29.13 MPa;氧化锆模型磨牙区种植体及骨皮质的von Mises应力最大值分别为21.29和17.79 MPa。与聚醚醚酮模型相比,氧化锆和金属模型种植体及周围骨皮质的应力值更小,且应力分布更均匀。结论无牙下颌种植固定修复中使用氧化锆和金属等非聚合物材料制作上部结构,更有利于种植体及周围骨组织的应力分散。     

下颌改良杆卡式种植覆盖义齿的应力分布——垂直载荷与斜向载荷的比较

采用三维各向异性有限元法分析全下颌改良杆卡式种植覆盖义齿垂直载荷与斜向载荷下的应力分面。结果显示,种植体的最大应力出现在种植体骨外段的近、远中面;种植体界面骨组织的最大应力位于种植体颈部周围的骨皮质界面;斜向载荷下种植体及其骨组织界面的应力值高于垂直载荷时,且垂直载荷下种植体骨界面的应力分布更均匀;近远中向斜向加载时种植体及其骨组织界面的最大应力值高于舌颊向加载时。     

骨吸收对平台转换种植体周围骨组织内部应力的影响

目的:观察骨吸收对平台转换设计种植体周围骨组织内部应力的影响。方法:利用COSMOS 2.85软件包建立不同程度骨吸收的种植体支持下颌第一磨牙金属冠三维有限元模型共10个。种植体-基台的连接形式分别采用平齐对接(模型A)和平台转换(模型B)设计,模型又分为无骨吸收(A0,B0)和骨吸收的深度分别为0.5mm(A1,B1)、1.0mm(A2,B2)、1.5mm(A3,B3)和2.0mm(A4,B4)5种。采用垂直和斜向两种形式加载,载荷均为200N。观察骨吸收程度对种植体周围骨组织内部应力的影响,并比较不同程度骨吸收时两种设计种植体周围骨组织内部应力的不同。结果:平台转换种植体和平齐对接种植体周围骨组织内部的应力分布相似,应力主要集中在种植体颈部。随着骨吸收程度的增加,应力集中的范围增大;当皮质骨完全吸收后,种植体根部也出现应力集中的趋势。种植体周围骨组织内部的最大等效应力随着骨吸收程度的增加而减小,当皮质骨完全吸收后改变最明显。同等程度骨吸收时,平台转换设计种植体周围骨组织内部的最大等效应力小于平齐对接设计;随着骨吸收程度的增加,两者的差距逐渐减小。结论:骨吸收会导致种植体周围骨组织内部应力集中的范围加大而最大等效应力减小;骨吸收后平台转换设计改善种植体周围骨组织应力分布的作用变得不明显。     

模拟咀嚼静态载荷nFA/PEEK牙种植体周应力分布特点

目的:纳米氟磷灰石聚醚醚酮(n FA/PEEK)是我国自主研发的复合种植体材料,本研究以三维有限元方法 ,分析该材料种植体静态载荷下应力分布特点。方法:建立下颌第一磨牙区的局部骨块、n FA/PEEK和钛合金(Ti6Al4V)种植体全瓷冠修复的三维有限元模型,运用软件分析施力方向分别为垂直向、近远中向、颊舌向的180 N及240 N静态载荷下,对比2种材料种植体本身及其在骨内的应力分布状况。结果:基台应力以颊舌向加载受力>垂直加载受力>近远中加载受力,n FA/PEEK材料比对应Ti6Al4V材料低4.2倍。n FA/PEEK应力集中于颈部1/3处,并小于对应Ti6Al4V材料。应力围绕在种植体周围骨颈部的10 mm范围内,同一载荷下,应力随载荷增加而增大,且n FA/PEEK材料均高于对应Ti6Al4V材料。种植体周围骨的等效应力基本位于20~60 Mpa。240 N垂直向加载下Ti6Al4V材料的应力>180 N近远中向和垂直向加载的n FA/PEEK材料应力>240 N颊舌向加载钛合金的应力。结论:生理静态载荷下,n FA/PEEK种植体不易折断,能降低应力遮挡,有利于骨皮质骨生长沉积,是有潜在应用前景的种植体材料。     

全下颌改良杆卡式和传统卡式种植覆盖义齿受载的比较性研究

目的：分析全下颌改良杆卡式种植覆盖义齿受载的应力分布并与传统的杆卡式比较。方法：三维各向异性有限元法。结果：种植体界面骨组织的最大应力出现在种植体颈部周围的骨皮质界面;种植体的最大应力主要位于种植体骨外段的近、远中面;牙弓后部牙槽嵴粘膜中有应力集中;改良式与传统式比较,种植体及其周围骨界面的应力峰值差别不大,但应力分布有一定差异,改良式者更均匀。而两种义齿牙弓后部牙槽嵴粘膜中的应力峰值及应力分布差别不大。结论：改良杆卡式种植覆盖义齿受载的应力分布比传统杆卡式者更均匀。     

全下颌改良杆卡式和传统卡式种植覆盖义齿受载的比较性研究

目的：分析全下颌改良杆卡式种植覆盖义齿受载的应力分布并与传统的杆式卡式比较,方法：三维各向异性有限元法,结果;种植体界面骨组织的最大应力出现在种植体颈部周围的骨皮质界面,种植体的最大应力主要位于种植体骨外段的近,远中面,牙弓后部牙槽嵴粘膜中有应力集中,改良式与传统式比较,种植体及其周围骨界面的应力峰值差别不大,但应力分布有一定差异,改良式者更均匀,而两种义牙弓后部牙槽嵴粘膜中的应力峰值及应力分布差     

不同种植体外形设计对上颌窦提升术后种植体周围应力分布的影响

目的：比较不同种植体外形设计对上颌窦提升术后种植体周围生物力学的影响。方法：在D3型上颌骨简化模型上利用三维有限元法分析3种不同外形设计的种植体在植骨与不植骨条件下的应力分布情况。假设所有材料都是线弹性、连续材料,向种植体施加150 N的倾斜力,测量种植体周围骨组织的最大等效力（equivalent von-Mises,EQV）。采用Ansys Workbench 14.5软件包对数据进行测量分析,采用SPSS 17.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：各组应力集中区域均位于种植体颈部皮质骨区域。不同种植体外形设计对种植体周围皮质骨最大EQV值无显著影响,但锥形种植体较其他种植体的周围松质骨最大EQV值显著上升,上颌窦提升术后植骨可以降低各组种植体周围最大EQV值。结论：锥形种植体用于上颌后牙区种植修复时,可能引起种植体周围松质骨应力变大,增加种植体周围骨吸收的风险。上颌窦提升后植骨,可降低种植体周围压力负载。     

种植体-基台连接形式对种植体周围骨组织应力分布的影响

目的分析种植体-基台连接形式对种植体周围骨组织应力分布的影响，从生物力学角度探讨平台转换连接形式防止或减少种植体周围骨吸收的可能机制。方法利用COSMOSM2．85软件包建立种植体支持的下颌第一磨牙三维有限元模型，种植体-基台的连接形式分别采用平齐对接（模型A）和平台转换（模型B）。采用垂直和斜向两种形式加载，载荷均为200N，比较两种模型种植体周围骨组织的应力分布情况以及种植体-骨界面颊舌侧相同位置的von Mises应力大小。结果不同加载条件下两种模型种植体周围骨组织应力集中在种植体颈部颊舌侧骨皮质内，斜向加载时最大von Mises应力值高于垂直加载时。模型A和模型B骨组织内最大von Mises应力值在垂直加载时，分别为11．61MPa和7．15MPa，斜向加载时分别为22．07MPa和11．87MPa。距离种植体-基台连接处越远，von Mises应力值越小，骨皮质到骨松质交界处的应力变化最明显。与模型A相比，模型B种植体-骨界面相同节点的最大von Mises应力值较小。结论与平齐对接形式相比，平台转换设计可改善种植体周围骨组织的应力分布，降低种植体颈部骨组织所受的应力。     

无牙颌一侧上颌骨缺损种植修复后的有限元应力分析

目的:探讨无牙颌一侧上颌骨缺损种植修复后在力作用下支持组织中的应力分布特点。方法:建立无牙颌一侧上颌骨缺损种植修复的三维有限元模型,观察计算机模拟的不同修复方式以及不同加载方式作用下骨组织中的应力分布情况。结果:无论何种加载方式,在单纯健侧种植修复时,1位种植体周围骨皮质应力值均很高;双侧种植修复后无论何种加载方式1位种植体周围骨皮质的应力值都大大降低。结论:患侧植入种植体能够降低单纯健侧种植时邻近缺损处的种植体周围骨皮质应力,使支持组织中应力分布均匀合理,提高修复成功率。     

Effect of platelet-rich plasma on the early bone formation around Ca-P-coated and non-coated oral implants in cortical bone

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of local application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the early healing of cortical bone around Ti implants with two different surface configurations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Six goats were used in this study. PRP fractions were obtained from a venous blood sample of the goats and administered immediately before implant insertion. PRP was applied via gel preparation and installation of the gel into the implant site, or via dipping of the implants in PRP fraction before insertion. A total of 36 implants (18 non-coated and 18 Ca-P-coated) were placed into the tibial cortical bone. The animals were sacrificed at 6 weeks after implantation and implants with surrounding tissue were prepared for histological examination. Histomorphometrical variables like the percentage of implant surface with direct bone-implant contact and the percentage of new and old bone adjacent to the implant were evaluated. RESULTS: More interfacial bone-to-implant contact was observed for all the three groups of Ca-P-coated implants and the Ti/PRP liquid group. All groups revealed similar percentages of old and new bone adjacent to the implant. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the additional use of PRP did not have any effect on the early cortical bone response to the Ca-P-coated implants, while PRP in a liquid form showed a tendency to increase bone apposition to roughened titanium implants.     

A morphometric and biomechanic comparison of titanium implants inserted in rabbit cortical and cancellous bone.

The removal torques for screw-shaped pure titanium implants inserted in rabbit tibia and the femoral part of the knee joint and the tissue response to these implants, as quantitated with light microscopic morphometry on ground sections, were compared after 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months. The bone surrounding the femoral intra-articular implants was mostly cancellous, while cortical bone was formed around the tibial implants. The torque needed to remove the intra-articular implants increased with time, but there was no such increase for the tibial implants. At 6 weeks, significantly less torque was needed to remove the intra-articular implants in spite of the fact that significantly more bone was found in the threads of these implants as compared with the tibial implants. When calculating the amount of bone in threads situated in the cortical and subchondral passage, more was found in the threads of the tibial implants, which corresponded to the higher removal torque. Additional light microscopic observations on implants unscrewed after 12 months in rabbit tibia indicated that rupture occurred between the implant surface and calcified bone. Findings indicate that the resistance to unscrewing is dependent on the amount of compact bone surrounding a titanium implant.     

The biomechanical analysis of relative position between implant and alveolar bone: finite element method

Background: The purpose of this study is to analyze biomechanical interactions in the alveolar bone surrounding implants with smaller‐diameter abutments by changing position of the fixture–abutment interface, loading direction, and thickness of cortical bone using the finite element method. Methods: Twenty different finite element models including four types of cortical bone thickness (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm) and five implant positions relative to bone crest (subcrestal 1, implant shoulder 1 mm below bone crest; subcrestal 0.5, implant shoulder 0.5 mm below bone crest; at crestal implant shoulder even with bone crest; supracrestal 0.5, implant shoulder 0.5 mm above bone crest; and supracrestal 1, implant shoulder 1 mm above bone crest) were analyzed. All models were simulated under two different loading angles (0 and 45 degrees) relative to the long axis of the implant, respectively. The three factors of implant position, loading type, and thickness of cortical bone were computed for all models. Results: The results revealed that loading type and implant position were the main factors affecting the stress distribution in bone. The stress values of implants in the supracrestal 1 position were higher than all other implant positions. Additionally, compared with models under axial load, the stress values of models under off‐axis load increased significantly. Conclusions: Both loading type and implant position were crucial for stress distribution in bone. The supracrestal 1 implant position may not be ideal to avoid overloading the alveolar bone surrounding implants.     

A clinical, radiographic, and histological evaluation of permucosal dental implants of dense hydroxylapatite in dogs

A clinical, histological, and radiographic examination was performed on 77 permucosal dental implants, made of dense sintered hydroxylapatite: 34 solid cylinders and 43 hollow cylinders. The hollow cylinders were pre-compressed between two titanium caps. The implants were placed in partly edentulous mandibles of dogs, and were physiologically loaded. Healing was clinically and radiographically evaluated during a six-month to five-year period. At various times, implants with their surrounding tissues were removed and prepared for light and electron microscopy. All implants showed a good initial fit and were maintained in place without undercut or mechanical stabilization. After 18 months, 76% of the solid cylinders had fractured at the implant/bone junction due to fatigue. However, the submerged portions of the solid cylinders were preserved without clinical problems, and became entirely embedded in bone. The pre-stressed implants did not fracture, and 91% were functioning 24 months after placement. The average scores of pocket depths and gingival bleeding showed no significant differences between implants and surrounding natural teeth. Bone deposition occurred on the entire surface of the implant below the crest of the alveolar bone, and intimate bone contact was confirmed by electron microscopy. It was also observed that a layer of bone tissue was deposited on the implant surface in the permucosal area just above the alveolar bone level. Embedding of gingival fibers in this layer resulted in gingival attachment to the implant, comparable with that of natural teeth.     

Ultrastructure of the interface between titanium and surrounding tissue in rat tibiae--a comparison study on titanium-coated and -uncoated plastic implants

Purposes The purposes of this study were to prepare experimental titanium‐coated plastic implants suitable for electron microscopy examination of the titanium‐bone interface and the response of tissue surrounding titanium, and to histologically compare surrounding tissue responses in coated and uncoated implants. Materials and Methods Experimental plastic implants were prepared from a plastic rod coated with a thin film of titanium. Plastic implants without coatings were used as controls. The implants were placed into tibiae of 10‐week‐old male rats. The specimens with implants were harvested 4 weeks after placement and observed under a light microscope, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning electron microscope. Results In the transmission electron microscopy, the titanium layer of the experimental implant was a uniform layer that was approximately 150‐ to 250‐nm wide. The new bone formation was observed around both titanium‐coated implants and plastic implants. However, there was no direct bone contact with the plastic implant. Discussion The responses of tissue surrounding the experimental implants varied. Under an electron microscope, the following areas were observed: (1) an area with a direct contact between the titanium and bone, (2) an area at the interface where an amorphous layer was observed, (3) an area with progressing calcification in the surrounding tissue where the cells were adjacent to the titanium surface, and (4) an area in which bone resorption and apposition were observed and remodeling was thought to be occurring. Conclusion The experimental titanium was homogenous and was considered to be highly useful in observing the responses of the surrounding tissue to the titanium surface.     

Titanium and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) patient-specific sub-periosteal implants: two novel approaches for rehabilitation of the severely atrophic anterior maxillary ridge

The aim of this study was to assess two new protocols for single-stage rehabilitation of the severely atrophic maxillary ridge using customized porous titanium or polyether ether ketone (PEEK) sub-periosteal implants. Ten patients with a severely atrophic anterior maxillary alveolar ridge were divided randomly into two groups (five patients in each) to receive customized sub-periosteal implants fabricated via CAD/CAM technology: group 1, porous titanium implants; group 2, PEEK implants. Prosthetic loading with fixed acrylic bridges was performed 1 month postoperative. The implants were followed-up for 12 months and evaluated for the presence of any sign of radiographic bone resorption, mobility, infection, prosthetic fracture, or implant exposure. The immediate postoperative period was uneventful except for one case complicated by wound dehiscence in group 1. At 12 months, all implants were functionally stable and the patients were comfortable with the prostheses. No signs of radiographic bone resorption, mobility, infection, or prosthetic fracture were observed. Within the limitations of this study, the application of customized porous titanium and PEEK sub-periosteal implants produced through CAD/CAM technology appears to be an acceptable method for single-stage prosthetic rehabilitation of the severely atrophic edentulous anterior maxilla.This study was awarded the best case study at the academy of osseintegration annual meeting 2017, Orlando, Florida.     

Effect of RGD peptide coating of titanium implants on periimplant bone formation in the alveolar crest. An experimental pilot study in dogs

The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of organic coating of titanium implants on periimplant bone formation and bone/implant contact. Three types of implants were used: (i) Ti6Al4V implants with polished surface (control 1) (ii) Ti6Al4V implants with collagen coating (control 2) (iii) Ti6Al4V implants with collagen coating and covalently bound RGD peptides. All implants had square cross-sections with an oblique diameter of 4.6 mm and were inserted press fit into trephine burr holes of 4.6 mm in the mandibles of 10 beagle dogs. The implants of five animals each were evaluated after a healing period of 1 month and 3 months, during which sequential fluorochrome labelling of bone formation was performed. Bone formation was evaluated by morphometric measurement of the newly formed bone around the implant and the percentage of implant bone contact. After 1 month there was only little bone/implant contact, varying between 2.6 and 6.7% in the cortical bone and 4.4 and 5.7% in the cancellous bone, with no significant differences between the three types of implants. After 3 months, implants with polished surfaces exhibited 26.5 and 31.2% contact in the cortical and cancellous bone, respectively, while collagen-coated implants had 19.5 and 28.4% bone contact in these areas. Implants with RGD coating showed the highest values with 42.1% and 49.7%, respectively. Differences between the surface types as such were not significant, but the increase in bone/implant contact from 1 to 3 months postoperatively was significant only in the group of RGD-coated implants (P = 0.008 and P = 0.000). The results of this pilot study thus provide only weak evidence that coating of titanium implants with RGD peptides in the present form and dosage may increase periimplant bone formation in the alveolar process. The results therefore require further verification in a modified experimental setting.     

4 种表面形态种植体对支持组织应力分布的影响

目的：观察４种常见不同形态种植体所支持的下颌覆盖义齿,在牙合力作用下其支持组织——牙槽骨及种植体周围的应力分布状况,从生物力学角度为种植体形态设计提供参考。方法：用三维光弹应力冻结切片法,对光滑圆柱形、光滑圆锥形、螺纹圆柱形、螺纹圆锥形４种不同形态种植体所支持覆盖义齿,在牙合力作用下的应力状况进行应力冻结,并在相应部位进行切片观察,以了解不同情况下其支持组织的应力分布状况。结果：种植体不同的表面形态对支持组织应力分布有较大影响,圆柱形种植体比圆锥形种植体,带螺纹种植体比光滑种植体其牙槽骨及骨界面应力值小。结论：不同表面形态的种植体对种植体骨界面及牙槽骨的应力会产生不同的影响。     

Factors affecting stresses in cortical bone around miniscrew implants

Abstract Objective: To evaluate various types of stress in cortical bone around miniscrew implants using finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six three-dimensional assemblies of miniscrew models placed in alveolar bone blocks were constructed using Abaqus (Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp, Providence, RI), a commercial finite element analysis software package. The model variables included implant design factors and bone-related factors. All miniscrew implants were loaded in the mesial direction with a linear force equal to 2 N. Peak von Mises and principal stress values in cortical bone were compared between the different models for each factor. Results: The results demonstrated that some factors affected the stresses in bone (implant diameter, implant head length, thread size, and elastic modulus of cancellous bone), while other factors did not (thread shape, thread pitch, and cortical bone thickness). Conclusions: Miniscrew implant diameter, head length, and thread size as well as the elastic modulus of cancellous bone affect the stresses in cortical bone layer surrounding the miniscrew implant and may therefore affect its stability.