隐匿性腹股沟斜疝60例诊断和治疗

目的 提高对隐匿性腹股沟斜疝的诊断与治疗水平。方法 对不明原因的腹股沟区疼痛患,初期高度怀疑为隐匿性腹股沟斜疝时即行手术探查;近期采用疝囊造影术明确诊断后再行手术治疗。手术方法分别采用疝囊高位结扎术、张力性疝修补术和无张力疝修补术。结果 初期手术探查4_4例,明确诊断并手术治疗4l例。误诊而致阴性探查3例,术后2例5年内复发再手术;近五年对30例施行了疝囊造影术,术前确诊19例,均由手术证实,无l例假阳性。术后患症状消失,恢复良好。尚无复发。结论 疝囊造影术可提高对隐匿性腹股沟斜疝的术前诊断水平,避免手术探查盲目性。     

腹腔镜与开放手术治疗小儿嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝临床疗效分析

目的比较腹腔镜与开放手术治疗小儿嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2022年1月我科急诊手术治疗的171例嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝患儿的临床资料,其中行腹腔镜手术(LG组)89例,开放手术(OG组)82例。比较两组的临床效果。结果两组患儿均顺利完成手术。嵌顿疝内容物,LG组小肠46例,回盲部9例,结肠23例,大网膜1例,卵巢10例,OG组小肠49例,回盲部5例,结肠22例,大网膜2例,卵巢4例。两组术中均未见嵌顿疝内容物穿孔或坏死。两组比较,LG组手术时间及麻醉时间均明显短于OG组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。LG组术前诊断双侧腹股沟斜疝7例(7.87%),术中发现对侧隐匿性鞘状突未闭29例(32.58%);OG组术前诊断双侧腹股沟斜疝6例(7.32%)。两组患儿术后均获随访,随访时间1~5年。两组患儿术侧均无复发;OG组术后发现对侧腹股沟斜疝而再次手术8例(9.76%)。结论腹腔镜手术治疗小儿嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝安全可行,既可明显缩短手术及麻醉时间,又能同时治疗对侧存在的隐匿性鞘状突未闭,降低再手术率,可作为小儿嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝手术治疗的首选方式。     

腹腔镜下小儿腹股沟隐匿性疝的临床特点分析

目的:分析小儿单侧腹股沟斜疝合并对侧隐匿性疝的临床特点。方法:回顾分析2007年12月至2015年5月为4 232例患儿行腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术的临床资料。结果:4 232例患儿中男3 776例,女456例,3 919例行单侧腹股沟斜疝手术,1 868例(47.7%)合并对侧隐匿性疝,其中左侧斜疝合并对侧隐匿性疝的比例为50.7%,右侧斜疝合并对侧隐匿性疝的比例为45.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=8.4951,P=0.0036)。结论:对侧隐匿性疝发生率与性别、年龄无关。儿童单侧腹股沟斜疝合并对侧隐匿性疝比例较高,且不随年龄增长而降低。腹腔镜手术可同时探查双侧腹股沟,利于预防性处理对侧隐匿性疝,具有一定的临床优势。     

改良单孔法微型腹腔镜治疗小儿斜疝的临床分析

【摘要】〓目的〓总结改良单孔法微型腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝疝囊高位结扎术的手术方法、疗效及优缺点。方法〓回顾性分析2011年6月至2014年6月100例腹股沟斜疝患儿行改良单孔法腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术的临床资料。其中单侧斜疝95例,双侧斜疝5例。手术特点主要通过一个改良的腹壁穿刺针进行穿刺、疝囊高位结扎,完成手术。结果〓100例手术均获成功,平均手术时间单侧疝10~35 min,双侧疝25~45 min,术后平均1~2 d出院,无明显并发症和复发病例。结论〓改良单孔法腹腔镜小儿腹股沟斜疝疝囊高位结扎术安全,有效,并发症少,可同期处理对侧隐匿性腹股沟斜疝。     

腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟嵌顿斜疝163例

目的总结腹腔镜手术治疗小儿腹股沟嵌顿斜疝的安全性及临床效果。方法回顾性分析014年7月至2015年6月,西安市儿童医院腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟嵌顿斜疝163例的临床资料。术前诊断右侧嵌顿者82例,左侧嵌顿者69例,双侧嵌顿者12例。腹腔镜直视下体外手法复位将嵌顿疝复位。如嵌顿脏器无缺血坏死,行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术。同时探查对侧,如存在隐匿疝则术中一起处理。结果 162例患者均成功复位后行腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术,1例患者中转开放手术。术中发现对侧隐匿性鞘状突未闭并同时手术共58例。术后1例复发,再次手术治愈。结论腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟嵌顿斜疝安全、有效、微创、美容,避免水肿疝囊的解剖,是理想的手术方式。     

腹腔镜手术治疗小儿嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝的临床分析（附33例报告）

目的：探讨腹腔镜手术治疗小儿嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝的临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析2013年1月至2014年1月为33例嵌顿性腹股沟斜疝患儿行腹腔镜手术的临床资料。结果：9例麻醉后自动复位,17例腹腔镜下复位,7例难复性嵌顿疝经腹股沟小切口打开疝囊颈束环后腹腔镜下复位,33例复位成功后均行腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术,14例同时行对侧隐匿疝治疗。7例打开疝囊颈束环者,丝线缝合修补并缩窄内环口,2例镜下同期切除阑尾。无一例中转开腹。手术时间平均（19.8±9.9）min,平均住院（3.2±1.1）d。术后无切口感染、阴囊血肿发生。随访3-12个月,无睾丸萎缩、复发等并发症发生。结论：腹腔镜下腹腔探查、嵌顿疝松解术及疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟嵌顿性斜疝安全、简便、暴露充分、微创、并发症少、术后康复快,术中可同时处理对侧隐匿性疝。     

微型腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝110例分析

目的总结微型腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝的经验。方法微型腹腔镜下操作钳配合带线针关闭内环口治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝110例139侧。结果 110例手术成功。手术时间单侧平均23.5 min,双侧平均33.5 min,术后1 d出院。术后随访6~24个月,无复发。结论微型腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎手术微创、手术时间短、切口小、恢复快、住院时间短、并发症少、复发率低,并可同时处理对侧隐匿性疝。     

疝囊造影术在隐匿性及复发性腹股沟斜疝诊断中的应用

目的：提高对隐匿性及复发性腹股沟斜疝的认识和诊断水平。方法：对不明原因的腹股沟区疼痛患者，当体格检查无阳性发现时行疝囊造影术。结果：在47例造影者中明确诊断26例，其中原发性斜疝22例，复发性斜疝4例。均获手术证实，行疝囊高位结扎或疝修补术后症状消失。另21例造影阴性者中18例经其它治疗于3个月后症状消失。结论：对不明原因的腹股沟区疼痛患者，疝囊造影术是筛选隐匿性及复发性腹股沟斜疝的一种非常实用的诊断技术。     

经脐单手单孔腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝145例体会

目的总结经脐单手单孔腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2013年10月至2015年9月期间我院采用经脐单手单孔腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝的145例患者的临床资料。结果 145例腹股沟斜疝患者均在腹腔镜下完成疝囊高位结扎术,每侧手术时间5~8 min(平均6 min),双侧10~15 min(平均12 min)。有20例患儿术中发现对侧存在隐匿性疝,一并行疝囊高位结扎术。术后随访1~12个月,平均5个月,无精索血肿、医源性隐睾、睾丸萎缩、线结排斥反应、感染等并发症;有2例复发,其中1例为单侧疝,其腹膜皱褶严重;另1例为巨大单侧疝,其疝内容物反复突出形成瘢痕疝囊。结论经脐单手单孔腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝,不仅具备传统腹腔镜手术的优点,而且安全、疗效确切、更加美观、手术时间亦无增加,更加节省人力,优于传统腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术,远期疗效有待更长时间的随访和大宗病例的治疗效果。     

单孔微型腹腔镜诊治小儿隐匿性腹股沟斜疝的体会

目的:探讨单孔微型腹腔镜诊治小儿隐匿性腹股沟斜疝的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2013年6月至2015年6月收治的120例腹股沟斜疝患儿的临床资料,患儿均行单孔微型腹腔镜下疝囊高位结扎术。结果:手术均获成功,术中发现隐匿疝22例,一并处理,占术前诊断为单侧病例的20.37%。单侧疝手术时间9~18 min,平均(11.25±2.52)min,双侧疝17~28 min,平均(19.24±4.56)min。术后1~3 d出院。术后患儿均获随访,随访4~30个月,平均(14.26±6.54)个月,无一例复发。结论:单孔微型腹腔镜治疗小儿腹股沟斜疝损伤小、康复快,具有同时发现并治疗对侧隐性疝的优势。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.