广西城乡男性居民饮酒量与高血压的关系研究

目的 探讨广西城乡男性居民酒精摄入量与高血压患病的关系.方法 利用2002年广西营养与健康调查数据,该调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,在4个城市和4个县分别抽取城乡15岁及以上男性居民1322人,分别对城乡居民开展医学体检、饮酒和行为因素调查;并采用logistic回归分析进行多因素分析.结果 在1322人中确定278例高血压患者,15岁及以上城乡男性居民高血压患病率为21.0%,其中农村男性居民患病率为22.8%,城市为19.2%(P>0.05);男性居民饮酒率农村为50.07%,城市为44.05%,农村男性居民总的酒精摄入量为20.07±40.06g/d,略高于城市男性居民(15.37±50.45g/d),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);随着酒精摄入量的增加,城乡男性居民高血压患病率均呈现明显升高趋势.非条件logistic回归分析,调整年龄、文化、经济收入、吸烟、民族、BMI、向心性肥胖等因素,显示城市男性居民酒精摄入量≥25.0s/d、农村≥50.0s/d,高血压患病率高于从不饮酒组(P<0.05).结论 酒精摄入≥25.0S/d、≥50.0g/a分别是广西城市、农村男性居民高血压的重要独立危险因素.     

红河州居民高血压患病率及其影响因素分析

目的 分析红河州居民高血压流行情况及其影响因素,为红河州制定高血压防控相关政策提供科学依据。 方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,对红河州4 704名18岁及以上常住居民进行问卷调查、体格测量和实验室检测,并采用多因素logistic回归方法探讨高血压的影响因素。 结果 红河州居民高血压患病率为20.5%,男性20.9%,女性20.2%,城市24.9%,农村19.0%,高血压患病率随年龄增长而增加。农民(OR=1.5)、小学以下文化(OR=1.3)、不健康饮酒(OR=1.4)、居住城市(OR=1.5)、年龄≥35岁(OR=5.3)、超重肥胖(OR=2.1)、血脂异常(OR=1.7)、糖尿病(OR=1.8)是高血压的危险因素。体重知晓(OR=0.7)、已婚或同居(OR=0.7)与高血压呈负相关。 结论 红河州居民高血压患病率处于较高水平,不同特征人群存在差异,亟待加强红河州高血压防控工作     

广西城乡居民高血压流行特征及防治效果分析

目的 了解广西城乡居民高血压的流行特点及防治效果,为制定高血压预防策略和防治措施提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法,对符合研究条件的3 360名15～69岁城乡居民进行问卷调查和现场测量血压.结果 广西城乡居民高血压患病率为18.21%,标化率13.54%,其中城市、农村、男性、女性标化患病率分别为17.94%、10.45%、15.63%和11.62%.高血压患病率城市高于农村(X2=46.907,P＜0.01)、男性高于女性(X2=12.943,P＜0.01),患病率从25岁开始随着年龄的增加旱现明显的上升趋势;广西居民中正常血压在人群中所占的比例仅为43.19%,血压正常高值比例较高,为38.60%;广西居民高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为38.52%、30.16%、14.26%,城市明显高于农村.结论 广西城乡居民高血压患病率处于全国较高流行水平,高血压防治现状不容乐观,应积极采取防治措施,控制高血压的发生和流行.     

2009年泰安市城市社区中老年人高血压患病情况及其影响因素调查

[目的]了解泰安市城市社区中老年居民高血压患病情况及影响因素,为高危人群确定干预措施提供科学依据。[方法]2009年6月,在泰安市泰山区岱庙办事处岱西社区和财源办事处后七社区,抽取部分居民楼,对全部35岁及其以上常住人口进行调查。[结果]调查1 942人,查出高血压患者625例,患病率为32.18%,标化率为24.06%。高血压患病率,男性为35.43%,女性为29.44%(P<0.01);35~45岁为16.67%,46~55岁为29.12%,56~65岁为43.48%,66~75岁为51.99%,76岁以上为55.86%。多因素非条件Logisti回归分析结果,男性、年龄大、饮酒频率高、体重指数大、有家族高血压史、自测血压频率低、血脂异常是高血压的危险因素,OR值分别为1.613、1.336、1.343、1.961、2.351、2.644、2.317;文化程度高、经常食用奶类食品、现实满意度高是高血压的保护因素,OR值分别为0.707、0.661、0.637。[结论]泰安市城市社区中老年居民高血压患病率较高,男性、年龄大、饮酒频率高、体重指数大、有家族高血压史、自测血压频率不高、血脂异常是高血压的危险因素...     

青岛市35～74岁居民血压分布特征及影响因素分析

目的了解山东省青岛市35~74岁居民血压水平的分布特征及其区域聚集性和影响因素,为制定高血压的个体和群体预防措施提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法对在青岛市抽取的5 095名35~74岁居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测,并应用多水平模型分析居民平均收缩压(SBP)和平均舒张压(DBP)的区域聚集性和影响因素。结果青岛市35~74岁居民的SBP和DBP分别为(134.34±22.25)和(82.74±12.11)mm Hg;居民高血压患病率为48.9%,男性居民患病率(52.4%)高于女性居民(46.6%)(χ2=16.18,P0.01);2 490例高血压患者中,1级高血压患者占48.2%,新诊断高血压患者占71.0%;空模型结果显示,居民SBP和DBP均存在水平2(村/居委会)的区域聚集性,男性和女性居民SBP的组内相关系数分别为8.01%和10.24%,DBP的组内相关系数分别为7.06%和6.07%;多水平分析结果显示,年龄、地区、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、服用降压药情况、体质指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(PBG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)对男性居民SBP水平均有影响(均P0.05),年龄、地区、吸烟情况、服用降压药情况、高血压家族史、BMI、FPG和甘油三酯(TG)对女性居民SBP水平均有影响(均P0.05),年龄、饮酒情况、服用降压药情况、BMI、FPG和HDL-C对男性居民DBP水平均有影响(均P0.05),年龄、服用降压药情况、高血压家族史、BM I、TG和HDL-C对女性居民DBP水平均有影响(均P0.05)。结论青岛市35~74岁居民血压水平具有明显的区域聚集性,年龄、地区、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、服用降压药情况、高血压家族史、BMI、FPG、PBG、TG和HDL-C均可影响居民血压水平。     

苏州市居民糖尿病流行现状及危险因素分析

目的了解苏州市居民糖尿病流行现状及影响因素,寻找早期干预措施。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,抽取苏州市20岁以上的居民30578名,进行吸烟、饮酒等行为危险因素的问卷调查及测量血压、血糖、身高、体重等。结果苏州市居民糖尿病患病率为8.12%,糖尿病患病率有随年龄增高而上升的趋势;城市的糖尿病患病率高于农村,但50岁以下年龄则是农村高于城市,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。糖尿病知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为73.22%、73.91%、44.99%。Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病患病的危险因素有高血压、超重与肥胖、饮酒、口味偏甜、睡眠质量差和生活紧张;保护因素为经常体育锻炼、饮食节制。结论苏州地区的糖尿病患病率较高,对糖尿病的防治应采取针对多种危险因素的综合干预措施。     

呼伦贝尔蒙古族地区居民高血压及相关危险因素

目的 调查呼伦贝尔蒙古族地区居民高血压患病率与相关影响因素.方法 采用多阶段抽样方法,按性别、年龄分层,抽取呼伦贝尔市新右旗阿镇18岁以上居民453人进行问卷调查,测量血压、身高、体重、腰围,并计算体质指数,统计分析高血压患病率与相关危险因素.结果 被调查人群高血压患病率为34.5%,标化率为45.4%,其中男性为48.9%,女性为25.4%,男性高血压患病率高于女性(P<0.05);超重肥胖者的高血压患病率高于非超重肥胖者(P<0.001);腹型肥胖者高血压患病率高于腰围正常者(P<0.001);饮酒者高血压患病率高于非饮酒者(P<0.01).非条件Logistic回归分析表明,体质指数(OR=2.255,95%CI:1.180～4.311)、性别(OR=2.788,95%CI:1.461～5.323)、饮酒(OR=2.306,95%CI:1.287～4.134)和年龄大于50岁(OR=11.312,95%CI:4.309～22.132)是高血压的危险因素.结论 呼伦贝尔蒙古族地区高血压标准化患病率较高,高龄、超重与肥胖、男性和饮酒为高血压的主要危险因素.政府和卫生部门应针对危险因素加强健康教育和健康促进,预防和控制高血压.     

扬州市居民高血压患病情况及主要行为危险因素变化趋势分析

目的分析2006年和2014年扬州市15岁以上居民高血压患病情况及主要行为危险因素变化趋势,为制定高血压防控策略提供科学依据。方法以扬州市2006年和2014年两次慢性病及其相关危险因素流行病学调查为基础,使用SPSS 11.0软件分析高血压患病和行为危险因素变化趋势。结果 2006年和2014年扬州市高血压标化患病率由原来的16.92%上升至34.13%,成年人SBP和DBP平均水平从2006年的121.7 mmHg和77.4 mmHg升高至2014年的129.7 mmHg和83.2 mmHg,超重和肥胖、35岁以上年龄组人群饮酒率和高盐饮食比率明显升高,体育锻炼比率明显上升,吸烟率呈下降趋势。结论扬州市居民高血压患病率持续增高,行为危险因素明显增高,将使高血压防控工作难度加大。     

重庆市50岁及以上城乡居民高血压患病特点及影响因素分析

目的 了解重庆市50岁及以上城乡居民高血压患病特点及影响因素,为制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法 利用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法抽取2 240名50岁及以上的城乡居民,对其进行问卷调查和体格检查.采用多因素Logistic回归方法对城乡居民高血压的影响因素进行分析.结果 高血压粗患病率为50.4％(年龄标化患病率为50.1％),农村患病率高于城市;渝西地区患病率(61.4％)高于渝东(48.1％)和城区(44.5％);50岁及以上居民患病率(41.7％ ～66.3％)随着年龄增长而升高;农村女性患病率(55.5％)高于男性(50.1％),城市男女性别之间患病率的差异无统计学意义;有高血压家庭史者的患病率(59.7％)高于无家族史者(49.1％);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、豆制品摄入不足、高血压家族史、缺乏体育锻炼和体质指数是城市居民高血压患病的独立危险因素;年龄、男性、文化程度低、食用泡菜或咸菜习惯、高血压家族史、吸烟和体质指数是农村居民高血压的独立危险因素.结论 重庆市50岁及以上居民高血压患病率高,年龄、高血压家族史和体质指数是城乡居民高血压患病的共同危险因素,城市还包括缺乏体育锻炼和豆制品摄入不足,农村则为吸烟、食用泡菜或咸菜的习惯和文化程度偏低.应进一步加强居民健康教育,改变不良生活方式,降低高血压患病危险.     

河南省某城乡居民2型糖尿病患病率及影响因素分析

目的探讨河南省某城乡居民2型糖尿病患病率及其影响因素的差异。方法随机整群抽取河南省某城市和农村常住成年居民为调查对象,采用多因素Logistic回归分析其2型糖尿病相关危险因素。结果城市居民2型糖尿病粗患病率为11.83%,标化患病率为9.69%。农村居民2型糖尿病粗患病率为8.71%,标化患病率为7.22%,城乡间差异有统计学意义(χ268.39,P0.01)。城市居民中,高血压(OR1.575 0)、血脂异常(OR2.149 2)、全身性肥胖(OR1.887 4)、中心性肥胖(OR1.514 9)、糖尿病家族史(OR2.987 9)是2型糖尿病的独立危险因素;农村居民中,高血压(OR1.382 8)、血脂异常(OR2.073 2)、全身性肥胖(OR2.177 1)、中心性肥胖(OR2.563 3)、糖尿病家族史(OR2.435 8)是2型糖尿病的独立危险因素。结论河南省城市居民2型糖尿病患病率高于农村居民,但城乡居民患病率差异在逐渐缩小;应控制全身性肥胖、中心性肥胖、高血压和血脂异常,从而防治2型糖尿病。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.