农村特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识及家庭环境状况

目的 了解农村特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识和家庭环境状况及其关系.方法 采用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(CSCS)、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)对用分层随机抽样方法抽取的南充市阆中金城中心小学校四到六年级的203名在校学生的自我意识水平和家庭环境状况进行调查.结果 ①特殊家庭留守儿童(A组)49人,一般家庭留守儿童(B组)79人,非留守儿童(C组)75人;②A组儿童的行为、合群、幸福满足感因子得分均低于非留守儿童(P＜0.05);③方差分析显示,除焦虑因子分外,六年级特殊家庭留守儿童自我意识总分、身体、幸福因子分均高于四、五年级(P＜0.05);A组儿童的亲密度、情感表达、独立性、娱乐性、文化性、道德宗教因子分均低于C组,而矛盾因子分高于B、C两组(P＜0.01);④相关分析显示,家庭环境亲密度、情感表达、文化性、娱乐性、道德宗教和组织性6个因子分与CSCS总分、行为、智力、躯体、焦虑、合群和幸福因子分呈正相关(r=0.11～0.40,P＜0.05),矛盾性因子分与CSCS所有因子得分呈负相关(r=-0.31～-0.18,P＜0.05),家庭环境独立性和控制性因子分与CSCS中的智力因子分呈正相关(r=0.09～0.11,P＜0.05).结论 特殊家庭留守儿童的心理健康状况及家庭环境状况均较差,家庭环境状况可能是其心理健康水平的重要影响因素之一.     

海阳市农村留守儿童心理健康状况调查

目的系统评价农村留守儿童的心理健康状况,为提高留守儿童心理健康水平提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样法,抽取海阳市农村地区3所小学及3所初级中学7~17岁学生共1416名,其中留守儿童649名,非留守儿童767名。采用儿童青少年心理健康量表(MHS-C)和Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)对649名留守儿童和767名非留守儿童的心理健康状况进行调查。结果留守儿童的MHS-C总分、情绪、意志行为、个性特征、PHCSS总分、焦虑和合群的得分均低于非留守儿童(t=-17.900~-2.954,P0.05)。留守儿童在认知、思维与语言、情绪、行为、合群、智力与学校情况、焦虑因子的得分存在性别和年级差异(t=-5.877~4.667,P0.05)。留守儿童的情绪和焦虑呈正相关(r=0.289,P0.05);意志行为和行为呈正相关(r=0.296,P0.05);个性特征和合群呈正相关(r=0.215,P0.05)。结论留守儿童更容易存在情绪和行为问题,"留守"对男童较为不利,应采取针对性措施,展开对农村留守儿童的心理健康教育工作。     

开放式叙事疗法在农村特殊家庭留守儿童心理干预中的应用

目的 探讨开放式叙事疗法在解决农村特殊家庭留守儿童心理问题中的作用.方法 采用艾森克个性调查问卷（7～15岁）、儿童孤独量表、儿童自我意识量表,对南充市阆中金城中心校四到六年级的在校农村特殊家庭（包括单亲、父母双亡、父母离异、父母服刑、父母丧失劳动力、养父母的家庭等）留守儿童和非留守儿童进行心理测量.其中49例为农村特殊家庭留守儿童设为干预组,75例非留守儿童设为对照组.干预组给予为期30周开放式叙事心理治疗（以作文结对交流为主）,对照组仅给予一般支持性心理辅导,随后两组重测上述心理测验,并对所得结果进行对比分析.结果 农村特殊家庭留守儿童心理卫生问题明显多于非留守儿童,表现为社会行为问题、个性情绪问题显著增多,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;经开放式叙事治疗后干预组儿童的社会行为问题、个性情绪问题明显减少、自我意识水平有所提高.结论 农村特殊家庭留守儿童存在较多的心理卫生问题,开放式叙事心理治疗可显著改善农村特殊家庭留守儿童的社会行为、缓解焦虑抑郁情绪、重塑个性,促进儿童身心健康发展.     

留守儿童自我意识研究

目的 了解留守儿童自我意识的状况.方法 以滕州某小学三年级至六年级的528名学生为研究对象,进行自我意识量表问卷调查.其中留守儿童418例,非留守儿童110例.结果 (1)留守儿童中自我意识水平偏低的学生相对较多,行为、智力与学校情况、幸福满足感等因子分以及总分均显著低于非留守儿童.(2)留守儿童中男生行为、智力及学校情况、合群、幸福满足感等因子分显著低于女生.(3)不同年龄组留守儿童的自我意识比较无显著性差异.结论 留守儿童的自我意识水平偏低.     

温州留守小学生自我意识与家庭环境状况调查

目的了解温州地区留守小学生的心理特点以及存在的问题。方法对温州地区二所小学共160例小学生的心理状况进行评定,其中留守小学生91例,非留守小学生69例。评定工具采用儿童自我意识量表(CSCS)和家庭环境量表(FES-CV)。结果留守儿童与非留守儿童相比,CSCS焦虑因子分较高(P<0.01)、合群因子分较低(P<0.05)。FES-CV控制性、矛盾性、娱乐性和成功性因子分均明显高于对照组(P<0.05),情感表达因子相对低于对照组(P=0.07)。结论留守儿童的心理状况不容乐观,他们更倾向焦虑、不合群、情感交流相对困难,可能潜在较多的愤怒与内心冲突。     

农村"留守儿童"心理健康状况的性别差异分析

目的了解性别因素对农村“留守儿童”心理健康状况的影响。方法采用EPQ(7岁~15岁)个性问卷和儿童自我意识量表作为调查工具,将160名“留守儿童”作为研究组,154名非留守儿童作为对照组进行调查,两组各自进行因子分之间的性别比较。结果留守组儿童男女之间在内外向、神经质、行为、智力与学校情况、合群和自我意识总分这6个因子上有显著差异,非留守组男女之间仅在行为因子上有差异。结论男性“留守儿童”心理健康状况较女童差。     

心理辅导对留守儿童心理健康的影响观察

目的观察心理辅导对留守儿童心理健康的影响。方法根据年龄和性别进行分层抽样,在衡阳市两所小学选取172名留守儿童,85名留守儿童作为干预组,87名留守儿童作为对照组。在干预前后使用心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对两组进行心理健康水平测评;对干预组进行为期三个月、每周一次的心理辅导;对照组不进行任何干预。结果四年级干预组在干预后MHT中的学习焦虑、孤独倾向、自责倾向、身体症状、恐怖倾向、冲动倾向、总焦虑7个因子显著低于干预前(P0.05)。五年级干预组除四年级的7个因子外,对人焦虑因子也显著低于干预前(P0.05);而对照组四年级和五年级在研究后的MHT量表中除总焦虑因子显著低于研究前外,其余各因子均无统计学差异(P0.05)。与对照组相比,四年级干预后的自责倾向评分明显降低。结论心理辅导有助于促进留守儿童的心理健康。     

不同亚型注意缺陷多动障碍男童自我意识和行为问题特征研究

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)男性患儿中注意缺陷型(predominantly inattentive type,PI)、多动/冲动型(predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type,HI)和混合型(combined type,CT)自我意识和行为问题的特征,以及两者关系。方法对68例8~11岁ADHD儿童(PI 31例,HI 12例,CT 25例)和70名正常儿童采用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(the Piers-Harris children’s self-concept scale,PHCSS)、Achenbach儿童行为量表(Achenbach child behavior checklist,CBCL)进行评估。结果 PHCSS中,三亚型组总分和因子分均低于对照组(P0.01),PI组ADHD患儿自我意识总分高于HI组和CT组(P0.05),PI组躯体与外貌属性因子分和幸福与满足因子分高于HI组和CT组(P0.05),智力与学校情况因子分HI组低于PI组和CT组(P0.05)。CBCL中,三亚型ADHD患儿与对照组的总分及抑郁性、多动、攻击性、违纪因子分的差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),交往不良因子分HI组高于PI组(P0.01),社交退缩因子分HI组高于PI组(P0.01)。ADHD患儿自我意识总分与CBCL总分(r=-0.64)、抑郁(r=-0.47)、交往不良(r=-0.50)、社交退缩(r=-0.12)、多动(r=-0.66)、攻击性(r=-0.41)均呈负相关(P0.05)。结论不同亚型ADHD患儿行为问题均较正常儿童多,与其自我意识水平偏低关系密切。多动冲动型和混合型较注意缺陷型自我意识水平低,行为问题更突出。     

南充某地农村留守儿童的个性心理情绪特征及行为干预对策探讨

目的分析农村留守儿童的个性心理和行为特征并探讨相应的护理对策。方法选取我医院所在辖区附近的2所农村小学,抽取1000名儿童接受调查,根据儿童是否为留守儿童分为留守组(n=310)和对照组(n=690),使用艾克森个性问卷儿童版(EPQ)、流调用儿童抑郁量表(CESDC)、儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)、Rutter儿童行为教师问卷对这1000名儿童进行调查,比较两组儿童的调查结果。结果 EPQ调查结果显示,留守组儿童的P分和N分均显著高于对照组儿童(P0.05);CES-DC调查结果显示,留守组儿童的评分显著高于对照组儿童(P0.05),留守组儿童的抑郁症状检出率显著高于对照组儿童(P0.05);Rutter调查结果显示,留守组儿童A评分显著低于对照组(P0.05);PHCSS量表调查结果显示,留守组儿童躯体外貌和幸福与满足的得分显著低于对照组儿童(P0.05)。结论农村留守儿童的心理卫生状况要比同龄非留守儿童要差,要动员学校、家庭和社会共同参与农村留守儿童的教育和监护,促进农村留守儿童的心理健康状况良好。     

初中生孤独感与家庭环境的关系

目的 了解初中生的孤独感现状,探究家庭环境对初中生孤独感的影响.方法 采用家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)及情绪—社交孤独问卷(ESLI)对556名初中生进行问卷调查.结果 本次调查结果发现,53.2%的初中生存在情绪孤立,39.1%存在社交孤立,38.5%存在情绪孤独,33.9%存在社交孤独.男生孤立感和孤独感较女生显著(P<0.01).初二学生情绪孤独较初一学生显著(P<0.05).情绪孤立与社交孤立的影响因子包括家庭亲密度、知识性和娱乐性.情绪孤独和社交孤独的影响因子包括家庭亲密度、矛盾性、娱乐性和组织性.结论 初中生孤独感发生率较高,家庭环境对初中生的孤独感具有重要的作用.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -