肩袖撕裂的超声诊断

目的：评价超声检查肩袖撕裂的应用价值。方法：对55例（57个肩关节 ）临床怀疑肩袖损伤者行超声检查,诊断标准包括。（1）、肩袖部分缺损;（2）、肩袖不显示;（3）肩袖内局灶性回声异常;（4）、肩袖部发变薄,超声检查结果与手术、肩关节造影或MR结果比较。结果：超声诊断敏感性94％（33／35）,特异性86％（19／22）,准确性91％（52／57）。结论：超声检查肩袖撕裂具有很高的应用价值,作为首选的检查方法。     

The relationship of preoperative factors to patient-reported outcome in rotator cuff repair: a systematic review

Background: Understanding preoperatively available factors that predict valid, patient-reported outcomes following rotator cuff repair can assist clinicians and their patients in making an informed, shared-decision on rotator cuff repair, and assist in setting an evidence-based prognosis.

Objectives: To perform a systematic review of the preoperative factors related to patient-reported outcome following rotator cuff repair.

Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify studies analyzing the relationship of preoperative factors to valid, patient-reported outcome measures. To be included in the review, outcome had to be measured by at least one valid upper extremity or shoulder-specific patient-reported outcome.

Results: Twenty-three studies met the criteria for inclusion. Of these, 15 studies scored 3 or less on a 7-point scale of study quality indicating a paucity of strong trials investigating these prognostic factors. Prognostic factors reviewed included age, sex, worker’s compensation status, involvement of dominant arm, fatty infiltration of the cuff musculature, duration of symptoms, comorbidities, and smoking status. Increasing age predicted worse Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scores (DASH) but did not predict outcome of any other patient-reported outcome. A worker’s compensation claim predicted a negative impact on patient-reported outcome. Evidence for the remaining factors indicated they do not predict patient-reported outcome.

Conclusion: Six of the eight preoperative factors reviewed did not show a relationship with patient-reported outcome following rotator cuff repair. Evidence indicates a worker’s compensation claim negatively impacts patient-reported outcomes and increasing age resulted in a less favorable DASH score. However, age was not predictive of other patient-reported outcomes such as the Constant score or American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score. Overall quality of the included studies was low and future studies with stronger methodologies should be conducted.     

Ultrasonography of the rotator cuff: Surgical correlation

Rotator cuff tears are a common orthopedic problem. The portions of the cuff most commonly torn are accessible to sonographic examination with appropriate positioning of the shoulder. This study was undertaken to correlate the sonographic appearance of the pathologic rotator cuff with findings at the time of surgical repair. Rotator cuff tears are readily seen with high-resolution real-time sonography. Sonography can demonstrate tears not demonstrated arthrographically. In the appropriate clinical setting arthrography may not be necessary if the sonogram demonstrates characteristic findings.     

肩袖炎症性病变的超声诊断价值

目的探讨超声对肩袖炎症性病变的定位和定性诊断价值。方法高频超声检测162例患有肩痛和不同程度的肩关节活动障碍的患肩，对声像图进行分型研究。结果超声将162例患肩的声像图分为肱二头肌长头肌腱腱鞘炎（39例）、肱二头肌长头肌腱炎（33例）、冈上肌腱炎症（51例）、钙化性肌腱炎（19例）和肩关节周围滑囊炎（20例）六种类型，各型超声分别分为几个亚型。结论高频超声可以提供某些肩袖软组织病变的定位和定性诊断，对于临床针对性的治疗具有重要的价值。     

THE EFFICACY OF TAPING FOR ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOPATHY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META‐ANALYSIS

Background

Rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is a highly prevalent musculoskeletal disorder. Non‐elastic taping (NET) and kinesiology taping (KT) are common interventions used by physiotherapists. However, evidence regarding their efficacy is inconclusive.

Objective

To examine the current evidence on the clinical efficacy of taping, either NET or KT, for the treatment of individuals with RC tendinopathy.

Study Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis

Methods

A literature search was conducted in four bibliographical databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCT) that compared NET or KT to any other intervention or placebo for treatment of RC tendinopathy. Internal validity of RCTs was assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. A qualitative or quantitative synthesis of evidence was performed.

Results

Ten trials were included in the present review on overall pain reduction or improvement in function. Most RCTs had a high risk of bias. There is inconclusive evidence for NET, either used alone or in conjunction with another intervention. Based on pooled results of two studies (n=72), KT used alone resulted in significant gain in pain free flexion (MD: 8.7 ° 95%CI 8.0 ° to 9.5 °) and in pain free abduction (MD: 10.3 ° 95%CI 9.1 ° to 11.4 °). Based on qualitative analyses, there is inconclusive evidence on the efficacy of KT when used alone or in conjunction with other interventions on overall pain reduction or improvement in function.

Conclusion

Although KT significantly improved pain free range of motion, there is insufficient evidence to formally conclude on the efficacy of KT or NET used alone or in conjunction with other interventions in patients with RC tendinopathy.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 1a     

超声诊断肩袖撕裂

目的 探讨直接及间接超声征象对肩袖撕裂分型的诊断价值。方法 收集52例于我院行肩关节镜手术的患者,所有患者均接受超声检查,计算直接、间接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂的效能,并比较直接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂亚型与关节镜结果的一致性。结果 直接征象诊断肩袖有无撕裂、全层撕裂、部分撕裂的准确率分别为90.38%（47/52）、96.15%（50/52）和86.54%（45/52）,且直接征象诊断肩袖撕裂亚型与关节镜结果的一致性较好。在间接征象中,3部位同时出现积液（肩峰下-三角肌下滑囊积液、肩关节腔积液及肱二头肌长头腱腱鞘积液）、三角肌滑囊疝及软骨分界征诊断肩袖撕裂的特异度分别为80.95%（17/21）、90.48%（19/21）及95.24%（20/21）。结论 直接联合间接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂的分型具有较高的临床应用价值。     

The validity of the lag signs in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: a preliminary investigation

Miller CA, Forrester GA, Lewis JS. The validity of the lag signs in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff: a preliminary investigation.

Objective

To investigate whether the lag signs were valid tools in diagnosing full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff.

Design

A same-subject, correlation, double-blinded design was used. The results of the external rotation lag sign, drop sign, and internal rotation lag sign were compared with the criterion standard of diagnostic ultrasound to establish their accuracy.

Setting

A regional orthopedic hospital.

Participants

Consecutive subjects (N=37), 21 women and 16 men, with shoulder pain referred to a consultant orthopedic surgeon specializing in shoulder conditions were recruited for this investigation.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of the lag signs when using ultrasound as the reference test.

Results

The specificities of the drop sign and internal rotation lag sign were 77% and 84%, respectively, which, together with low positive likelihood ratios 3.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-6.7) and 6.2 (95% CI, 1.9-12.0), indicate that a positive result was poor at recognizing the presence of full-thickness tears. The drop sign had a sensitivity of 73% with a negative likelihood ratio of .34 (95% CI, 0.2-0.8), suggesting that a negative test was fair at ruling out the presence of full-thickness tears. The sensitivity of the internal rotation lag sign (100%) supported by the negative likelihood ratio of 0 (95% CI, 0.0-2.5) suggests that a negative test will effectively rule out the presence of full-thickness tears of the subscapularis. A positive external rotation lag sign is the clinical test most likely to indicate that full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus are present (specificity, 94%). However, the external rotation lag sign did demonstrate a low sensitivity score of 46% and negative likelihood ratio of .57 (95% CI, 0.4-0.9), which means that a negative test will not rule out the presence of full-thickness tears.

Conclusions

The findings of this investigation suggest that a clinical diagnosis of a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff cannot be conclusively reached using one or more of the lag signs.     

不同超声征象在肩袖撕裂诊断中的效能研究

目的 探讨不同超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂的效能,筛选出诊断肩袖撕裂的特异性超声征象。方法 对133例肩关节超声征象进行分析,运用Logistic回归及诊断试验评估不同超声特征对肩袖撕裂的诊断效能。结果 单因素分析显示腱内异常回声、肩袖缺损、肌腱变薄、肩峰撞击综合征、肩峰下滑膜囊增厚、肱骨头骨质不整与肩袖撕裂显著相关。多因素分析显示腱内异常回声是肩袖撕裂的独立风险因素(P＜0.05,OR=2.85)。将腱内异常回声和肩袖缺损作为诊断肩袖撕裂的主要超声表现,与其他超声征象联合可以明显提高灵敏度和特异度。结论 腱内异常回声和肩袖缺损在RCT的超声诊断中,具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,与其他超声特征联合,可提高肩袖撕裂的诊断准确性。     

Impaired joint proprioception at higher shoulder elevations in chronic rotator cuff pathology

Anderson VB, Wee E. Impaired joint proprioception at higher shoulder elevations in chronic rotator cuff pathology.

Objectives

To assess the degree of impairment of shoulder proprioceptive acuity in individuals with chronic rotator cuff pathology (CRCP), and to examine the effect of impingement-related shoulder pain on acuity using a reliable laboratory technique.

Design

Case-control study.

Setting

University human movement laboratory.

Participants

A volunteer sample of individuals with CRCP (n=26) were recruited and screened, and compared with age-, sex-, and limb dominance–matched individuals (n=30) who acted as controls. Ten participants with CRCP underwent repeat assessment after 2 days to determine the intrarater reliability of proprioceptive measurement.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Each participant underwent assessment of joint position sense at 40° and 100° of scapular plane abduction using an active position-matching task. Movements were recorded with reflective skin markers and a multidimensional motion analysis system. Self-reported pain intensity associated with the procedure was recorded with a visual analog scale.

Results

Intraclass correlation coefficients (model 3,5) between repeat assessments ranged from .54 to .99. On average, those with CRCP demonstrated reduced acuity at 40° and 100° test angles. In comparison with the control group, proprioceptive acuity was significantly impaired (P<.01) at the 100° test angle, where the pain intensity was significantly greater (P<.01).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated impairment of shoulder joint position sense in CRCP. The degree of proprioceptive impairment was greatest at higher elevations in the setting of increased shoulder impingement and pain, which may serve to perpetuate the pathology. These findings provide a theoretic rationale for the continued implementation of proprioceptive rehabilitation programs in managing CRCP.     

急性创伤致肩袖撕裂的超声诊断

目的探讨肩袖撕裂的超声特征，评价超声检查肩袖撕裂的应用价值。方法对33例急性创伤后疑诊肩袖损伤者行超声检查，并与磁共振、肩关节造影或手术结果进行比较。结果肩袖撕裂的超声主要表现为：肩袖不显示，肩袖部分缺失，肩袖内局灶性异常回声，肩袖局部变薄。超声诊断的敏感性92％(22／24)，特异性82％(9／11)，准确性94％(31／33)。结论超声诊断肩袖撕裂有较高的应用价值，可作为急性肩部创伤而X线检查正常患者的首选检查方法。     

超声诊断类风湿性肩关节炎肩袖损伤：与关节镜手术对照

目的 探讨超声检查对类风湿性肩关节炎肩袖损伤的诊断价值。方法 应用超声对47例临床拟诊肩袖损伤的类风湿性肩关节炎患者的47侧肩袖进行扫查,依次观察肩胛下肌腱、冈上肌腱、冈下肌腱、小圆肌腱在静止状态和运动状态下有无损伤及撕裂。 在超声检查1周内对所有患者行肩关节镜手术治疗,将超声结果与手术结果进行对照。结果 超声可清晰显示类风湿性肩关节炎肩袖病变的形态学特征,包括有无撕裂和厚度改变;共检出31侧肩袖损伤,其中不完全撕裂18侧,完全撕裂7侧,肩袖肌腱厚度变薄6侧。与关节镜手术结果比较,超声诊断肩袖损伤的总体敏感度为90.62%(29/32),特异度为86.67%(13/15),准确率为89.36%(42/47)。超声对肩袖完全撕裂的诊断准确率为100%(7/7)。结论 超声对检出和判断类风湿性肩关节炎肩袖损伤程度有较高价值,尤其对显示完全撕裂和肩袖肌腱厚度变薄意义更显著。     

0.35TMRI对肩袖撕裂的应用价值研究

目的探讨0.35TMRI各方位各序列扫描对肩袖撕裂的诊断价值。方法对2010年3月2011年4月就诊的38例肩关节疼痛患者,分别在斜冠状位、斜矢状位及横轴位行T1加权像（T1weighted image,T1WI）、T2加权像（T2weighted image,T2WI）、质子密度加权像（proton density weighted image,PWI）及脂肪抑制像（turboinversion recovery magnitude,TIRM）扫描。将38例患者的冈上肌及冈下肌肌腱合并为A组、肩胛下肌及小圆肌肌腱合并为B组进行研究,分别比较A、B组采用各方位的扫描表现;再将A组患者分为斜冠状位T1WI＋T2WI组与斜冠状位PWI＋TIRM组,将B组患者分为横轴位T1WI＋T2WI组与横轴位PWI＋TIRM组,分别比较各序列组的扫描表现。结果 A组患者在3个方位扫描像以及斜冠状位T1WI＋T2WI组与PWI＋TIRM组之间诊断准确度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,其斜冠状位诊断肩袖撕裂的灵敏度为88.9%,特异度为81.8%,准确度为86.8%,为最佳扫描方位,而PWI＋TIRM组诊断肩袖撕裂的灵敏度为88.9%,特异度为90.9%,准确度为89.5%,为优选扫描序列;B组患者在3个方位扫描像以及横轴位T1WI＋T2WI组与PWI＋TIRM组之间诊断准确度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,其横轴位诊断肩袖撕裂的灵敏度为87.5%,特异度为86.4%,准确度为86.8%,为最佳扫描方位,而PWI＋TIRM组诊断肩袖撕裂的灵敏度为100%,特异度为83.3%,准确度为94.7%,为优选扫描序列。结论低场MRI诊断冈上肌、冈下肌肌腱撕裂以斜冠状位PWI及TIRM扫描序列为首选,诊断小圆肌、肩胛下肌肌腱撕裂则以横轴位PWI及TIRM扫描序列为主。     

Sonoelastography findings of supraspinatus tendon in rotator cuff tendinopathy without tear: comparison with magnetic resonance images and conventional ultrasonography

Background and purpose

Sonoelastography (SE) is a new technique that can assess differences in tissue stiffness. This study investigated the performance of SE for the differentiation of supraspinatus (SSP) tendon alterations of tendinopathy compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and conventional ultrasonography (US).

Methods

One hundred and eighteen consecutively registered patients with symptoms and MRI findings of SSP tendinopathy were assessed with US and SE. Coronal images of the SSP tendon were obtained using US and SE. Increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images in the coronal planes were graded according to the extent of the signal changes from ventral to dorsal. SE images were evaluated by reviewers using an experimentally proven color grading system.

Results

Using SE, 7.6 % of the SSP tendons were categorized as grade 0, 30.5 % as grade 1, 19.5 % as grade 2, and 42.4 % as grade 3. Evaluation of the interobserver reliability of the SE findings showed “almost perfect agreement”, with a weighted kappa coefficient of 0.83. By comparing the MRI findings with the SE findings, grades of MRI and SE had a positive correlation (r = 0.829, p = <0.001). Furthermore, grades of US and SE also had a positive correlation (r = 0.723, p = <0.001).

Conclusions

SE is valuable in the detection of the intratendinous and peritendinous alterations of the SSP tendon and has excellent interobserver reliability and excellent correlation with MRI findings and conventional ultrasonography findings.     

不同超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂的效能比较

目的探讨不同超声征象对肩袖撕裂的诊断效能,筛选出诊断肩袖撕裂的特异性超声征象。方法收集133例因肩痛行肩关节超声检查病例资料,应用Logistic回归及诊断试验评估不同超声特征对肩袖撕裂的诊断效能,分析诊断肩袖撕裂的影响因素。结果以关节镜及长期随访(≥6个月)为金标准,超声诊断肩袖撕裂的敏感性、特异性和准确率分别为89.13%、79.31%、82.70%。不同超声征象中,诊断肩袖撕裂敏感性最高的为肩峰下滑膜囊积液(56.62%),特异性最高为肩袖缺损(100%)。单因素分析显示腱内异常回声、肩袖缺损、肌腱变薄、肩峰撞击综合征、肩峰下滑膜囊增厚、肱骨头骨质不整与肩袖撕裂均显著相关(均P<0.05)。多因素分析显示腱内异常回声是肩袖撕裂的独立危险因素(P<0.05,OR=1.12)。腱内异常回声和肩袖缺损均可作为诊断肩袖撕裂的主要超声征象,二者与其他超声征象联合可以明显提高诊断敏感性和特异性。结论腱内异常回声和肩袖缺损在肩袖撕裂的超声诊断中具有较高的敏感性和特异性,有一定的临床诊断价值。     

肩袖撕裂术后康复治疗中的高频超声评价分析

目的 探讨高频超声在肩袖撕裂术后康复治疗中的应用价值.方法 对临床疑诊肩袖损伤的87例患者进行超声检查,对肩袖部分及完全撕裂的54例患者进行手术治疗,术后患者中对照组27例(进行自主功能锻炼),康复组27例(进行正规的康复训练),两组患者于术后2周、4周、8周、12周和16周进行临床功能评分及超声评分,评价康复治疗效果,1年后进行临床疗效评定.结果 患者在肩袖撕裂术后不同时期的临床症状与超声表现相符.临床功能及超声评分术后2周、4周时两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后8周、12周、16周时康复组明显优于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).康复组1年后的疗效评定结果优于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 高频超声在肩袖撕裂术后的康复治疗中有较高的应用价值.     

肩峰骨折合并肩袖损伤的治疗及护理

目的 探讨肩峰骨折合并肩袖损伤的手术治疗及护理.方法 回顾性分析2001年5月～2011年5月经手术治疗的58例肩峰骨折合并肩袖损伤患者的临床资料.其中男性48例,女性10例;年龄20～64岁,平均年龄42岁.单纯肩峰骨折12例,合并肩袖损伤44例.单纯的肩峰骨折,移位较大者,予螺钉或钢丝固定.肩峰粉碎骨折或合并锁骨骨折予钢板固定.合并肩袖损伤者,予可吸收线修补.结果 58例手术患者均获得随访,随访时间5～42个月,平均23.5月.根据美国加州大学(UCLG)肩关节评分标准,其中优40例,良12例,可4例,差2例.结论 肩峰对肩峰下间隙及肩袖起到屏蔽的作用,肩峰骨折多合并肩袖损伤.在处理骨折时,同时对肩袖进行修复并进行相应的护理,可减少肩部合并症的发生.