应激和环境对吗啡暴露大鼠的电生理和行为学影响的研究

目的:研究平台应激、急性吗啡暴露对4周龄和10周龄♂W istar大鼠海马CA1区突触可塑性及空间记忆的影响以及研究丰富环境对大鼠学习记忆、吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱(cond itioned p lace preference,CPP)及海马CA1区突触可塑性的影响。方法:电生理实验(在体和离体)和行为学方法(水迷宫和CPP实验),统计采用方差分析(ANOVA)和t检验。结果与结论:(1)慢性应激和/或急性吗啡暴露分别对4周龄和10周龄这两个年龄段的LTP和LTD具有不同作用,存在明显的年龄差异。(2)急性平台应激损害4周龄和10周龄大鼠的记忆,但年龄差异没有显著性;慢性平台应激对10周龄大鼠记忆起易化作用,对4周龄没有明显的影响。(3)急性吗啡暴露(2 mg.kg-1)对4周龄大鼠的记忆有损害作用,而对10周龄大鼠的记忆没有影响。(4)急性应激加吗啡损害了4周龄大鼠的记忆保持,而对10周龄大鼠的记忆保持无影响;慢性应激加吗啡对4周龄大鼠的记忆保持无影响,对10周龄大鼠的记忆保持有易化作用。(5)丰富环境可以增强大鼠的空间学习和记忆能力,增强了吗啡诱导的CPP可能与学习和记忆能力的提高有关;同时,丰富环境对吗啡依赖所致的突触可塑性的损害有保护作用。丰富环境能逆转早期应激所产生的对学习记忆和突触可塑性的损害。     

清醒小鼠齿状回区的双向突触可塑性

目前普遍认为突触效应的改变是脑学习和记忆能力的基础。突触可塑性现象如长时程增强（LTP，）和长时程抑制（LTD）已经较多的应用于测试与突触传递效应变化相关的神经生理和神经生物机制的研究。LTP，被看作是突触效应的持续增强而LTD则认为是突触效应的持续减弱。较多的海马LTP或LTD的研究通过动物的脑片完成，与整体动物比较，由于环境改变并缺少整体联系性，可能影响突触可塑性和细胞兴奋性。     

噻吩诺啡对大鼠海马区突触可塑性的影响

目的考察噻吩诺啡慢性处理对大鼠海马区突触可塑性的影响,探讨药物对学习记忆(认知功能)的作用特点。方法大鼠噻吩诺啡慢性处理后,通过电生理学方法测定海马齿状回LTP的变化和免疫组化方法测定海马区学习记忆相关蛋白突触素含量的变化反映海马突触功能可塑性;通过电镜观察突触结构的超微变化并测定突触界面结构参数反映海马突触结构可塑性变化。结果①各药物慢性处理5 d,噻吩诺啡租大鼠在给予高频串刺激后,反映LTP现象的PS幅值显著增高至基线的(278±11)%,吗啡组大鼠为基线的(193±3)%,对照组为(152±6)%。②各处理大鼠在3 d,5 d海马脑区突触素的含量无明显变化;在8 d,与吗啡组比较,噻吩诺啡组大鼠海马突触素含量的明显升高(P<0.05),吗啡组大鼠海马突触素的含量与盐水对照组比较出现降低(P<0.05)。③各药物慢性处理14 d,噻吩诺啡组大鼠海马CA1区神经元胞核圆,核膜结构较清晰,极少数线粒体、内质网轻度扩张,肿胀;吗啡组大鼠海马CA1区神经元胞核大而圆,部分神经细胞核膜呈节段性结构不清楚,模糊,胞浆内线粒体及粗面内质网丰富,但有部分线粒体结构模糊,嵴消失,甚至空泡变性;盐水对照组大鼠海马CA1区结构正常。④各药物慢性处理14 d,与对照组相比,吗啡组、噻吩诺啡组三组大鼠突触活性区长度减小(P<0.05),吗啡组的PSD厚度明显减小(P<0.01);与吗啡组相比,噻吩诺啡组大鼠的PSD厚度增加及突触活性区长度增加(P<0.05),其他突触界面结构参数组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论噻吩诺啡慢性处理对突触可塑性有影响,但其损害程度远小于吗啡,这可能是噻吩诺啡的低依赖性且区别于吗啡的突触机制之一。     

丙泊酚对大鼠海马CA1区突触传递长时程抑制的作用

目的研究丙泊酚对大鼠海马CA1区兴奋性突触反应及突触可塑性的影响。方法取3周龄Wistar大鼠,快速断头取脑,用振动切片机切取400μm厚的海马脑片,电刺激靠近海马CA1区的Schaffer纤维,用全细胞膜片钳技术记录CA1区锥体细胞的兴奋性突触后电流(excitatory post-synaptic current,EPSC)。循环液中加入不同浓度的丙泊酚,观察其对EPSC的影响。然后给与低频刺激(900pulse,3Hz)诱导长时程抑制(long-termdepression,LTD),并观察丙泊酚对LTD诱导的影响。结果丙泊酚呈剂量依赖性地抑制EPSC,其作用可被印防己毒素(picrotoxin)阻断;丙泊酚可易化由N-甲基-D-门冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)受体介导的LTD的诱导。结论丙泊酚可影响大鼠海马CA1区的兴奋性突触传递和突触可塑性,从而对大鼠的学习和记忆产生影响。     

围生期双酚A暴露对雄性子代大鼠海马CA1区神经元形态及突触可塑性的影响

目的研究围生期双酚A(BPA)暴露对♂子代大鼠海马CA1区神经元形态及突触可塑性的影响。方法对SD大鼠的母鼠从妊娠d11直至产后7d每日分别皮下注射3种剂量的BPA(10、100、1000μg·kg-1作为低、中、高剂量组),同时注射食用色拉油设立对照组。统计各组母鼠产仔数,并观察母鼠吃仔情况。在♂子鼠出生21d后,取脑组织切片,进行HE染色;或用电生理学方法检测BPA暴露对海马CA1区LTP及LTD诱导率的影响。结果高剂量BPA组母鼠吃仔率明显高于对照组(P<0.01);HE染色结果显示,高剂量BPA组♂子鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞发生核固缩变性,异常锥体神经元数量明显增多(P<0.05);低剂量BPA组♂子鼠海马脑片CA1区LTP诱导成功率与对照组相比明显降低(P<0.05),而LTD诱导成功率则明显升高(P<0.05)。结论围生期BPA暴露可以损伤♂子代大鼠海马CA1区神经元形态及突触传递可塑性。     

海马LTP/LTD诱导中CaMKⅡ磷酸化水平的变化

长时程增强（LTP）／长时程压抑（LTD）是由强直／低频刺激作用于兴奋性突触传递通路诱发的一种突触传递效率长时间增强／减弱的现象,两者均被认为是很好的研究学习和记忆机制的电生理模型,特别是在大脑皮层和海马等脑区。不同的是一般认为LTP与新的学习记忆有关,而LTD与清除旧记忆有关。在LTP产生机制中基因突变和     

睡眠剥夺对记忆功能的影响机制及药物干预研究进展

睡眠剥夺(sleep deprivation,SD)对机体记忆的影响可通过多种机制实现.海马的突触可塑性是研究学习记忆机制的重要目标,长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)和长时程抑制(long-termdepression,LTD)是突触可塑性重要的功能指标,因而与SD造成的记忆损伤有关.     

当归芍药散活性部位JD-30对淀粉样β蛋白片段25-35抑制大鼠海马脑片CA1区长时程增强的改善作用

目的研究当归芍药散改善学习记忆能力的物质基础和作用机理。方法采用细胞外微电极记录技术,记录大鼠海马脑片CA1区群峰电位(PS)幅值和高频刺激诱发LTP后PS的增幅。结果用含当归芍药散活性部位JD-30(25,50和100mg.L-1)的人工脑脊液灌流大鼠海马脑片,其CA1区的PS幅值无明显变化。用相同浓度的JD-30孵育海马脑片90min以上并持续灌流,其CA1区高频刺激后的PS增幅与空白对照组相比无明显差异。而用Aβ25-35200nmo.lL-1处理的海马脑片CA1区高频刺激后的PS增幅受到明显抑制;若同时给予Aβ25-35和上述浓度的JD-30处理海马脑片,CA1区高频刺激后的PS增幅较Aβ25-35组升高,其中JD-30100mg.L-1组的PS增幅达到正常对照组水平。提示JD-30对正常海马脑片CA1区的基础突触传递和LTP没有影响,但可改善Aβ25-35所抑制的LTP。结论JD-30可改善神经突触可塑性,拮抗Aβ对LTP的抑制作用可能是其益智机制之一。     

锂对大鼠海马齿状回区神经元突触可塑性的影响(英文)

目的　从齿状回长时程增强效应 (LTP)方面研究锂的治疗作用机理。方法　细胞外记录离体海马脑片神经元兴奋性突触后电位 (EPSP)。结果锂可逆地增强EPSP的幅度。高频刺激 (10 0Hz ,1s)对照组大鼠海马穿通纤维 ,在海马齿状回 (DG)区记录的EPSP幅度会持续增高 ,可以诱导出明显的突触后LTP。若用 10mmol·L- 1锂处理大鼠海马脑片 ,则诱导的LTP幅度明显降低 ,但低浓度锂 (2 ,6mmol·L- 1)不影响LTP的幅度 ;10mmol·L- 1锂明显抑制海马脑片DG区的脉冲间隔 (IPI)为 5 0ms的双脉冲易化效应 (PPF) ,而低浓度锂 (2 ,6mmol·L- 1)处理则不影响PPF(IPI,5 0ms) ;在不同的细胞外钙浓度下 ,用 10mmol·L- 1锂处理过的海马脑片PPF受到的抑制程度不同。结论　锂可能通过突触前的机理来抑制海马DG区LTP的幅度 ,这种抑制效应与锂的临床治疗狂躁症及其副作用之间的关系尚需进一步的研究。     

皮质酮对大鼠海马颗粒细胞层长时程增强效应的抑制作用

通过胞外记录大鼠海马颗粒细胞层诱发电位观察了皮质酮对麻醉大鼠海马神经突触可塑性的影响. 结果显示,皮质酮(1, 4 和10 mg·kg^-1, ip)有使单刺激大鼠海马颗粒细胞层基础群峰电位(PS)幅度升高的趋势,但同对照相比无显著性差异. 给予大鼠穿行通路以串刺激(60 Hz, 30次)可使海马颗粒细胞层PS幅度持续增高,增幅达70%-80%,说明在海马诱生长时程增强效应(LTP). 预先1 h给予大鼠皮质酮(1, 4和10 mg·kg^-1, ip）可剂量依赖地降低串刺激诱导的PS幅度的升高,说明皮质酮可抑制海马颗粒细胞层LTP的诱生. 结果提示,皮质酮可损伤大鼠海马神经突触可塑性.     

Lack of effects of vitamin E on aluminium-induced deficit of synaptic plasticity in rat dentate gyrus in vivo.

Aluminium (Al), has the potential to be neurotoxic in humans and animals, and is present in many manufactured foods and medicines and is also added to drinking water for purification purposes. Our previous study demonstrated that chronic Al exposure induced deficits of both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and population spike (PS) in rat dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus in vivo (Wang et al., 2001). The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the Al-induced impairment of synaptic plasticity could be reversed by dietary supplementation with vitamin E (Vit E; alpha-tocopherol). Neonatal Wistar rats were exposed to Al from parturition throughout life by drinking 0.3% aluminium chloride (AlCl3) solution or a diet supplemented with Vit E at 500 microg/g/day with 0.3% AlCl3. The input/output (I/O) function, EPSP and PS were measured in DG area of adult rats (80-100 days of age) in response to stimulation applied to the lateral perforant path. The results showed that: (1) chronic Al exposure reduced the amplitudes of both EPSP LTP (control: 130.4+/-3%, n=7; Al-exposed: 110+/-2%, n=9, P<0.001) and PS LTP (control: 241+/-19%, n=7; Al-exposed: 130+/-7%, n=9, P<0.001) significantly. Vit E had no significant effects on the Al-induced deficits of EPSP LTP (Al-exposed: 110+/-2%, n=9; Al-exposed+Vit E: 112+/-2%, n=8, P>0.05) and PS LTP (Al-exposed: 130+/-7%, n=9; Al-exposed+Vit E: 129+/-4%, n=8; P>0.05); (2) the amplitudes of EPSP LTD (control: 84+/-4%, n=7; Al-exposed: 92+/-7%, n=9, P<0.01) and PS LTD (control: 81+/-4%, n=7; Al-exposed: 98+/-5%, n=9, P<0.001) were also decreased by Al treatment. The impaired EPSP LTD (Al-exposed: 92+/-7%, n=9; Al-exposed+Vit E: 93+/-4%, n=8, P>0.05) and PS LTD (Al-exposed: 98+/-5%, n=9; Al-exposed+Vit E: 94+/-6%, n=8, P>0.05) were also not significantly affected by Vit E treatment. It was suggested that dietary supplementation with Vit E did not reverse the impairment of synaptic plasticity induced by Al in DG in vivo.     

Galantamine rescues lead-impaired synaptic plasticity in rat dentate gyrus

Chronic lead exposure causes a variety of impairments in learning and memory and cognitive function. Synaptic plasticity in hippocampus is an extensively studied cellular model of learning and memory, which includes long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in two forms. Depotentiation (DP) is another form of synaptic plasticity. Previous studies show that chronic lead exposure can damage the induction of LTP/LTD in hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) areas. In the present study, we investigated the repair and protection on lead-caused synaptic plasticity impairment by galantamine, using field potential recording on chronic lead exposure rats. The results showed that chronic lead exposure impaired LTP/DP induction in DG area of the hippocampus, and galantamine caused a significant increase on the amplitudes of LTP/DP of lead-exposed rats, but only a small increase in non-exposed group. These results suggest that galantamine could reverse the lead-induced impairments of synaptic plasticity in rats and might be an effective medicine to cure the cognitive deficits induced by lead.     

皮质酮对大鼠海马颗粒细胞层长时程增强效应的抑制作用(英文)

通过胞外记录大鼠海马颗粒细胞层诱发电位观察了皮质酮对麻醉大鼠海马神经突触可塑性的影响． 结果显示,皮质酮（１, ４ 和１０ ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １, ｉｐ）有使单刺激大鼠海马颗粒细胞层基础群峰电位（ＰＳ）幅度升高的趋势,但同对照相比无显著性差异． 给予大鼠穿行通路以串刺激（６０ Ｈｚ, ３０ 次）可使海马颗粒细胞层ＰＳ幅度持续增高,增幅达７０％ － ８０％ ,说明在海马诱生长时程增强效应（ＬＴＰ）． 预先１ ｈ给予大鼠皮质酮（１, ４ 和１０ ｍ ｇ·ｋｇ－ １, ｉｐ）可剂量依赖地降低串刺激诱导的ＰＳ幅度的升高,说明皮质酮可抑制海马颗粒细胞层ＬＴＰ的诱生． 结果提示,皮质酮可损伤大鼠海马神经突触可塑性．     

In vivo sodium salicylate causes tolerance to acute morphine exposure and alters the ability of high frequency stimulation to induce long-term potentiation in hippocampus area CA1

Effects of morphine on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus area CA1 following in vivo sodium salicylate and the potential molecular mechanism were investigated. Population spikes (PS) were recorded from stratum pylamidale of area CA1 following stimulation of Schaffer collaterals in slices taken from control and sodium salicylate injected rats. To induce long term potentiation (LTP), a 100Hz tetanic stimulation was used. Acute in vitro morphine increased baseline PS amplitude in control slices but not in slices taken from sodium salicylate treated rats. In vivo chronic salicylate did slightly decrease and/or destabilize LTP of CA1 synaptic transmission. We also found that mRNA of NR2A subunit of NMDA receptor was reduced in the hippocampus of sodium salicylate treated rats as compared to control ones. Following LTP induction, the mRNA of NR2A and PP1 (protein phosphatase 1) in slices taken from salicylate-treated rats were more than those of control ones. After long-term exposure to in vitro morphine, high frequency stimulation (HFS) decreased NR2A mRNA level significantly in sodium salicylate treated slices. It is concluded that in vivo sodium salicylate causes tolerance to excitatory effect of morphine and changes the ability of HFS to induce PS LTP in the hippocampus area CA1 in vitro. These changes in synaptic response may be due to alterations in NR2A and PP1 expression.     

A role for COX-2 and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase in long-term depression in the rat dentate gyrus in vitro

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are two forms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity that are thought to be involved in learning and memory. Evidence has shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, is expressed in postsynaptic dendritic spines and is regulated by synaptic activity. COX-2 inhibition has been shown to directly attenuate LTP in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Also recently the p38 MAP kinase cascade, a pathway utilised by cells for COX-2 expression, has been implicated in LTD induction in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Here we demonstrate for the first time a direct role for COX-2 and p38 MAP kinase in LTD and confirm the inhibitory role of COX-2 in LTP in the rat dentate gyrus. Perfusion of the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (1 micro M) 60 min before tetanic stimulation resulted in an attenuation of LTD (84+/-5%, n=5 compared to controls of 57+/-7%, n=6, P<0.05). Prolonged exposure (2 h) to NS-398 (1 micro M) resulted in a significant reduction in LTP (71+/-8%, n=5, P<0.01 compared to controls of 170+/-11%, n=5 at 60 min post HFS). The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB220025 (250 nM) significantly attenuated LTD (88+/-5%, n=7; P<0.01 compared to vehicle controls at 60 min, 56+/-5%, n=6) but had no significant effect on LTP. Both NS-398 and SB220025 had no significant effect on the isolated NMDA-mediated EPSP. These data demonstrate a role for COX-2 and p38 MAPK in LTD in the dentate gyrus in vitro that is independent of NMDA receptor activation.     

Spatial learning and long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in animals developmentally exposed to Aroclor 1254.

Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with cognitive deficits in children. Rodent studies have revealed impairments in learning tasks involving the hippocampus. The present study sought to examine hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus and spatial learning in animals exposed to PCBs early in development. Pregnant Long-Evans rats were administered either corn oil (control) or 6 mg/kg/day of a commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254) by gavage from gestational day (GD) 6 until pups were weaned on postnatal day (PND) 21. Spatial learning was assessed at 3 months of age in male and female offspring using the Morris water maze. Latency to find a hidden platform that remained in the same position over 20 days of testing did not differ between control and PCB-exposed groups. Neither were group differences evident in a repeated acquisition version of the task in which the platform remained in the same position over the 2 daily trials but was moved to a new spatial location each day. Male littermates of animals in the behavioral study were tested electrophysiologically at 5-7 months of age. Field potentials evoked by perforant path stimulation were recorded in the dentate gyrus under urethane anesthesia. Input/output (I/O) functions were assessed by averaging the response evoked in the dentate gyrus to stimulus pulses delivered to the perforant path in an ascending intensity series. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced by delivering a series of brief, high-frequency train bursts to the perforant path at increasing stimulus intensities, and I/O functions were reassessed 1 h later. No differences in baseline synaptic population spike (PS) and excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) slope amplitudes were discerned between the groups prior to train delivery. Post-train I/O functions, however, revealed a decrement in the magnitude of evoked LTP in PCB-exposed animals, and an increase in the train intensity required to induce LTP. The observed dissociation between impaired hippocampal plasticity, in the absence of a detectable deficit in performance of a hippocampal-dependent task, may be due to task complexity, the maintenance of some degree of plasticity in the PCB-exposed animals, or the possibility that intact dentate gyrus LTP may not be requisite for water-maze learning.     

Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of hippocampal synaptic plasticity

We examined the effects of two protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors on the induction of synaptic plasticity in CA1 slices of rat hippocampus. Field potential recordings were made in stratum radiatum in response to stimulation of the Schaffer collateral afferents. Bath application of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors sodium orthovanadate or phenylarsine oxide for 30 min had little effect on basal synaptic transmission but blocked the induction of both long-term potentiation (LTP) and homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD). LTP could be partially recovered, and LTD fully recovered, when conditioning stimulation was given in conditions of reduced synaptic inhibition. The block of both forms of synaptic plasticity by the phosphatase inhibitors correlated with a concurrent depression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated potential, as measured both extracellularly and intracellularly. This depression, which was also induced by peroxyvanadate, required synaptic stimulation to be induced, and was tyrosine kinase-dependent. Our results suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of as yet unidentified proteins is responsible for a novel activity-dependent depression of NMDA receptor function that inhibits synaptic plasticity.     

Hippocampal synaptic plasticity restoration and anti-apoptotic effect underlie berberine improvement of learning and memory in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Chronic diabetes mellitus initiates apoptosis and negatively affects synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus with ensuing impairments of learning and memory. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits anti-diabetic, antioxidant and nootropic effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of berberine on hippocampal CA1 neuronal apoptosis, synaptic plasticity and learning and memory of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in perforant path-dentate gyrus synapses was recorded for assessment of synaptic plasticity and field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude. PS amplitude and fEPSP significantly decreased in diabetic group versus control, and chronic berberine treatment (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) restored PS amplitude and fEPSP and ameliorated learning and memory impairment and attenuated apoptosis of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 area, as determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling method. In summary, chronic berberine treatment of STZ-diabetic rats significantly ameliorates learning and memory impairment and part of its beneficial effect could be attributed to improvement of synaptic dysfunction and anti-apoptotic property.