新生儿、医务人员及环境分离耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的同源性

目的了解某儿童医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)同源情况,探讨MRSA医院感染途径及防控策略。方法收集2014年10—12月NICU收治新生儿及环境标本中分离的MRSA菌株,采用VITEK2全自动微生物分析系统和头孢西丁K-B法确认MRSA,利用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对MRSA分离株进行同源性分析。结果 2014年10—12月NICU检出MRSA6株,其中3例新生儿(58床、70床、100床)送检标本均检出MRSA,58床护士(鼻拭子及手)和新生儿暖箱均检出MRSA。6株MRSA中5株具有同源性,药敏结果显示,1~5号菌株对克林霉素和阿莫西林/克拉维酸均耐药,6号菌株的药敏谱与1~5号菌株稍有不同,6号对克林霉素和阿莫西林克拉维酸均敏感。PFGE结果显示,1~5号菌株为同一型别,6号菌株为不同型别。结论此次MRSA医院感染主要传播途径为接触传播,尤其是通过医务人员手导致交叉传播,利用PFGE技术早期分析鉴定流行菌株是预防医院感染暴发及流行病学研究的有效手段。     

MRSA分子流行病学研究

目的采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型及多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)SCCmec分型技术对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)进行基因分型,以了解医院感染MRSA的流行情况。方法收集天津市南开医院2007年1月-2008年12月住院患者送检标本分离的MRSA 40株,进行耐药谱分析、PFGE分型和SCCmec分型。结果 40株菌耐药谱高度相似,可被分为A-E5个PFGE型,其中A型21株,B型8株,C型4株,D型6株,E型1株;SCCmec分型:Ⅰ型1株,Ⅲ型33株,Ⅳ型1株,Ⅴ型5株。通过对医院内菌株发生的时间和空间分析,明确了感染的发生和传播情况,即在2007年1月-2008年12月存在MRSA散发感染。结论 PFGE可有效鉴定菌株间的亲缘关系,SCCmec分型对是否为医院感染菌株有提示作用,两种分型方法相结合可更好地鉴定流行菌株的特征,为医院感染的监控提供依据。     

MRSA呼吸系统医院感染的分子流行病学调查

目的对广州呼吸疾病研究所2001年7月～2003年3月间,金黄色葡萄球菌引起的呼吸系统医院感染进行病原学监测. 方法收集临床分离菌株,应用脉冲场凝胶电泳的方法(PFGE)进行分型,确定菌株亲缘关系,结合临床资料分析. 结果在各种呼吸道采集标本中共收集到76株金黄色葡萄球菌,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)68株,占金黄色葡萄球菌检出率89.47%,MRSA在我所病区中引起59例医院感染,属于暴发形式发病的有23例,属于聚集性发病的有19例,散发病例17例,PFGE分型表明,绝大多数MRSA属于同一型(A型)共有60株,其中A1亚型28株,A2亚型14株,A3亚型17株,A4亚型1株. 结论MRSA引起的呼吸系统医院感染十分严重,并主要由少数菌株的传播引起,及时采取有效措施控制MRSA的流行和播散非常必要.     

MRSA分子流行病学研究 FREE

目的 采用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分型及多重聚合酶链反应（PCR）SCCmec分型技术对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）进行基因分型,以了解医院感染MRSA的流行情况。方法 收集天津市南开医院2007年1月-2008年12月住院患者送检标本分离的MRSA 40株,进行耐药谱分析、PFGE分型和SCCmec分型。结果40株菌耐药谱高度相似,可被分为A-E 5个PFGE型,其中A型21株,B型8株,C型4株,D型6株,E型1株;SCCmec分型：Ⅰ型1株,Ⅲ型33株,Ⅳ型1株,V型5株。通过对医院内菌株发生的时间和空间分析,明确了感染的发生和传播情况,即在2007年1月-2008年12月存在MRSA散发感染。结论 PFGE可有效鉴定菌株间的亲缘关系,SCCmec分型对是否为医院感染菌株有提示作用,两种分型方法相结合可更好地鉴定流行菌株的特征,为医院感染的监控提供依据。     

MLST和PFGE在耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染监测中的应用

 目的 探讨某院重症监护病房(ICU)患者、医院环境中耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)菌株的同源性,为医院感染防控提供理论依据。方法 收集2017年9—12月某三甲医院ICU患者、环境中连续分离的CRKP菌株,进行耐药表型、碳青霉烯酶基因检测,采用多位点序列分型(MLST)和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)进行分子同源性分析。结果 共收集10株CRKP菌株,其中9株分离自5例患者的临床感染标本,1株分离自气压治疗仪面板。10株菌均携带产KPC酶基因;MLST分型均为ST11型;共有5种PFGE带型,其中5株带型完全一致,为流行菌株,1株菌株与流行菌株带型仅相差1条条带,其余4株菌带型相近,但与流行株带型差异较大。气压治疗仪面板分离的1株CRKP菌株与患者来源的4株CRKP菌株耐药表型、PFGE型别及ST型别完全一致,考虑为仪器共用造成的医院感染。分离自同一重症胰腺炎患者腹腔引流液、血标本的CRKP菌株PFGE带型完全一致,推测CRKP可能通过腹腔感染入血。结论 PFGE和MLST对明确医院感染细菌传播路径,个体细菌感染路径以及遗传变异有重要意义,有助于从切断感染途径方面入手指导控制多重耐药菌的传播。     

40株院内感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及分子分型研究

目的了解耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)在医院内感染的流行病学特征,为临床MRSA的预防和控制提供依据。方法对从医院内收集的不同来源的MRSA进行生化鉴定、药敏试验及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型,并运用Bio Numeries软件分析其亲缘性关系。结果本研究共收集院内感染分离的MRSA 40株。药敏试验表明,40株MRSA对苯唑西林(100.0%)、头孢西丁(100.0%)、青霉素(100.0%)耐药性达最高,其次是红霉素(80.0%),克林霉素(75.0%);多重耐药谱显示3耐以及以上的占100.0%;PFGE分子分型表明40株MRSA共分为36个型,其中3个型别具有100.0%同源性的菌株。结论院内感染分离的MRSA的耐药性强,多重耐药谱广,PFGE带型多样,且有100.0%同源性菌株,表明MRSA在院内存在相互传播的可能。应加强对其耐药性以及溯源分析,为院内感染溯源及预警,减少MRSA的暴发和流行提供实验室的技术支撑。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌PFGE分型与医院感染暴发的分子流行病学研究

目的了解医院感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的同源性及院内流行特征,为临床控制MRSA感染、制定合适的预防控制措施提供依据。方法收集2011年6-7月全院患者各类标本中分离出的MRSA 36株,金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK-2全自动微生物分析系统,根据美国CLSI标准用头孢西丁K-B法确认MRSA;运用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对医院感染MRSA进行基因分型,并进行流行病学分析。结果临床分离的36株MRSA,PFGE分型为6型8个亚型,其中以A型为主;在研究期间,NICU及ICU发生两次MRSA感染暴发。结论 MRSA在NICU及ICU易发生交叉感染;PFGE是医院感染暴发及流行病学的较好的研究手段。     

ICU一起疑似泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌暴发调查与控制

目的通过调查重症监护室(ICU)一起疑似泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(PDR-AB)感染暴发的情况,研究泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌医院感染防控的集束化策略,指导医院感染防控措施实施。方法通过分子流行病学分析与环境卫生学监测相结合的方法,对2018年2月-2018年4月ICU住院患者鲍氏不动杆菌分离与感染情况展开调查,对疑似污染的环境与物品进行微生物学采样、鉴定和药敏试验。患者和环境中PDR-AB克隆菌株采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis,PFGE)技术进行同源性分析。结果 2018年3月ICU PDR-AB院内定植或感染患者7例,患者新发感染率10.14%;PDR-AB定植或感染患者的头部垫巾,病床床尾板、床栏,护士站台面及医务人员护理服和清洗消毒后的纤支镜中分离出PDR-AB存在;ICU患者与环境分离的27株PDR-AB耐药谱基本一致;PFGE结果显示患者、环境、纤支镜PDR-AB克隆菌株来自于同一亚型。结论 PDR-AB克隆菌株在患者、环境及纤支镜之间具有高度同源性的克隆传播,通过强化医务人员无菌观念,患者隔离,环境及医疗器械的严格清洁消毒,暴发流行情况得到有效控制。     

内蒙古三甲综合医院ICU分离MRSA耐药性与同源性分析

目的了解内蒙古自治区12所三级甲等医院重症监护病房(ICU)临床标本及环境标本中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的耐药性及分子分型。方法收集2018年1月-2018年5月12所ICU患者标本中的MRSA,及同期ICU环境标本中分离的MRSA,对该菌株的研究通过耐药性分析及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型。结果 12所ICU的患者共检出47株MRSA,标本来源以痰为主,22株占46.81%,其次为血14株占29.79%,其他11株占23.40%;未发现MRSA对替加环素、万古霉素、呋喃妥因和利奈唑胺四种抗菌药物耐药,对奎奴普汀/达福普汀和复方新诺明的耐药率较低,分别为2.17%和14.89%,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>70%;从环境中分离出11株MRSA,其中床护栏检出3株,床头床尾表面和治疗台面分别检出2株,其他表面检出4株;从患者及环境中共保存到41株MRSA,对其进行PFGE同源性分析,由聚类分析可分为17(A-Q)个类型,无明显优势型别,以L型为主,7株占17.07%,其次为H型5株,Q型4株,K型3株;其余型别则仅含1～2株菌。结论对MRSA的PFGE聚类分析中看出从患者及其周围环境中检出同一种MRSA,应加强环境卫生的清洁、消毒与手卫生管理,避免发生感染暴发。     

青岛地区医院内感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分子分型研究

目的 探讨青岛地区医院内感染的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分子流行病学特征及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)型别与菌株表型、一般临床资料间的关系.方法 收集2003-2007年间青岛地区主要医院内感染MRSA 360株,Sma Ⅰ酶切菌株染色体DNA后,进行PFGE电泳,用Bionumericus 2.0软件对电泳图谱进行比较和聚类分析,绘制进化树.同时对患者的性别、年龄、菌株来源等进行多变量统计分析.应用纸片扩散法测定分离菌株的药物敏感谱,并与PFGE型别进行比较分析.PCR扩增不同PFGE型别MRSA代表株25株分离株的7个管家基因进行序列测定和多位点测序分型分析(MLST).结果 所有菌株经PFGE电泳后共分为5型(M0～M4型),其中M1型为优势菌型,M2型次之,M4型相对少见,M0为独特型,明显不同于其他已知PFGE型别.统计学分析发现5种PFGE型别在患者性别、年龄分布上的差异无统计学意义,但在菌株分离部位、来源有统计学的差异:M2型多分离自伤口感染,而M3型菌株多来自ICU病房,5种PFGE型在不同医院间及医院内的分布存在差异.M1与M2两型构成各医院分离菌株的主要型别.抗生素敏感性测定中未发现万古霉素耐药菌株,亦未发现某种PFGE型别与某种特定抗生紊抗性之间的直接相关性.MIST分型发现优势型M1与M3共属于国内常见ST239型,M2型则归类于ST5,M4型属于ST240,独特型中的2种PFGE谱型则分属于ST45及ST398.结论 ST239菌株为青岛地区医院内感染MRSA优势菌株;医院内MRSA的PFGE分型与菌株来源明显相关,与患者年龄、性别无关,MRSA感染普遍存在于各年龄人群中.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.