Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography with F-18-fluorocholine for Restaging of Prostate Cancer Patients: Meaningful at PSA < 5 ng/ml?

According to reports, re-staging of patients suffering from prostate cancer by positron emission tomography (PET) using C-11-choline has failed to produce positive findings at a PSA level of < 5 ng/ml. Hence, the purpose of our study has been to determine whether this is true also for PET/CT using F-18-fluorocholine (FCH PET/CT) or whether it is possible to obtain true positive results by FCH PET/CT even at lower PSA levels. Methods In 34 patients with prostate cancer who had undergone initial therapy (radical prostatectomy n = 31, radiotherapy n = 3), a PET/CT scan was performed using F-18-fluorocholine (FCH) during follow-up in case of demonstrable or rising PSA levels. Current PSA levels were determined in all patients at the time of examination. Results Median PSA in FCH positive patients was 6.1 ng/ml (mean PSA 17.1 ng/ml), median PSA in FCH negative patients was 2.3 ng/ml (mean PSA 3.4 ng/ml), respectively (p < 0.05). In eight of 17 examinations (47%) with PSA < 5 ng/ml, at least one FCH-positive focus was detected. So far the findings could be confirmed by correlating imaging methods (CT and/or MR), biopsy/histology and the course of the disease, respectively, in seven of the eight FCH-positive cases with PSA < 5 ng/ml, so that a true positive FCH PET/CT finding was obtained all in all in seven of 17 (41%) examinations with PSA < 5 ng/ml. In four of these seven FCH PET-positive patients with PSA < 5 ng/ml, adjuvant hormonal therapy was administered at the time of the examination or prior to the examination. Conclusion In re-staging patients with prostate cancer, FCH PET/CT is able to yield true positive findings even at PSA < 5 ng/ml. Therefore, FCH PET/CT should not be restricted to patients with PSA > 5 ng/ml.     

Management of locally advanced prostate cancer: a European consensus

This report summarises the findings of a European Consensus Group review of current standards of care in locally advanced prostate cancer defined as (a) untreated cancer extending clinically beyond the prostatic capsule in patients with no evidence of lymph node invasion or distant metastases, and (b) residual disease remaining after local treatment with positive surgical margins, seminal vesicle invasion, persistent prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and/or secondary PSA relapse. There was no overall consensus as to the standard of care in clinically apparent locally advanced prostate cancer. It was agreed, however, that hormonal therapy (e.g. with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue [GnRHa]) represents a valid treatment in these patients. Treatment practices and regimens vary considerably between European countries, but GnRHa is widely used, either alone or in combination with antiandrogens. Hormonal therapy alone is a valid option, though the optimal modality, timing and duration of treatment remain to be defined. Adjuvant therapy with a GnRHa has been shown to improve survival in patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy. It is a viable option after prostatectomy in patients with persistent or secondary relapsing PSA. It was determined that optimal treatment will be different according to PSA, clinical staging and Gleason score, and the treatment of locally advanced disease should be individually tailored after discussion between physician and patient. In many instances, patients prefer and expect some form of treatment in preference to watchful waiting. Treatment nomograms such as the Kattan nomograms provide precise, comprehensive and invaluable tools for everyday use and may be used to predict outcomes and guide treatment decisions.     

血清PSA、FPSA/TPSA、PSAD对前列腺癌诊断的临床意义

目的　进一步了解前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA)、游离PSA/总PSA(FPSA/TPSA)、PSA密度 (PSAD)对国人前列腺癌诊断的意义。方法　选择前列腺癌 40例 ,良性前列腺增生 46例 ,PSA <2 0ng/ml,比较两组间PSA、FPSA/TPSA、PSAD的差异及当取不同界值时对前列腺癌诊断的意义。结果　PSA、PSAD两组间均数差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1及P <0 .0 5 ) ;FPSA/TPSA两组均数差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;当PSA取 4ng/ml、6ng/ml及 10ng/ml为界值时 ,诊断前列腺癌的敏感性和特异性分别为 92 .5 %和 45 .7%、67.5 %和 78.3 %、3 0 .0 %和 91.3 % ;当PSAD分别以 0 .15和 0 .2为界值时 ,诊断前列腺癌的敏感性和特异性分别为 5 0 %和 67.4%、3 0 %和 84.8%。结论　当PSA≥ 10ng/ml时 ,提示高度怀疑前列腺癌 ,应进行前列腺穿刺活检确诊 ;PSAD诊断前列腺癌与PSA相比较无明显优越性。     

Lectin and serum-PSA interaction as a screening test for prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES: The present investigation was designed to distinguish prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia by lectin-prostate specific antigen (PSA) binding. DESIGN AND METHODS: The quantitative precipitin method of concanavalin A (Con A)-carbohydrate interaction was explored with the serum PSA of patients suffering from prostatic complications. RESULTS: The carbohydrate content in the precipitate after binding of Con A with serum PSA of prostate cancer was significantly lower than that of benign prostate hyperplasia. This may be due to altered sugar chain structure or less glycosylation of PSA in prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a serum value <3.0 microg/ml of the carbohydrate content of Con A-PSA precipitate indicates strong suspicion for prostate cancer and this cut off level is effective in reducing the rate of unnecessary biopsies in men with total PSA value between 4.0 to 10.0 ng/ml.     

局限性晚期前列腺癌间歇性内分泌治疗的临床观察

目的探讨局限性晚期前列腺癌间歇性内分泌治疗的效果。方法选取局限性晚期（T3a、T3b）前列腺癌患者24例,全雄性激素阻断治疗6-9个月,停药时机为PSA≤0.2ng／ml后,持续3-6个月,以后根据每月PSA的检测结果决定是否再行内分泌治疗。治疗期及间歇期检测血清睾酮值,并行生活质量评分。结果24例患者间歇性内分泌治疗6个月后血清PSA均降至正常,前列腺体积明显缩小。第一至第四疗程的平均间歇期分别为5.2、5.6、5.4和2.7个月。最低PSA值从第一疗程0.1ng／ml上升至第四疗程的1.5ng／ml。93.1％的患者在第1个间歇期睾酮回升至正常值上限,中位回升时间为12.3周。83.3％的患者完成2个周期的治疗,37.5％的患者完成3个周期的治疗,4.2％的患者进入到第4个周期的治疗,随访时间0.5-3.5年。生活质量评分显示,患者性趣、排尿症状和肠道症状等在间歇期得到显著改善。结论间歇性内分泌治疗是治疗局限性晚期前列腺癌的有效手段。     

ALP、PSA及其相关指标与前列腺癌骨转移的关系

目的探讨ALP、PSA及其相关指标（fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、PSAD）与前列腺癌骨转移的关系,及对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的预测作用。方法回顾分析2005年9月至2009年2月在我院经前列腺穿刺活检或手术后病理检查确诊的167例前列腺癌患者。以ECT、X线片、CT/MRI或骨活检诊断骨转移,分析ALP、PSA、fPSA、fPSA/tPSA、PSAD与前列腺癌骨转移的关系及对骨转移的诊断价值。结果 167例前列腺癌患者中骨转移104例（62.3%）,非骨转移63例（37.7%）。骨转移组ALP、PSA及PSAD明显高于非骨转移组（均P〈0.01）,而两组间fPSA/tPSA差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。PSA〉50ng/ml组骨转移率明显高于PSA〉20～50ng/ml组、〉10～20ng/ml组和≤10ng/ml组（均P〈0.05）;ALP〉90U/L组骨转移率明显高于ALP≤90U/L组（P〈0.05）;PSAD〉0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3组骨转移率明显高于PSAD≤0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3组（P〈0.05）。以ALP〉90U/L、PSA〉50ng/ml和PSAD〉0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3为界分别分析ALP、PSA、PSAD、PSA＋ALP、PSA＋PSAD和PSA＋PSAD＋ALP对前列腺癌骨转移诊断的预测价值,发现指标联合应用后阳性预测值及阴性预测值较单一指标好,PSA＋PSAD＋ALP联合应用的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值最佳,分别为100%、79.17%、91.38%及100%。结论 ALP、PSA及PSAD均为判断前列腺癌患者有无骨转移的可靠指标,PSA＋PSAD＋ALP联合应用有助于预测前列腺癌骨转移,当患者PSA〈50ng/ml、PSAD〈0.4ng.ml-1.cm-3及ALP〈90U/L时,几乎可排除骨转移。     

PSA、PSAD、f／tPSA在早期前列腺癌诊断作用的研究

目的探讨前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）、PSA密度（VSXO）、游离PSA／总PSA比值（f／tPSA）在诊断早期前列腺癌（PCa）中的价值。方法对640例患者行前列腺穿刺活检,其中PSA〈4．0ng／ml者36例为直肠指诊及直肠超声可疑者。病理诊断为415例良性前列腺增生和225例前列腺癌,利用酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定患者血清中的PSA、游离PSA（fPSA）,利用经直肠超声测定前列腺体积,并计算出f／tPSA及PSAD进行统计学分析。结果PCa组患者血清的PSA、PSAD明显高于前列腺良性增生（BPH）组（P〈0．01）,f／tPSA明显低于BPH组（P〈0．01）,但当血清PSA为4—20ng/ml时,两组患者PSA没有明显差异（P〉0．05）。以PSA〉4．0ng／ml、PSAD〉0．15、f／tPSA〈0．18为临界值可明显提高对PCa诊断的特异性,特别是当血清PSA为4—20ng／ml时对提高临床诊断更有意义。结论联合测定PSA、fPSA并计算f／tPSA及PSAD对诊断PCa具有明显临床意义。     

Predicting PSA response of prostate cancer to radiation therapy with Doppler sonography

OBJECTIVE: We report a prospective investigation of the correlation between pretreatment Doppler vascular density (DVD) of the entire prostate gland and subsequent prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response following external beam radiation therapy, for patients with low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer. This report updates a previous report (Sehgal et al., Acad Radiol 2003;10:366) with longer patient follow-up and additional quantitative and clinically relevant end points. METHODS: Before radiation therapy, we imaged 12 patients with transrectal Doppler sonography and measured the mean DVD of the prostate for each. For analysis, patients were separated into 3 groups by low, intermediate, and high DVD. The mean DVD for each group was linearly correlated with mean values for time above a PSA threshold of 1.0 ng/ml, post-therapy plateau PSA, and nadir PSA. RESULTS: We previously observed that pretreatment mean DVD had a strong inverse correlation with initial rate of post-therapy decline in PSA. With substantially longer follow-up on the same cohort of patients (median, 52 months), we now observe that pretreatment mean DVD also correlates with post-therapy nadir PSA (R = 0.94) and with time above a PSA threshold of 1.0 ng/mL (R = 0.99). CONCLUSION: The results of the current study are consistent with our earlier suggestion that pretreatment measurement of DVD of the entire prostate gland may be a clinically useful prognostic indicator in early prostate cancer treated with radiation. However, additional data from larger numbers of patients are needed to draw firm conclusions.     

低血清前列腺特异抗原型高危前列腺癌的临床特征

目的:提高对低血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)型高危前列腺癌的认识及诊疗水平。方法:回顾分析8例低PSA型高危前列腺癌患者的临床资料。结果:8例患者入院平均PSA值为2.14ng/mL;7例患者肛指检查异常;穿刺病理诊断腺癌6例(其中1例为导管腺癌),小细胞癌2例;行Gleason评分者5例,均>7分;T3期以上患者占75%,5例有远处转移。对2例前列腺小细胞癌行内分泌治疗,其中1例再行化疗;对6例前列腺癌,1例行内分泌治疗加根治性放疗,1例行前列腺癌根治术加内分泌辅助治疗,其余4例均行内分泌治疗。平均随访19.5个月,8例患者中3例死亡,4例病情进展,1例病情无进展。结论:低PSA型高危前列腺癌起病隐匿,恶性程度较高,诊断及监测不依赖于PSA,治疗效果不佳,需引起足够重视。     

以骨痛症状为首发表现的前列腺癌临床分析：附51例报道

目的 回顾性分析以骨痛为首发症状的前列腺癌患者的临床特点.方法 收集2003～2010年我院51例以骨痛为首发症状的前列腺癌患者,均经前列腺穿刺或骨转移瘤病理证实.骨转移通过静脉注射555 ～ 925 MBq 99mTc-MDP后通过SPECT/CT采集分析证实,部分经骨肿瘤切除或骨穿刺病理证实.所有患者均接受最大限度雄激素阻断的内分泌治疗.统计其骨转移的部位分布以及前列腺特异抗原（PSA）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和Gleason评分对骨转移的预测,分析内分泌治疗对骨痛缓解的有效性和生存分析.结果 患者年龄55 ～ 85岁,平均（72.5±8.5）岁.初诊时骨转移的发生率为92.2％ （47/51）.骨盆转移占21.5％,腰椎转移占29.0％,胸椎转移占15.0％,颈椎转移占3.7％.其中PSA ≥20 ng/ml者44例（86.2％）,其骨转移率达100％;DRE检查阳性者39例（76.5％）;Gleason≥8分者20例（39.2％）;cTNM分期≥T3期者39例（76.5％）.经治疗后80％的患者骨痛症状缓解.1年、3年、5年生存率分别为88.7％、67.8％、54.1％.结论中老年男性以骨痛为首发症状的要考虑发生前列腺癌的可能,若患者PSA≥20 ng/ml,DRE触及结节,Gleason≥8分,cTNM分期≥I3期,发生骨转移的机会大.转移以骨盆、腰椎转移率最高.内分泌治疗可有效缓解骨痛和转移进展.PSA与骨转移有关.     

经会阴前列腺饱和分层穿刺在前列腺特异性抗原灰区患者中诊断前列腺癌的临床研究

目的 探讨直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺饱和分层穿刺法在前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）灰区患者中诊断前列腺癌的临床应用.方法 2011年1月至2012年8月对58例怀疑前列腺癌的PSA灰区（PSA 4 ～ 10 ng/ml）患者进行直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺饱和分层穿刺活检.结果 穿刺术后病理确诊前列腺癌16例,穿刺阳性率27.6％,良性前列腺增生24例（41.4％）,低级别上皮内瘤变14例（24.1％）,高级别上皮内瘤变1例（1.7％）,前列腺炎3例（5.2％）;术后主要并发症：血尿14例（24.1％）,急性附睾炎1例（1.7％）,无发热、血便、尿痛等并发症.结论 直肠超声引导下经会阴前列腺饱和分层穿刺法操作简单安全、患者痛苦小、并发症少,可以提高PSA灰区患者前列腺癌的诊断率,值得临床进一步推广.     

Prostatic carcinoma. Screening--when and what?

Prostate cancer is now the most common cancer and the second most common cause of death from cancer among men. Therapy of curative intention is only possible in organ confined disease. The use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) results in a three fold increase in prostatic carcinoma detection. Levels of PSA > 4 ng/ml are indications for sextant biopsies of the prostate. There did not exist an intermediate range or 'grey zone' of PSA 4-10 ng/ml where wait and see diagnostic procedure is indicated. In PSA levels > 10 ng/ml curative therapy can only performed in 15-44% of the cases. PSA and DRE examination should be performed between the age of 50 and 70 years when life expectancy exceeds ten years. In case of familiar history the case finding has to start at the age of 45. There is no support for the common opinion that early detection finds clinically insignificant cancer since autoptical prevalence of prostate cancer is about 40% and early detection discover only 3-4%. Results about the usefulness of active screening in a population will be available in 2005.     

Lymph node-positive prostate cancer: evaluation of the results of the combination of androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of patients with pathologic stage IV prostate cancer treated with androgen ablation plus external-beam radiation therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty consecutive patients treated between August 1986 and February 1995 with androgen ablation plus radiation therapy for stage IV (T1-4 N1 M0) adenocarcinoma of the prostate were selected for outcome analysis in this retrospective study. Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in 56 patients (93%). The 4 remaining patients had pelvic adenopathy on computed tomography, which was confirmed histologically in all patients. The median pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 28.8 ng/mL (mean, 55 ng/ mL; range, 0.1-428 ng/mL). All patients received radiation therapy to the prostate, and 29 (48%) had pelvic node radiation. Biochemical failure was defined according to the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology criteria of 3 successive increases in the PSA level. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration for surviving patients was 101.1 months (range, 20-134 months). Biochemical failure with (in 2 patients) or without (in 10 patients) clinically evident disease relapse was noted in 12 patients (20%). Four additional patients (7%) had clinical relapse without biochemical failure. Local recurrences were observed in 6 patients (10%), and this clinical impression was confirmed by biopsy in 4 patients. Thirteen patients (22%) died of causes related to prostate cancer. The biochemical relapse-free, clinical disease-free, overall, and cause-specific survival rates at 5 years were 82%, 84%, 76%, and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This observational case series of patients treated with the combination of external-beam radiation therapy and permanent androgen ablation for pathologic stage IV prostate cancer suggests that the addition of androgen deprivation therapy to radiation therapy may improve disease outcome. In the absence of randomized trial results, these observations may be beneficial in clinical decision making.     

Radiotherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer

The optimal treatment of the patient at high risk for local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy is controversial. Similarly, there is much controversy over how to treat patients with a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA), but without overt metastases, after radical prostatectomy. A recent randomized controlled trial of adjuvant radiotherapy versus observation following radical prostatectomy shows a significantly higher freedom from recurrence for patients receiving adjuvant radiotherapy, which may help to resolve the question of whether or not to wait for a rise in the PSA before offering treatment. For patients with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy, part of the problem lies in the difficulty in determining whether a rise in the PSA is a sign of local recurrence or a harbinger of distant metastases. Making this distinction is critical, since patients with local disease may be cured with radiation therapy to the prostate bed, whereas those with metastatic disease will require a different treatment approach. In this article, we discuss the factors that must be taken into consideration when making treatment recommendations for these patients. In addition, approaches to the evaluation and management of patients with this difficult clinical problem are presented.     

Prostate-specific antigen and prostate gland volume: correlation and clinical application.

We studied 103 patients seen in our Prostate Cancer Detection Clinic to determine whether a correlation exists between serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values and ultrasound-calculated prostate gland volume. Seventy men (68%) had a PSA value less than or equal to 4 ng/ml (our upper limit of normal). The men were subclassified by prostate gland volume at arbitrary break points. Twenty-five men (24%) had a prostate gland volume less than or equal to 25 cm3; in 96%, the PSA value was less than or equal to 4 mg/ml. Further analysis revealed that the percentage of men with a normal serum PSA value decreased as the prostate gland volume increased; 65.6% of the group with a gland volume between 25 and 50 cm3 (40 of 61) and 35.5% of the group whose prostate volume exceeded 50 cm3 (6 of 17) had PSA values less than or equal to 4 ng/ml. Four men had PSA values greater than 20 ng/ml; all had prostate cancer. Cancer was diagnosed in four additional patients, three with PSA values between 5 and 10 ng/ml and one with a PSA value less than 4 ng/ml. There appears to be a direct relationship between prostate gland volume and PSA value, as well as a cancer value threshold. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.     

腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术（附12例报告）

目的探讨腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析总结2009年5月至2011年7月经腹膜外径路进行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者12例,年龄60～75岁,平均年龄68岁。血清前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigen,PSA）为0.7～23.6ng/ml。TNM分期T1N0M08例,T2N0M03例,T3aN0M01例。所有患者均于术前行前列腺穿刺活组织检查,证实为前列腺癌。结果 12例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间为130～360min,平均270min;术中出血量为150～900ml,平均390ml,1例患者术中输血。术后病理检查结果显示肿瘤切缘为阳性的2例患者术后加用全雄激素阻断治疗3个月。术后留置尿管时间14～22d,平均18.6d,无直肠损失病例,3例术后出现轻度尿失禁的患者经提肛训练等辅助治疗3个月后好转,能自主排尿。术后3个月时PSA为0.02～0.10ng/ml,术后随访8例,随访时间为3～24个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发和远处转移。结论腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术视野清晰、创伤小、恢复快,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,值得临床推广。     

PSA定性定量检测在前列腺癌筛选诊断中的对比研究

目的：探讨快速PSA定性检测诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。方法：运用快速前列腺特异性抗原诊断试剂（一步法）和酶标免疫定量（Tandem-E法）对38例有尿路梗阻症状的BPH病人进行检测,结合病理学诊断对检测结果进行对比分析。结果：快速PSA诊断试剂对前列腺癌诊断有3例假阳性和1例假阴性（以PSA＞＋为标准）,Tandem-E法有2例假阳性和1例假用性（以PSA＞4ng／ml为标准）,两者符合率为94.74％。结论：快速PSA定性检测可作为前列腺癌筛选诊断快速有效的检测方法.可明显缩短前列腺癌的诊断时间。     

Long-term outcome of phase I/II clinical trial of Ad-OC-TK/VAL gene therapy for hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer

We evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of Ad-OC-TK (recombinant adenoviral vector carrying an osteocalcin promoter-driven herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene) plus VAL (valacyclovir) gene therapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Ad-OC-TK/VAL therapy is the first in vivo adenovirus-mediated gene therapy to be used to treat metastatic prostate cancer, including bone metastasis. Six patients were enrolled in this trial, and two doses of Ad-OC-TK (2.5 x 10(9) or 2.5 x 10(10) plaque-forming units) were injected into locally recurrent tumor or bone metastasis on day 1 and day 8. Patients were also given VAL (3 g/day) for 21 days. Safety and efficacy were evaluated for at least 8 months in each patient. All patients tolerated this therapy with no serious adverse events. One prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response (from 318.3 to 4.9 ng/ml) was observed with a time to PSA progression (TTP) of 12 months. Docetaxel (30 mg/m2 per week) and estramustine (560 mg/day) combination chemotherapy (DE) was given to three docetaxel-naive patients on PSA failure after gene therapy. All three patients had a PSA response to DE therapy with 21, 7, and 4 months of TTP. These results suggest that additional trials are warranted.     

非那雄胺对良性前列腺增生患者的前列腺体积及PSA的影响

【目的】观察非那雄胺对前列腺体积和前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）的影响。【方法】良性前列腺患者91例,试验组44例服用非那雄胺,对照组47例服用哈乐胶囊,均治疗6个月。观察两组服药前后的PSA、前列腺体积情况。【结果】对照组前列腺体积降低1．7％,PSA降低2．6％,与治疗前比较均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;试验组前列腺体积降低30．6％,PSA降低31．9％,与治疗前比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。PSA〈4ng／mL中活检诊断为前列腺癌者2例,4ng／mL〈PSA〈10ng／mL中活检诊断为前列腺癌者3例。【结论】非那雄胺能有效降低前列腺体积和PSA。     

Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy for prostate cancer

Preoperative neoadjuvant hormonal therapy is still controversial. This therapy's purpose is downstaging prostate cancer at radical prostatectomy and thereby improving the prognosis of prostate cancer. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that hormonal therapy causes significant alterations in the gross and microscopic appearance of the prostate. Most studies report a significant improvement in surgical margins and downstaging. However, it remains to be seen if the favorable findings lead to an improved outcome after radical prostatectomy. Our study showed 6-12 months neoadjuvant hormonal therapy with maximal androgen blockade did not lead to the improved result in long term follow-up. Because, PSA failure was observed 25% of the cases which received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy prior to radical prostatectomy.